- Email: [email protected]
Hazardous Waste Management in Portugal: An Overview
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611
TerraGreen13 International Conference
Hazardous waste management in Portugal: An overview Nuno Coutoa, Valter Silvaa, E. Monteirob, A. Rouboaa,c* a b
CITAB/Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology of University of UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
C3i - Interdisciplinary Center for Research and Innovation, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Lugar da Abadessa, Apartado 148, 7301-901 Portalegre, Portugal c
Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
Abstract Hazardous waste is the most difficult waste to be managed, since in the treatment process, heavy metal and dioxin among others are obtained. The outcome elements are dangerous not only for the environment but also for public health. In Portugal, in the last two decades, the waste management has been a major concern. Many political changes were made in order to minimize o r manage t h e hazardous wastes. In this work an evaluation of the hazardous waste management in Portugal is made: in terms of legislation framework, technologies applied and waste volume production.
© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of [name organizer] Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the TerraGreen Academy
Keywords: Hazardous waste; Legislation framework; Incineration; Gasification.
1. Introduction In agreement with its origin, the wastes are classified essentially as household, clinical and industrial. Another classification is hazardous waste or non hazardous waste, in function of its toxic, corrosive, explosive and radioactive characteristics [1]. The usual definition of hazardous waste is a substance that contains two or more of the hazardous properties listed in the European Waste Catalogue 2002, Council Directives 91/689/EEC, and which the Portuguese government follows [2]. Thermal disposable especially incineration with energy recovery is an option often used in industrial countries concerning the waste management. Although, there is no total control in the emission reduction of Zn, As, Hg, Cd, Se, P b, Cu[4] and of other nature as heavy metal [5] or dioxin [ 6 ] . These emission reductions are mandatory by industries to fulfill the International Standard Organization (ISO 9000) norms. This fact promotes the use and investment in other conversion technologies such as combustion or gasification that can couple environmental improvements as well as enhanced efficiencies. In Portugal, in the last two decades, the waste management has been a major concern and many political changes were made in order to minimize or manage the hazardous w a s t e s , namely changing the legislation framework, applying new energy conversion technologies, developing new infrastructures and more efficient and complex management networks. In this work an evaluation of the hazardous waste management in Portugal is made: in terms of legislation framework, applied technologies and waste volume production.
*
Corresponding author: Tel: +351 259 350 000; Fax: +351 259 350 480 Email address: [email protected] (A. Rouboa)
1876-6102 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the TerraGreen Academy doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.069
608
Nuno Couto et al. / Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611
2. Industrial waste management legislation in Portugal In May 1994, Portugal became a part of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, being obliged to carry out the regulation nrº 1013/2006/CE of the European Parliament and Council [7]. In July 1995, it was elaborated the National Project Plan of Solid Waste which included industrial waste. This project estimated that in 1994 Portugal produced 4.4 million tons of waste and 31% (1.37 million tons) were defined to be of hazardous type. The aim of this plan, with respect to the hazardous industrial waste, was that 82.9 % should be treated locally and to include 17.09% in Integrated Systems of Industrial Waste Treatment (ISIWT). The ISIWT were composed by one incinerator, one physic-chemical treatment unit and two landfills. In June 1997 was defined the strategy of industrial waste management [8]. Due to a new European classification of hazardous waste [3] and in order to have a more flexible treatment solution, it was published a new law which established the rules of waste management [9]. In the end of 1999, the Strategic Industrial Waste Plan (PESGRI99) [10] was approved. The goal of this plan was to prevent and reduce the waste quantities and toxicity through the development of high technology promoting recovery and recycling centers. As a strategy of PESGRI99, and in order to comply with the hierarchy of waste management principles approved at the European Union level- resolution of the European Union Council of Ministers of the Environment nrº 