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HASHEESH AS A CAUSE OF INSANITY AND CRIME.
745 or
else
or
at
to the small hours of the morning time when the ordinary traffic practically ceases. We should like to know what the effect of this heavy steam traffic is likely to be upon the various mains in the streets. The consequences that may arise from the crushing of these mains are really alarming, considering the close proximity of the water mains, gas mains, and the high-pressure electric mains. As long as the streets are to be permitted for the use of engines and wagons on the same scale as railroads we may well shudder at the awful possibilities of turning electric currents astray and of letting loose gas and water at the same time.
CANCER
____
QUESTION
OF
surgeon concerned would be necessary for the making of The most important factor in a correct appraisement. the position will be found in the terms of the contract between our correspondent and his guardians. At his as medical officer were the casual wards put in his care ? In other words, has he visited sick casuals as part of his duty at the workhouse ? If the answers to thes& be in then it will appear that the affirmative questions the guardians, under the powers given by Article 207 of the general consolidated order, can call upon him to visit the wards at the hours which they may fix and without payment other than the salary otherwise given. On the contrary, if the duty of visiting the patients in the casual wards has been added to the duties of the workhouse medical officer, or if the number of such visits was agreed upon originally and has now been increased, then our correspondent will have a right to claim further remuneration. To enable him to estimate the value of the extra. services demanded from him it may be mentioned that many of the metropolitan workhouse medical officers have had to undertake an additional duty recently-namely, to visit once or twice a week, or when required, the new receiving homes for children, and that the salary added for these visits has been about .640 per annum._
I appointment
"CURES.’
IN the Pall Mall Gazette of Feb. 27th a short article appeared which was called "A Triumph of Electricity." It" concerned itself with the cure of cancer by "high frequency" electricity and the gist of it was that a "doctor"who lives" I I in a handsome house not a hundred miles from Hyde Park and is "one of the first and foremost private medical men in this line"and one who may in all truth be said to have advanced even a step or two further than any other " has discovered that "high frequency"is the cure for cancer. Reference is also made to the opening of a hospital for the application of his treatment. There are also in circulation just now a printed leaflet and a letter about the same matters and in these appears the name of Mr. E. A. Cloete Smith. He has a hospital not far from Hyde Park. The letter recommends the high frequency treatment of cancer as against the use of the Roentgen rays and mentions Mr. Smith as the skilled operator. Considering the nature of cancer and the slow and laborious work which is being done in many quarters to try to solve the problem of finding a successful treatment for it-considering, too, the slight encouragement which is leading investigators forward into the x ray and other electrical methods in spite of many disappointments-it certainly seems that Mr. Smith and his friends are doing much harm and little or no good by announcing that the disease can be cured, and that by high frequency electricity. The facts about high frequency and cancer are that whereas some relief of pain and some temporary decrease of size in the tumour may be obtained by high frequency we are nevertheless baffled in the attempt to obtain anything which may be called a cure. Much more painstaking work has to be done before arriving at the goal and it is uncertain whether the desired result will be reached at all or not. Certainly it is not by proceedings like those of Mr. Smith that success is to be found. The evidence in favour of the efficacy of the x rays is considerably stronger than any which can be adduced as yet for high frequency. A few cases which have been reported of high frequency " cures" have proved to be fallacious and some at least of the patients reported as "cured" have died from a recurrence of their disease. A
appointments held under the board of guardians and of theclass of the patients in the practice conducted by the-
relegated
a
REMUNERATION POOR-LAW.
UNDER
THE
A CORRESPONDENT who is medical officer to a workhouse, having received a letter from his board of guardians requesting him to attend at an early hour every day to examine the tramps in the casual wards before they leave, in order that cases of small-pox may be detected in the earliest stage, asks us to give our opinion as to the amount of remuneration that he would be entitled to claim for the performance of so inconvenient, so constant, and, in this case of a gentleman engaged in general practice, so objectionable a duty. It is somewhat beyond the limits of possibility to define the exact value of medical services and especially when they are of such a nature as those here indicated. A knowledge of the
HASHEESH AS A CAUSE OF INSANITY AND CRIME.
