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Harry Friedenwald (1865-1950)
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OBITUARIES
of New York, Dr. Gradle organized the first Pan-American Congress of Ophthalmol ogy held in Cleveland in 1940. He was presi dent of the Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology from 1940 to 1946. During the second World War, Dr. Gradle was chairman of the subcommittee on ophthal mology of the National Research Council. He was also chairman of the committee on ophthalmology in the Department of the In terior and worked for the eradication of trachoma among the Indians in the United States. In 1948 he was awarded the first PanAmerican medal of the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness. For many years he was vice-president of the Illinois Society for the Prevention of Blindness and was chairman of the committee on ophthalmology of the Illinois Public Aid Commission Blind Assistance program. Dr. Gradle was attending ophthalmologist to the Michael Reese Hospital, the Cook County Hospital from 1922 to 1928, and Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary where he was chief of staff from 1933 to 1945. In 1946 he received the Dana Medal for out standing service in prevention of blindness. He was on the editorial staff of the AMERI CAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY and
HARRY FRIEDENWALD (1865-1950) Dr. Harry Friedenwald, son of Aaron and Bertha Stein Friedenwald, was born Septem ber 24, 1865, in Baltimore where he resided until his death April 8, 1950. He received his A.B. from the Johns Hopkins University in 1884 and his M.D. degree from the Col-
of
Ophthalmologia Ibero-Americana. Dr. Gradle was a skillful surgeon and maintained a life-long interest in the study of means to improve surgical technique in all forms of intraocular surgery. His interest in glaucoma was manifested by the writing of many papers. He was in great demand as a lecturer before medical societies and was a member of many committees on education and research. He was one of the founders of the Association for Research in Ophthal mology. Dr. Gradle's personal charm made him friends throughout the world in his pro fessional as well as social activities. His contributions to medical science and to the practice of ophthalmology are widely recog nized. William L. Benedict.
DR. HARRY FRIEDENWALD
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, in 1886. After postgraduate work in Berlin and Vienna, he returned to Baltimore and entered the practice of ophthalmology and otology. He became associated with the Col lege of Physicians and Surgeons where he became the head of the department of ophthalmology in 1902. He continued as head of the department of ophthalmology after the college merged with the University of Maryland until 1929 when he was made emeritus professor. Dr. Friedenwald was a member of the American Ophthalmological Society of which he was president in 1937 and chair man of the Section of Ophthalmology of the
CORRESPONDENCE American Medical Association in 1931. H e was a member of the Ophthalmological So ciety of the United Kingdom and many other local and national societies. H e was a visit ing surgeon to many of the Baltimore hos pitals but his chief interest was in the Balti more Eye and E a r Hospital where he was an active member of the staff and board until his death. In 1930, he gave the Doyne lec ture at the O x f o r d Ophthalmological Con gress and, in 1941, the deSchweinitz lecture in Philadelphia. Dr. Friedenwald made many contributions to ophthalmic and otological literature. T h e total number of papers relating to ophthal mology was about 115. T h e r e were 2 0 on otological subjects. H e also wrote about 50 articles dealing with historical and religious subjects. Notable among his articles upon ophthalmic subjects were those relating to retinal changes, especially those caused by diabetes and vascular lesions. In addition to his professional interests, he was active in the Zionist movement and was the author of " T h e Jews in Medicine" and "Jewish Luminarite in Medical H i s tory." T h r o u g h his force of character and high ideals he rendered distinguished service to the institutions he served and the ophthal mic profession in general. Clyde A. Clapp.
CORRESPONDENCE ACTIONS OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
Editor, American Journal of Ophthalmology: In the May, 1950, issue of the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY the paper by Dr. Anthony Ambrose entitled, "Actions of the extraocular muscles," deals with some interesting problems which, as the author states, have not been adequately dealt with in some textbooks. Dr. Ambrose is to be commended for bringing attention to these problems. However, in his paper some ana tomic and mechanical fundamentals have
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been overlooked with erroneous deductions. In his paper Dr. Ambrose states, "the superior rectus turns the eye up and out and not up and in;" also, "that the inferior rectus turns the eye down and out and not down and in." These statements require amplifica tion. Duke-Elder (Textbook of Ophthalmology, v. 1, p. 604), Verrijp (Berens, The Eye and Its Diseases, p. 850), Scobee (The Oculorotary Muscles, pp. 26-28), and others have all called attention to the anatomic fact that, with the eye in the primary position, the muscle plane of either the superior or infe rior rectus forms an angle of about 25 degrees with the visual axis, ^fith the eye in this position the line of pull of either muscle is nasal to the center of rotation of the globe; also both muscles are inserted anterior to the center of rotation. Therefore, with the eye in the primary position, any pull that is being exerted by either muscle would have an adducting but no abducting effect. With the globe abducted at an angle of 25 degrees the line of pull of either of these muscles coincides with the visual axis and any pull exerted by either of these muscles would have no abducting or adducting effect, but the effect would be that of elevation or de pression only. With the globe abducted be yond this angle, the action of one of these muscles would have some abducting effect but it is doubtful if this is of much practical significance. These observations focus attention on a somewhat paradoxical condition that exists when a movement is made from the primary to an up and out position (while abduction and elevation are occurring). The superior rectus must, of course, go into action to bring about this elevation. By acting, the superior rectus creates a greater adducting pull than would this muscle when the eye was in the primary position. Or to express it differently, while the superior rectus is exert ing a greater adducting pull the globe is being abducted and elevated. This appears paradoxical and creates a