97/076/01, it was elaborated a National Plan for Industrial Waste Prevention (PNAPRI) [10]. PNAPRI was a plan for the period 2000-2015 in order to comply the hierarchy of waste management, creating structures such that the waste of certain activities could be used as raw material in other activities. The main goal was to reduce the quantities and the toxicity of industrial waste including the energy valuation. It was also elaborated 21 technical guides containing a wide range of information particularly on prevention technologies and/or measures potentially suitable for the production process of each of the industrial sectors. In 2000 was decided, by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of July 20th [11], that coincineration would be the method used to manage hazardous industrial waste but two years later this law was suspended [12]. PESGRI99 was revised and was denoted as Strategic Industrial Waste Plan 2001 (PESGRI2001) [13].The aim of PESGRI 2001 was to implement substructures to supply the country with facilities for proper treatment of industrial waste and prevent the production of industrial waste, reducing its quantities and/or toxicity through the development of technologies promoting recovery recycling centers and appropriate disposal plan. In 2004 was established a legal regime licensing the installation and the exploration of the Integrated Centers of Recovery, Valuation and Elimination (CIRVER) of hazardous industrial waste [14]. With CIRVER it was expected a reduction in the exportation of hazardous i n d u s t r i a l waste. In the end of 2004, there was assigned a committee which analyzed the competition of the integrated centers of recovery, valuation and elimination of hazardous residues. The main purpose of CIRVER was to guarantee an effective policy for recovery, valuation and disposal of hazardous waste and to ensure a high level of protection of public health and the environment. These centers should provide specific solutions for each type of waste in order to optimize the conditions of treatment and minimize the costs involved. In 2006 a new legislation approving the general rules of waste management [15], following the directive 2006/12/CE related to waste [16] and 91/689/CEE [17] related to hazardous waste was approved. One of the aims of [15] was to create Integrated Systems of Electronic Registers o f Waste (SIRER), allowing all data, concerning the type of waste, to be available and replacing the previous systems of registers maps. The main directives of the Portuguese legislation for waste, adapting the directives of the European Commission, are given by the Environment Ministry (MA), which supervises the National Waste Institute (INR). The INR supervises the Management Entities of Municipal S o l i d Waste ( SGRSU), Green D o t System (SPV) and the Municipalities. 3. Hazardous waste in Portugal In this paper we will focus on the hazardous waste which comes from industrial waste, since it is the main origin of this type of waste. However, 5% to 7% of the municipal solid waste is also considered to be of hazardous nature. The fundamental rule in managing waste is given by the following hierarchy: prevention, reducing its production, reuse, recycles valuation and deposition. The aim is to reduce the amount and
609
Nuno Couto et al. / Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611
hazardousness of the industrial waste but, in reality, the main concern is actually at the management waste produced instead of management of waste production. According to the National Institute of Waste (INR), the production of industrial waste in 2001 reached 13 million tons, of which about 1.4% are of hazardous n a t u r e , mainly produced i n metropolitan area. The ´bal, Porto, Leiria, Aveiro and Braga are the ones that contribute the most for the districts of Lisboa, Setu hazardous industrial waste production. The responsible for 91% of the hazardous industrial waste are the transforming industry. The hazardous w a s t e included organic oils (48%), chemistries used (12.8%) and solvents (11%). After the end of open dumps, 2 0 0 2 was the first year that reliable data on waste disposal cou ld be obtained. The hazardous waste is mainly produced by extraction industry, transformation industry, electricity energy production and distribution. To have an idea of the amount of waste produced i n Portugal it was necessary to carry t h r o u g h an inventorying of a representative sample, as it is the case presented in Table 1 [18]. Table 1. Hazardous i n d u s t r i a l waste in Portugal ( 2002). Hazardous Industrial Wastes
%
103 t
oil refinement
3,0
7,5
inorganic chemist
4,3
10,8
organic
12,8
32,4
ink, polish and enamel
2,1
5,3
inorganic material from thermal process
4,0
10,2
inorganic material with metals
2,1
5,3
treatment of metal and plastic surfaces
0,9
2,3
used oils
48,0
121,6
solvents
11,0
28,0
non specified
6,0
15,3
water treatment
5,3
13,5
others
0,5 Total