I
Dr. John Warnock, medical director of the Egyptian for the Insane, Cairo, records in the Jozcrnal of Mental Seience for January last the results of his observations on "hasheesh," or cannabis indica, as an agency in the production of insanity and crime, drawn irom an experience which is exceptionally large in this field of medicine. It is pointed out that Ibn Beitar, an Arabian physician, was the first to recognise an insanity from the use of hasheesh, A.D. 1235, but the drug had then been in At present the drug is use probably for many centuries. consumed in adds Dr. Warnock, although its largely Egypt, is law. The fact that about 16 by importation prohibited tons of hasheesh were confiscated in Egypt during the year 1901 will give some indication of the extent of its use. "Most of the drug is consumed by smoking in the gozeh [an Egyptian pipe] and in cigarettes, but a considerable amount is eaten in pill form and in sweetmeats, magoon, &c." " The usual reason given by patients for using hasheesh is that it induces a general feeling of pleasure and content. When eaten in pills and sweetmeats it seems to be taken chiefly as an aphrodisiac. Insanity from hasheesh belongs to the "toxic"group which includes insanities due to alcohol, opium, and cocaine. Dr. Warnock classifies the insanities from hasheesh under the following types. First there is the temporary intoxication from hasheesh which is attended with pleasurable exhilaration. Pleasant, half-waking dreams, not unlike those of the opium-eater, occupy the mind, but active excitement, as in alcoholic intoxication, is uncommon. Secondly there is a delirium from hasheesh, which is associated with hallucinations of sight, hearing, taste, and smell. Great exaltation, restlessness, and sleeplessness are marked features, but there is an absence of the tremors and physical exhaustion of alcoholic delirium tremens. The third variety is a more acute form of excitement attended with hallucinations, incoherence, destructiveness, indecency, and impulses towards violence. Delusions of poisoning or of persecution are common in this affection. States of depression and terror may be intermingled with excitement. These cases tend to pass into a chronic condition which conthe fourth class. Eventually there succeeds a
Hospital
I stitutes
746 - condition of permanent dementia with loss
of memory, and degraded (wet and dirty) habits, a state of A fifth class terminal dementia which ends in death. includes " degeneratesin whom there arise periodically strong cravings for hasheesh. Persons of this class, adds Dr. Warnock, are "good-for-nothing, lazy fellows, the moral degradawho live by begging and stealing; tion of these cases is their most salient symptom....... While in the asylum they are notorious for making false charges, refusing to work, and quarrelling. Irritability, unconcern as to the future, malingering, and fervent promises of reform are all marks of this state." The craving for the drug in this affection is not so great as in dipsomania or morphinomania. In the earlier stages such persons usually commit crimes and find themselves in gaol. Later, when intellectual impairment becomes more marked, they are sent to an asylum. The similarity between this condition and that of dipsomania, adds Dr. Warnock, is evident, while many of the differences are probably due to racial peculiarities. Suicidal attempts in insanity due to hasheesh are rare., The drug, however, appears, concludes Dr. Warnock, to play a more important part in the production of insanity in Egypt than alcoholism in England, while as a cause of crime it appears to be as important in Egyptsalcoholic excess is in England.
apathy,
......
THE
ROYAL COMMISSION
ON
LONDON TRAFFIC.
WITH the institution of a Royal Commission there is at least the beginning of a prospect that the streets of London may in the future provide something more than a notable example of the judicious exercise of police authority. There is no more striking object for the foreign visitor to London than the policeman’s outstretched arm-a silent symbol of recognised authority behind which are halted a score of patient omnibus teams which doubtless would, if they could, sympathise with the smothered imprecations of their own and neighbouring drivers. The management of London road traffic by the London policeman is no doubt a fine spectacle, but no one will be sorry to see the difficulties removed, however eloquent a testimony to national character may be the manner in which those difficulties are at present met. We call the London policeman in face of London traffic a testimony to national character because no less conservative nation would have tolerated so long the overcrowded condition of London thoroughfares, nor, having such a state of affairs actually to deal with, would the police force of any other nation be able to control the situation with such equanimity and good nature in accepting inconvenience the authorities and to those whom they control. The large number of street accidents in the metropolitan areas bears a close relation, there can be little doubt, to this condition of congested tramc. We have many times attempted to stir the municipal authorities to a keener senf-e of the inadequacy of existing arrangements for the provision of first aid and of ambulances for the unfortunate victims of street accidents. It will be a more drastic remedy than any such improved provision if future arrangements can actually diminish accidents instead of merely disposing of them more conveniently. We shall be more content to endure -a
good-humoured acquiescence
common to
our
present ambulance arrangements, improving
at least are, if
as
they