OBITUARIES
of New York, Dr. Gradle organized the first Pan-American Congress of Ophthalmol ogy held in Cleveland in 1940. He was presi dent of the Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology from 1940 to 1946. During the second World War, Dr. Gradle was chairman of the subcommittee on ophthal mology of the National Research Council. He was also chairman of the committee on ophthalmology in the Department of the In terior and worked for the eradication of trachoma among the Indians in the United States. In 1948 he was awarded the first PanAmerican medal of the National Society for the Prevention of Blindness. For many years he was vice-president of the Illinois Society for the Prevention of Blindness and was chairman of the committee on ophthalmology of the Illinois Public Aid Commission Blind Assistance program. Dr. Gradle was attending ophthalmologist to the Michael Reese Hospital, the Cook County Hospital from 1922 to 1928, and Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary where he was chief of staff from 1933 to 1945. In 1946 he received the Dana Medal for out standing service in prevention of blindness. He was on the editorial staff of the AMERI CAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY and
HARRY FRIEDENWALD (1865-1950) Dr. Harry Friedenwald, son of Aaron and Bertha Stein Friedenwald, was born Septem ber 24, 1865, in Baltimore where he resided until his death April 8, 1950. He received his A.B. from the Johns Hopkins University in 1884 and his M.D. degree from the Col-
of
Ophthalmologia Ibero-Americana. Dr. Gradle was a skillful surgeon and maintained a life-long interest in the study of means to improve surgical technique in all forms of intraocular surgery. His interest in glaucoma was manifested by the writing of many papers. He was in great demand as a lecturer before medical societies and was a member of many committees on education and research. He was one of the founders of the Association for Research in Ophthal mology. Dr. Gradle's personal charm made him friends throughout the world in his pro fessional as well as social activities. His contributions to medical science and to the practice of ophthalmology are widely recog nized. William L. Benedict.
DR. HARRY FRIEDENWALD
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, in 1886. After postgraduate work in Berlin and Vienna, he returned to Baltimore and entered the practice of ophthalmology and otology. He became associated with the Col lege of Physicians and Surgeons where he became the head of the department of ophthalmology in 1902. He continued as head of the department of ophthalmology after the college merged with the University of Maryland until 1929 when he was made emeritus professor. Dr. Friedenwald was a member of the American Ophthalmological Society of which he was president in 1937 and chair man of the Section of Ophthalmology of the
CORRESPONDENCE American Medical Association in 1931. H e was a member of the Ophthalmological So ciety of the United Kingdom and many other local and national societies. H e was a visit ing surgeon to many of the Baltimore hos pitals but his chief interest was in the Balti more Eye and E a r Hospital where he was an active member of the staff and board until his death. In 1930, he gave the Doyne lec ture at the O x f o r d Ophthalmological Con gress and, in 1941, the deSchweinitz lecture in Philadelphia. Dr. Friedenwald made many contributions to ophthalmic and otological literature. T h e total number of papers relating to ophthal mology was about 115. T h e r e were 2 0 on otological subjects. H e also wrote about 50 articles dealing with historical and religious subjects. Notable among his articles upon ophthalmic subjects were those relating to retinal changes, especially those caused by diabetes and vascular lesions. In addition to his professional interests, he was active in the Zionist movement and was the author of " T h e Jews in Medicine" and "Jewish Luminarite in Medical H i s tory." T h r o u g h his force of character and high ideals he rendered distinguished service to the institutions he served and the ophthal mic profession in general. Clyde A. Clapp.
CORRESPONDENCE ACTIONS OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES
Editor, American Journal of Ophthalmology: In the May, 1950, issue of the AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY the paper by Dr. Anthony Ambrose entitled, "Actions of the extraocular muscles," deals with some interesting problems which, as the author states, have not been adequately dealt with in some textbooks. Dr. Ambrose is to be commended for bringing attention to these problems. However, in his paper some ana tomic and mechanical fundamentals have
130S
been overlooked with erroneous deductions. In his paper Dr. Ambrose states, "the superior rectus turns the eye up and out and not up and in;" also, "that the inferior rectus turns the eye down and out and not down and in." These statements require amplifica tion. Duke-Elder (Textbook of Ophthalmology, v. 1, p. 604), Verrijp (Berens, The Eye and Its Diseases, p. 850), Scobee (The Oculorotary Muscles, pp. 26-28), and others have all called attention to the anatomic fact that, with the eye in the primary position, the muscle plane of either the superior or infe rior rectus forms an angle of about 25 degrees with the visual axis, ^fith the eye in this position the line of pull of either muscle is nasal to the center of rotation of the globe; also both muscles are inserted anterior to the center of rotation. Therefore, with the eye in the primary position, any pull that is being exerted by either muscle would have an adducting but no abducting effect. With the globe abducted at an angle of 25 degrees the line of pull of either of these muscles coincides with the visual axis and any pull exerted by either of these muscles would have no abducting or adducting effect, but the effect would be that of elevation or de pression only. With the globe abducted be yond this angle, the action of one of these muscles would have some abducting effect but it is doubtful if this is of much practical significance. These observations focus attention on a somewhat paradoxical condition that exists when a movement is made from the primary to an up and out position (while abduction and elevation are occurring). The superior rectus must, of course, go into action to bring about this elevation. By acting, the superior rectus creates a greater adducting pull than would this muscle when the eye was in the primary position. Or to express it differently, while the superior rectus is exert ing a greater adducting pull the globe is being abducted and elevated. This appears paradoxical and creates a