1,4 256,6
According to INR [18], great part of industrial waste (common a n d h a z a r d o u s ) is recycled (34-29%). However there are significant amounts of hazardous industrial waste destined to landfills (8 %), which are not prepared nor have the capacity to receive this type of wastes. In Portugal Hazardous Industrial Wastes (HIW) were usually managed by incineration and co-incineration, since many studies attribute special emphasis to these alternatives. The creation in 2008 of Integrated Centers of Recovery Valuation and Elimination of Hazardous Industrial Waste (CIRVER) gave the answer to a great part of this problem. These integrated centers conjugate the best technologies at tolerable costs providing a viable solution for each type of waste in order to optimize the treatment conditions and to minimize the costs at the same time. Notice that only a part of the waste can be disposed by a thermal treatment in co-incineration. From the 250 thousand tons of hazardous industrial waste produced in a year only 10% cannot be managed in CIRVER or cannot be restored. Due to its hazardousness 20 % of the non treatable by CIRVER (or restored) cannot be treated in any way. It is necessary to reduce the production of these wastes and also invest in industries with high technology. In 2004 and 2005 the total production of industrial waste in Portugal was of the order of 25 and 31 million tons, respectively. From 1998 to 2007 there was an increase of about 50 % in the production of such waste. The HIW were approximately 9 and 8 % of total production of industrial waste in t h e two years under review. The contribution of HIW to the total production of industrial waste increased by around 7 % in the period between 1998 and 2007. It should also be noted that the values given for 2004 and 2005 are significantly higher than what had been established through the maps of the Registration of Industrial Waste relating to previous years, which reflects the change in methodology used for this purpose. Thus, for 2004 and 2005, and also given the need for compliance with Regulation (EC) nº2150/2002 of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 November 2002 on waste
610
Nuno Couto et al. / Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611
statistics, was carried out by the National Institute of Statistics a clearance involving the use of extrapolation techniques on the number of companies that constitute the universe of reference of the Inquiry Harmonized Companies 2004 and 2005 covering the entire spectrum of economic activities in Portugal. Regarding t h e destination of industrial waste produced i n 2004 and 2005, the majority was recovered, only 34% was eliminated in 2004 and 40% in 2005. In terms of infrastructure management available in continental Portugal, there are five certified non- hazardous w a s t e landfills for waste of industrial origin. Regarding units of waste management an increasing number h a v e been licensed by the Portuguese Environment Agency as Waste Authority or by Regional authorities. In 2007 the list of operators of non-urban waste management included 700 units and much of these are destined for recovery operations. Management options for HIW are currently based in the recovery and disposal in both CIRVER (Integrated Centers of Recovery Valuation and Elimination of Hazardous Industrial Waste) and in the co-incineration in cement kilns. These systems play a key role in the application of the principle of self- sufficiency. There are also units for temporary storage of remaining HIW, intended for treatment outside the country. The amount of HIW treated on the so-called ECODEAL CIRVER on the referred period of time was 15,485 tons and 62,436 tons, respectively. From one semester to another the amount of HIW treated or recovered quadrupled. On the CIRVER from the consortium SISAV the amount of HIW received and handled was 44,163 tons and 49,816 tons, respectively. Hazardous w a s t e received and processed by CIRVER are far away from their full capacity, this is due largely to the economic downturn with the consequent decline in economic activity and waste generation. With regard to waste another important indicator is the transboundary movement of waste. Following (EC) Regulation nº 1013/2006 was published on 11 March, the Decree Law no. 45/2008, which ensures the implementation and ensures compliance in legal internal, the obligations of the Portuguese state under (EC) Regulation nº1013/2006, thereby repealing the Decree-Law nº 296/95 of 17 November. As a consequence of Decree Law no. 45/2008, every year the Portuguese Environmental Agency publishes a report on the transboundary movement of waste. In 2008 the total amount of hazardous waste shipped from Portugal for recovery and disposal was 193,928 tons. 4. Conclusions Hazardous waste is the most difficult waste to be managed, since in the treatment process, heavy metal and dioxin among others are obtained. During the last decades the Portuguese government has been doing a set of efforts to better manage and handle the hazardous waste in Portugal. To accomplish these goals, the legislation framework was modified, network infrastructures such as the Integrated Centers of Recovery Valuation and Elimination of Hazardous Industrial Waste were created and new organization and management methods were developed. It is clear that Portugal has now a more efficient system to handle and mange hazardous wastes. However, more efficient and environmental friendly energy conversion methods are still needed. Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the given support to the grant SFRH/BPD/71686 and to the project PTDC/AAC-AMB/103119/2008. References [1] Sebastião, J.F., Casimiro, A.P., 2000. Opinion relative to the treatment of hazardous industrial waste. Independent Scientific Commission of Control and Environmental Supervision of Co-Incineration. [2] Portugal, 1995a. Decree-Law 310/1995 of 20 November. http://www.dre.pt, last acess 01-10-2012. [3] Portugal, 1995b. Governmental order 205/1997 of 5 September. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [4] Menad, N., Kanari, N., Allain, E., Gaballah, I., 1999. Thermal treatment of industrial waste in control atmospheres for the elimination of as, hg, cd, se and concentration of pb, cu and zn, Resour Conserv Recy. 1999; 25: 233–54. [5] Singh, I.B., Chaturvedi, K., Mochhale, R.K., Yegneswaran, A.H., 2007. Thermal treatment of toxic metal of industrial hazardous waste with fly ash and clay. J Hazard Mater. 2007;141;215-22. [6]Fatta, D., Canna-Michaelidou, S., Michael, C., Georgious, E.D., Chritodoulidou, M., Achilleos, A., Vasquez, M., 2007. Organochlorine and organophosphoric insecticides, herbicides and heavy metal residue in industrial waste waters in cyprus. J Hazard Mater. 2007;145:169–79. [7] EC, 2006b. Regulation (ec) no 1013/2006 of the european parliament and of the council of 14 june 2006 on shipments of waste. Official Journal of the European Union , 1–98. [8] Portugal, 1995c. Ministers Resolution No 98/1997 of 25 June. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [9]Portugal, 1997. Decree-Law 239/1997 of 9 September. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [10] Portugal, 1999. Decree-Law 516/1999 of 2 December. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012.[11] Portugal, 2000. Ministers Resolution No 92/2000 of 20 July. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012.
Nuno Couto et al. / Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611 [12] Portugal, 2002b. Ministerial dispatch No 12509/2002 of 1 June. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [13] Portugal, 2002a. Decree-Law 89/2002 of 9 April. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [14]Portugal, 2004. Decree-Law 3/2004 of 3 January. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [15]Portugal, 2006. Decree-Law 178/2006 of 5 September. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [16]EC, 2006a. Directive 2006/12/ec of the european parliament and of the council of 5 april 2006 on waste. Official Journal of the European Union , 1–13, last access 01-10-2012. [17]EC, 1991. Directive 1991/689/eec of the council of 31 december 1991. Official Journal of the European Union , 20–27, last access 01-102012. [18] Santana, F., Amaral, L., Ferreira, F., Monjardino, J., Maur´ıcio, R., Alves, C., B´arcia, C., Henninger, P., Nogueira, A., Ata´ıde, F., 2003. Study and Inventory of Industrial Waste -Summary Report. Technical Report. Instituto dos Resíduos.
611
ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611
TerraGreen13 International Conference
Hazardous waste management in Portugal: An overview Nuno Coutoa, Valter Silvaa, E. Monteirob, A. Rouboaa,c* a b
CITAB/Engineering Department, School of Science and Technology of University of UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
C3i - Interdisciplinary Center for Research and Innovation, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Lugar da Abadessa, Apartado 148, 7301-901 Portalegre, Portugal c
Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
Abstract Hazardous waste is the most difficult waste to be managed, since in the treatment process, heavy metal and dioxin among others are obtained. The outcome elements are dangerous not only for the environment but also for public health. In Portugal, in the last two decades, the waste management has been a major concern. Many political changes were made in order to minimize o r manage t h e hazardous wastes. In this work an evaluation of the hazardous waste management in Portugal is made: in terms of legislation framework, technologies applied and waste volume production.
© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of [name organizer] Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the TerraGreen Academy
Keywords: Hazardous waste; Legislation framework; Incineration; Gasification.