future system of underground railways, .of wide streets, and of better division of traffic renders street accidents materially fewer. Up to now the Central London Railway has been remarkably safe so far as injury to life and limb is concerned and in proportion as more traffic is diverted from the roads to the railways it is to be hoped that a greater safety will prevail among the travelling public in London. "Motor"traffic is as yet an almost negligible factor on London roads. It may fairly be anticipated that this will not be so within a very a
few years and that the Commission will consider the possibility of such a change. How far the substitution for horse power of electric and petrol engines will increase the Electric shock public safety we cannot yet fairly it is true, yet with have occurred some frequency, mishaps they are fewer probably than is imagined, their somewhat sensational and novel nature leading every such incident to be recorded prominently and consequently to be impressed upon the public mind with an éalat, so to speak, that is not accorded to the mere victim of a runaway horse We are presuming that underor of an overturned hansom. ground ’railways and public motor cars will be a feature in the traffic arrangements of the future, but even if these innovations are delayed there is scope for much improvement in the regulation of London traffic. The Embankment is a wide road but it is not sufficiently employed ; the river provides a melancholy spectacle of deficient enterprise ; the omnibus is a cumbrous if useful vehicle that takes up far too much room ; and cab traffic might well go through Hyde Park within certain hours. When ideas such as these so readily suggest improvements to the interested spectator of London roads day by day it may well be hoped that extensive improvements may be evolved from the combined intelligences of a well-chosen Royal Commission. We look forward to the day when a journey from Hyde Park Corner to the Strand, let us say, will be less than half occupied by waiting in the confines of various "blocks."
judge.
LIVERPOOL
SCHOOL
OF
TROPICAL
MEDICINE.
IN accordance with the advice of Sir William
McGregor,
; C.M.G., C.B., M D., Governor of Lagos, West Africa,
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine has drawn set of simple instructions for the prevention of lalaria, primarily intended for the guidance of Europeans ving in malarial or tropical countries and in the mployment of British mercantile firms. These instructions 1e
p
a
results of the most recent observation and the subject and they deserve the careful The ttention of all residents in malarial distr cts. that malaria is contracted pening paragraphs explain nly from the bite of the anopheles, that black-water fever ccurs only in those who have suffered periodically from lalaria, and that complete protection may be secured by bserving certain precautions which, as above menticned, re put in the form of regulations to be carried out on the remises of a mercantile house and relate to the use of losquito nets and wire-gauze screens, the taking of quinine, nd the supervision of all collections of water. ontain
the
xperience
on
1. ,lIosqllito nets.-The senior should satisfy himself that all the European employes ot the firm in variably sleep within mosquito urtains of a mesh of not less than 10 holes to the inch and kept free "omrents. ltCttts areurosteasity mended by twistingup the net at the oint ot breakage and tying round with a piece of string. The net hould, when in use, be hung inside the poles and tucked in under the
When not in use the fiee sides of the net should be drawn and thrown across the top of the net. The should not have a slit or jom in the side. A mosquito is never jund inside a properly used net,. It is wise to tack on a piece of iaterial all around t lw net, above the level of the mattress so as to rotect the limbs from bites through the net during sleep. Mosquito oots t,o protect the ankles in the evenings may also be recommended. 2. Quinine.-All the European employes of the firm should take at least 5 grains of quinine per week and should report in writing to the senior bat they are doing so. 3 MosqnitlJ-}J1’Ooj rOO1n.-The senior should see that the quarters rovided by the tillll tor their European employes possess at least one itting-room. or portion of a verandah securely protected by screens of lire gauze against the entry of mosquitoes. The room or portion of erandah selected for protection should be that which is commonly sed by the inmates from sunset to bedtime. 4 Puukahs.-‘Llxe senior should see that the office of the firm and he common dilling-room of the European employes are provided with unkahs or electric fans to be used during oflice hours and during leals respectively. b. Details.-The senior should see (1) that the premises of the firm re provided with at least one rubhish bin (with a cover) ; (2) that all tstertts, tanks, tubs, and other vessels required for the permanent toage of water are furnished with accurately titting covers and also ith wire-gauze caps to the pipes for the purpose of excluding mosuitoes ; (3) that all useless pits, pools, tanks, disused wells, and other nnecessa.ry collections of water within the premises of the firm are lled up or drained away; (4) that al open and permanent aollections
i,tti,ress.
aether, twisted somewhat, et
’
else
or
at
to the small hours of the morning time when the ordinary traffic practically ceases. We should like to know what the effect of this heavy steam traffic is likely to be upon the various mains in the streets. The consequences that may arise from the crushing of these mains are really alarming, considering the close proximity of the water mains, gas mains, and the high-pressure electric mains. As long as the streets are to be permitted for the use of engines and wagons on the same scale as railroads we may well shudder at the awful possibilities of turning electric currents astray and of letting loose gas and water at the same time.