1. Introduction In agreement with its origin, the wastes are classified essentially as household, clinical and industrial. Another classification is hazardous waste or non hazardous waste, in function of its toxic, corrosive, explosive and radioactive characteristics [1]. The usual definition of hazardous waste is a substance that contains two or more of the hazardous properties listed in the European Waste Catalogue 2002, Council Directives 91/689/EEC, and which the Portuguese government follows [2]. Thermal disposable especially incineration with energy recovery is an option often used in industrial countries concerning the waste management. Although, there is no total control in the emission reduction of Zn, As, Hg, Cd, Se, P b, Cu[4] and of other nature as heavy metal [5] or dioxin [ 6 ] . These emission reductions are mandatory by industries to fulfill the International Standard Organization (ISO 9000) norms. This fact promotes the use and investment in other conversion technologies such as combustion or gasification that can couple environmental improvements as well as enhanced efficiencies. In Portugal, in the last two decades, the waste management has been a major concern and many political changes were made in order to minimize or manage the hazardous w a s t e s , namely changing the legislation framework, applying new energy conversion technologies, developing new infrastructures and more efficient and complex management networks. In this work an evaluation of the hazardous waste management in Portugal is made: in terms of legislation framework, applied technologies and waste volume production.
*
Corresponding author: Tel: +351 259 350 000; Fax: +351 259 350 480 Email address: [email protected] (A. Rouboa)
1876-6102 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of the TerraGreen Academy doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.07.069
608
Nuno Couto et al. / Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611
2. Industrial waste management legislation in Portugal In May 1994, Portugal became a part of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, being obliged to carry out the regulation nrº 1013/2006/CE of the European Parliament and Council [7]. In July 1995, it was elaborated the National Project Plan of Solid Waste which included industrial waste. This project estimated that in 1994 Portugal produced 4.4 million tons of waste and 31% (1.37 million tons) were defined to be of hazardous type. The aim of this plan, with respect to the hazardous industrial waste, was that 82.9 % should be treated locally and to include 17.09% in Integrated Systems of Industrial Waste Treatment (ISIWT). The ISIWT were composed by one incinerator, one physic-chemical treatment unit and two landfills. In June 1997 was defined the strategy of industrial waste management [8]. Due to a new European classification of hazardous waste [3] and in order to have a more flexible treatment solution, it was published a new law which established the rules of waste management [9]. In the end of 1999, the Strategic Industrial Waste Plan (PESGRI99) [10] was approved. The goal of this plan was to prevent and reduce the waste quantities and toxicity through the development of high technology promoting recovery and recycling centers. As a strategy of PESGRI99, and in order to comply with the hierarchy of waste management principles approved at the European Union level- resolution of the European Union Council of Ministers of the Environment nrº 97/076/01, it was elaborated a National Plan for Industrial Waste Prevention (PNAPRI) [10]. PNAPRI was a plan for the period 2000-2015 in order to comply the hierarchy of waste management, creating structures such that the waste of certain activities could be used as raw material in other activities. The main goal was to reduce the quantities and the toxicity of industrial waste including the energy valuation. It was also elaborated 21 technical guides containing a wide range of information particularly on prevention technologies and/or measures potentially suitable for the production process of each of the industrial sectors. In 2000 was decided, by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of July 20th [11], that coincineration would be the method used to manage hazardous industrial waste but two years later this law was suspended [12]. PESGRI99 was revised and was denoted as Strategic Industrial Waste Plan 2001 (PESGRI2001) [13].The aim of PESGRI 2001 was to implement substructures to supply the country with facilities for proper treatment of industrial waste and prevent the production of industrial waste, reducing its quantities and/or toxicity through the development of technologies promoting recovery recycling centers and appropriate disposal plan. In 2004 was established a legal regime licensing the installation and the exploration of the Integrated Centers of Recovery, Valuation and Elimination (CIRVER) of