CANCER
____
QUESTION
OF
surgeon concerned would be necessary for the making of The most important factor in a correct appraisement. the position will be found in the terms of the contract between our correspondent and his guardians. At his as medical officer were the casual wards put in his care ? In other words, has he visited sick casuals as part of his duty at the workhouse ? If the answers to thes& be in then it will appear that the affirmative questions the guardians, under the powers given by Article 207 of the general consolidated order, can call upon him to visit the wards at the hours which they may fix and without payment other than the salary otherwise given. On the contrary, if the duty of visiting the patients in the casual wards has been added to the duties of the workhouse medical officer, or if the number of such visits was agreed upon originally and has now been increased, then our correspondent will have a right to claim further remuneration. To enable him to estimate the value of the extra. services demanded from him it may be mentioned that many of the metropolitan workhouse medical officers have had to undertake an additional duty recently-namely, to visit once or twice a week, or when required, the new receiving homes for children, and that the salary added for these visits has been about .640 per annum._
I appointment
"CURES.’
IN the Pall Mall Gazette of Feb. 27th a short article appeared which was called "A Triumph of Electricity." It" concerned itself with the cure of cancer by "high frequency" electricity and the gist of it was that a "doctor"who lives" I I in a handsome house not a hundred miles from Hyde Park and is "one of the first and foremost private medical men in this line"and one who may in all truth be said to have advanced even a step or two further than any other " has discovered that "high frequency"is the cure for cancer. Reference is also made to the opening of a hospital for the application of his treatment. There are also in circulation just now a printed leaflet and a letter about the same matters and in these appears the name of Mr. E. A. Cloete Smith. He has a hospital not far from Hyde Park. The letter recommends the high frequency treatment of cancer as against the use of the Roentgen rays and mentions Mr. Smith as the skilled operator. Considering the nature of cancer and the slow and laborious work which is being done in many quarters to try to solve the problem of finding a successful treatment for it-considering, too, the slight encouragement which is leading investigators forward into the x ray and other electrical methods in spite of many disappointments-it certainly seems that Mr. Smith and his friends are doing much harm and little or no good by announcing that the disease can be cured, and that by high frequency electricity. The facts about high frequency and cancer are that whereas some relief of pain and some temporary decrease of size in the tumour may be obtained by high frequency we are nevertheless baffled in the attempt to obtain anything which may be called a cure. Much more painstaking work has to be done before arriving at the goal and it is uncertain whether the desired result will be reached at all or not. Certainly it is not by proceedings like those of Mr. Smith that success is to be found. The evidence in favour of the efficacy of the x rays is considerably stronger than any which can be adduced as yet for high frequency. A few cases which have been reported of high frequency " cures" have proved to be fallacious and some at least of the patients reported as "cured" have died from a recurrence of their disease. A
appointments held under the board of guardians and of theclass of the patients in the practice conducted by the-
relegated
a
REMUNERATION POOR-LAW.
UNDER
THE
A CORRESPONDENT who is medical officer to a workhouse, having received a letter from his board of guardians requesting him to attend at an early hour every day to examine the tramps in the casual wards before they leave, in order that cases of small-pox may be detected in the earliest stage, asks us to give our opinion as to the amount of remuneration that he would be entitled to claim for the performance of so inconvenient, so constant, and, in this case of a gentleman engaged in general practice, so objectionable a duty. It is somewhat beyond the limits of possibility to define the exact value of medical services and especially when they are of such a nature as those here indicated. A knowledge of the
HASHEESH AS A CAUSE OF INSANITY AND CRIME.