hazardous industrial waste [14]. With CIRVER it was expected a reduction in the exportation of hazardous i n d u s t r i a l waste. In the end of 2004, there was assigned a committee which analyzed the competition of the integrated centers of recovery, valuation and elimination of hazardous residues. The main purpose of CIRVER was to guarantee an effective policy for recovery, valuation and disposal of hazardous waste and to ensure a high level of protection of public health and the environment. These centers should provide specific solutions for each type of waste in order to optimize the conditions of treatment and minimize the costs involved. In 2006 a new legislation approving the general rules of waste management [15], following the directive 2006/12/CE related to waste [16] and 91/689/CEE [17] related to hazardous waste was approved. One of the aims of [15] was to create Integrated Systems of Electronic Registers o f Waste (SIRER), allowing all data, concerning the type of waste, to be available and replacing the previous systems of registers maps. The main directives of the Portuguese legislation for waste, adapting the directives of the European Commission, are given by the Environment Ministry (MA), which supervises the National Waste Institute (INR). The INR supervises the Management Entities of Municipal S o l i d Waste ( SGRSU), Green D o t System (SPV) and the Municipalities. 3. Hazardous waste in Portugal In this paper we will focus on the hazardous waste which comes from industrial waste, since it is the main origin of this type of waste. However, 5% to 7% of the municipal solid waste is also considered to be of hazardous nature. The fundamental rule in managing waste is given by the following hierarchy: prevention, reducing its production, reuse, recycles valuation and deposition. The aim is to reduce the amount and
609
Nuno Couto et al. / Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611
hazardousness of the industrial waste but, in reality, the main concern is actually at the management waste produced instead of management of waste production. According to the National Institute of Waste (INR), the production of industrial waste in 2001 reached 13 million tons, of which about 1.4% are of hazardous n a t u r e , mainly produced i n metropolitan area. The ´bal, Porto, Leiria, Aveiro and Braga are the ones that contribute the most for the districts of Lisboa, Setu hazardous industrial waste production. The responsible for 91% of the hazardous industrial waste are the transforming industry. The hazardous w a s t e included organic oils (48%), chemistries used (12.8%) and solvents (11%). After the end of open dumps, 2 0 0 2 was the first year that reliable data on waste disposal cou ld be obtained. The hazardous waste is mainly produced by extraction industry, transformation industry, electricity energy production and distribution. To have an idea of the amount of waste produced i n Portugal it was necessary to carry t h r o u g h an inventorying of a representative sample, as it is the case presented in Table 1 [18]. Table 1. Hazardous i n d u s t r i a l waste in Portugal ( 2002). Hazardous Industrial Wastes
%
103 t
oil refinement
3,0
7,5
inorganic chemist
4,3
10,8
organic
12,8
32,4
ink, polish and enamel
2,1
5,3
inorganic material from thermal process
4,0
10,2
inorganic material with metals
2,1
5,3
treatment of metal and plastic surfaces
0,9
2,3
used oils
48,0
121,6
solvents
11,0
28,0
non specified
6,0
15,3
water treatment
5,3
13,5
others
0,5 Total
1,4 256,6
According to INR [18], great part of industrial waste (common a n d h a z a r d o u s ) is recycled (34-29%). However there are significant amounts of hazardous industrial waste destined to landfills (8 %), which are not prepared nor have the capacity to receive this type of wastes. In Portugal Hazardous Industrial Wastes (HIW) were usually managed by incineration and co-incineration, since many studies attribute special emphasis to these alternatives. The creation in 2008 of Integrated Centers of Recovery Valuation and Elimination of Hazardous Industrial Waste (CIRVER) gave the answer to a great part of this problem. These integrated centers conjugate the best technologies at tolerable costs providing a viable solution for each type of waste in order to optimize the treatment conditions and to minimize the costs at the same time. Notice that only a part of the waste can be disposed by a thermal treatment in co-incineration. From the 250 thousand tons of hazardous industrial waste produced in a year only 10% cannot be managed in CIRVER or cannot be restored. Due to its hazardousness 20 % of the non treatable by CIRVER (or restored) cannot be treated in any way. It is necessary to reduce the production of these wastes and also invest in industries with high technology. In 2004 and 2005 the total production of industrial waste in Portugal was of the order of 25 and 31 million tons, respectively. From 