I
Dr. John Warnock, medical director of the Egyptian for the Insane, Cairo, records in the Jozcrnal of Mental Seience for January last the results of his observations on "hasheesh," or cannabis indica, as an agency in the production of insanity and crime, drawn irom an experience which is exceptionally large in this field of medicine. It is pointed out that Ibn Beitar, an Arabian physician, was the first to recognise an insanity from the use of hasheesh, A.D. 1235, but the drug had then been in At present the drug is use probably for many centuries. consumed in adds Dr. Warnock, although its largely Egypt, is law. The fact that about 16 by importation prohibited tons of hasheesh were confiscated in Egypt during the year 1901 will give some indication of the extent of its use. "Most of the drug is consumed by smoking in the gozeh [an Egyptian pipe] and in cigarettes, but a considerable amount is eaten in pill form and in sweetmeats, magoon, &c." " The usual reason given by patients for using hasheesh is that it induces a general feeling of pleasure and content. When eaten in pills and sweetmeats it seems to be taken chiefly as an aphrodisiac. Insanity from hasheesh belongs to the "toxic"group which includes insanities due to alcohol, opium, and cocaine. Dr. Warnock classifies the insanities from hasheesh under the following types. First there is the temporary intoxication from hasheesh which is attended with pleasurable exhilaration. Pleasant, half-waking dreams, not unlike those of the opium-eater, occupy the mind, but active excitement, as in alcoholic intoxication, is uncommon. Secondly there is a delirium from hasheesh, which is associated with hallucinations of sight, hearing, taste, and smell. Great exaltation, restlessness, and sleeplessness are marked features, but there is an absence of the tremors and physical exhaustion of alcoholic delirium tremens. The third variety is a more acute form of excitement attended with hallucinations, incoherence, destructiveness, indecency, and impulses towards violence. Delusions of poisoning or of persecution are common in this affection. States of depression and terror may be intermingled with excitement. These cases tend to pass into a chronic condition which conthe fourth class. Eventually there succeeds a
Hospital
I stitutes
746 - condition of permanent dementia with loss
of memory, and degraded (wet and dirty) habits, a state of A fifth class terminal dementia which ends in death. includes " degeneratesin whom there arise periodically strong cravings for hasheesh. Persons of this class, adds Dr. Warnock, are "good-for-nothing, lazy fellows, the moral degradawho live by begging and stealing; tion of these cases is their most salient symptom....... While in the asylum they are notorious for making false charges, refusing to work, and quarrelling. Irritability, unconcern as to the future, malingering, and fervent promises of reform are all marks of this state." The craving for the drug in this affection is not so great as in dipsomania or morphinomania. In the earlier stages such persons usually commit crimes and find themselves in gaol. Later, when intellectual impairment becomes more marked, they are sent to an asylum. The similarity between this condition and that of dipsomania, adds Dr. Warnock, is evident, while many of the differences are probably due to racial peculiarities. Suicidal attempts in insanity due to hasheesh are rare., The drug, however, appears, concludes Dr. Warnock, to play a more important part in the production of insanity in Egypt than alcoholism in England, while as a cause of crime it appears to be as important in Egyptsalcoholic excess is in England.
apathy,
......
THE
ROYAL COMMISSION
ON
LONDON TRAFFIC.
WITH the institution of a Royal Commission there is at least the beginning of a prospect that the streets of London may in the future provide something more than a notable example of the judicious exercise of police authority. There is no more striking object for the foreign visitor to London than the policeman’s outstretched arm-a silent symbol of recognised authority behind which are halted a score of patient omnibus teams which doubtless would, if they could, sympathise with the smothered imprecations of their own and neighbouring drivers. The management of London road traffic by the London policeman is no doubt a fine spectacle, but no one will be sorry to see the difficulties removed, however eloquent a testimony to national character may be the manner in which those difficulties are at present met. We call the London policeman in face of London traffic a testimony to national character because no less conservative nation would have tolerated so long the overcrowded condition of London thoroughfares, nor, having such a state of affairs actually to deal with, would the police force of any other nation be able to control the situation with such equanimity and good nature in accepting inconvenience the authorities and to those whom they control. The large number of street accidents in the metropolitan areas bears a close relation, there can be little doubt, to this condition of congested tramc. We have many times attempted to stir the municipal authorities to a keener senf-e of the inadequacy of existing arrangements for the provision of first aid and of ambulances for the unfortunate victims of street accidents. It will be a more drastic remedy than any such improved provision if future arrangements can actually diminish accidents instead of merely disposing of them more conveniently. We shall be more content to endure -a
good-humoured acquiescence
common to
our
present ambulance arrangements, improving
at least are, if
as
they
future system of underground railways, .of wide streets, and of better division of traffic renders street accidents materially fewer. Up to now the Central London Railway has been remarkably safe so far as injury to life and limb is concerned and in proportion as more traffic is diverted from the roads to the railways it is to be hoped that a greater safety will prevail among the travelling public in London. "Motor"traffic is as yet an almost negligible factor on London roads. It may fairly be anticipated that this will not be so within a very a
few years and that the Commission will consider the possibility of such a change. How far the substitution for horse power of electric and petrol engines will increase the Electric shock public safety we cannot yet fairly it is true, yet with have occurred some frequency, mishaps they are fewer probably than is imagined, their somewhat sensational and novel nature leading every such incident to be recorded prominently and consequently to be impressed upon the public mind with an éalat, so to speak, that is not accorded to the mere victim of a runaway horse We are presuming that underor of an overturned hansom. ground ’railways and public motor cars will be a feature in the traffic arrangements of the future, but even if these innovations are delayed there is scope for much improvement in the regulation of London traffic. The Embankment is a wide road but it is not sufficiently employed ; the river provides a melancholy spectacle of deficient enterprise ; the omnibus is a cumbrous if useful vehicle that takes up far too much room ; and cab traffic might well go through Hyde Park within certain hours. When ideas such as these so readily suggest improvements to the interested spectator of London roads day by day it may well be hoped that extensive improvements may be evolved from the combined intelligences of a well-chosen Royal Commission. We look forward to the day when a journey from Hyde Park Corner to the Strand, let us say, will be less than half occupied by waiting in the confines of various "blocks."
judge.
LIVERPOOL
SCHOOL
OF
TROPICAL
MEDICINE.
IN accordance with the advice of Sir William
McGregor,
; C.M.G., C.B., M D., Governor of Lagos, West Africa,
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine has drawn set of simple instructions for the prevention of lalaria, primarily intended for the guidance of Europeans ving in malarial or tropical countries and in the mployment of British mercantile firms. These instructions 1e
p
a
results of the most recent observation and the subject and they deserve the careful The ttention of all residents in malarial distr cts. that malaria is contracted pening paragraphs explain nly from the bite of the anopheles, that black-water fever ccurs only in those who have suffered periodically from lalaria, and that complete protection may be secured by bserving certain precautions which, as above menticned, re put in the form of regulations to be carried out on the remises of a mercantile house and relate to the use of losquito nets and wire-gauze screens, the taking of quinine, nd the supervision of all collections of water. ontain
the
xperience
on
1. ,lIosqllito nets.-The senior should satisfy himself that all the European employes ot the firm in variably sleep within mosquito urtains of a mesh of not less than 10 holes to the inch and kept free "omrents. ltCttts areurosteasity mended by twistingup the net at the oint ot breakage and tying round with a piece of string. The net hould, when in use, be hung inside the poles and tucked in under the
When not in use the fiee sides of the net should be drawn and thrown across the top of the net. The should not have a slit or jom in the side. A mosquito is never jund inside a properly used net,. It is wise to tack on a piece of iaterial all around t lw net, above the level of the mattress so as to rotect the limbs from bites through the net during sleep. Mosquito oots t,o protect the ankles in the evenings may also be recommended. 2. Quinine.-All the European employes of the firm should take at least 5 grains of quinine per week and should report in writing to the senior bat they are doing so. 3 MosqnitlJ-}J1’Ooj rOO1n.-The senior should see that the quarters rovided by the tillll tor their European employes possess at least one itting-room. or portion of a verandah securely protected by screens of lire gauze against the entry of mosquitoes. The room or portion of erandah selected for protection should be that which is commonly sed by the inmates from sunset to bedtime. 4 Puukahs.-‘Llxe senior should see that the office of the firm and he common dilling-room of the European employes are provided with unkahs or electric fans to be used during oflice hours and during leals respectively. b. Details.-The senior should see (1) that the premises of the firm re provided with at least one rubhish bin (with a cover) ; (2) that all tstertts, tanks, tubs, and other vessels required for the permanent toage of water are furnished with accurately titting covers and also ith wire-gauze caps to the pipes for the purpose of excluding mosuitoes ; (3) that all useless pits, pools, tanks, disused wells, and other nnecessa.ry collections of water within the premises of the firm are lled up or drained away; (4) that al open and permanent aollections
i,tti,ress.
aether, twisted somewhat, et
’