1998 to 2007 there was an increase of about 50 % in the production of such waste. The HIW were approximately 9 and 8 % of total production of industrial waste in t h e two years under review. The contribution of HIW to the total production of industrial waste increased by around 7 % in the period between 1998 and 2007. It should also be noted that the values given for 2004 and 2005 are significantly higher than what had been established through the maps of the Registration of Industrial Waste relating to previous years, which reflects the change in methodology used for this purpose. Thus, for 2004 and 2005, and also given the need for compliance with Regulation (EC) nº2150/2002 of the European Parliament and the Council of 25 November 2002 on waste
610
Nuno Couto et al. / Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611
statistics, was carried out by the National Institute of Statistics a clearance involving the use of extrapolation techniques on the number of companies that constitute the universe of reference of the Inquiry Harmonized Companies 2004 and 2005 covering the entire spectrum of economic activities in Portugal. Regarding t h e destination of industrial waste produced i n 2004 and 2005, the majority was recovered, only 34% was eliminated in 2004 and 40% in 2005. In terms of infrastructure management available in continental Portugal, there are five certified non- hazardous w a s t e landfills for waste of industrial origin. Regarding units of waste management an increasing number h a v e been licensed by the Portuguese Environment Agency as Waste Authority or by Regional authorities. In 2007 the list of operators of non-urban waste management included 700 units and much of these are destined for recovery operations. Management options for HIW are currently based in the recovery and disposal in both CIRVER (Integrated Centers of Recovery Valuation and Elimination of Hazardous Industrial Waste) and in the co-incineration in cement kilns. These systems play a key role in the application of the principle of self- sufficiency. There are also units for temporary storage of remaining HIW, intended for treatment outside the country. The amount of HIW treated on the so-called ECODEAL CIRVER on the referred period of time was 15,485 tons and 62,436 tons, respectively. From one semester to another the amount of HIW treated or recovered quadrupled. On the CIRVER from the consortium SISAV the amount of HIW received and handled was 44,163 tons and 49,816 tons, respectively. Hazardous w a s t e received and processed by CIRVER are far away from their full capacity, this is due largely to the economic downturn with the consequent decline in economic activity and waste generation. With regard to waste another important indicator is the transboundary movement of waste. Following (EC) Regulation nº 1013/2006 was published on 11 March, the Decree Law no. 45/2008, which ensures the implementation and ensures compliance in legal internal, the obligations of the Portuguese state under (EC) Regulation nº1013/2006, thereby repealing the Decree-Law nº 296/95 of 17 November. As a consequence of Decree Law no. 45/2008, every year the Portuguese Environmental Agency publishes a report on the transboundary movement of waste. In 2008 the total amount of hazardous waste shipped from Portugal for recovery and disposal was 193,928 tons. 4. Conclusions Hazardous waste is the most difficult waste to be managed, since in the treatment process, heavy metal and dioxin among others are obtained. During the last decades the Portuguese government has been doing a set of efforts to better manage and handle the hazardous waste in Portugal. To accomplish these goals, the legislation framework was modified, network infrastructures such as the Integrated Centers of Recovery Valuation and Elimination of Hazardous Industrial Waste were created and new organization and management methods were developed. It is clear that Portugal has now a more efficient system to handle and mange hazardous wastes. However, more efficient and environmental friendly energy conversion methods are still needed. Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the given support to the grant SFRH/BPD/71686 and to the project PTDC/AAC-AMB/103119/2008. References [1] Sebastião, J.F., Casimiro, A.P., 2000. Opinion relative to the treatment of hazardous industrial waste. Independent Scientific Commission of Control and Environmental Supervision of Co-Incineration. [2] Portugal, 1995a. Decree-Law 310/1995 of 20 November. http://www.dre.pt, last acess 01-10-2012. [3] Portugal, 1995b. Governmental order 205/1997 of 5 September. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [4] Menad, N., Kanari, N., Allain, E., Gaballah, I., 1999. Thermal treatment of industrial waste in control atmospheres for the elimination of as, hg, cd, se and concentration of pb, cu and zn, Resour Conserv Recy. 1999; 25: 233–54. [5] Singh, I.B., Chaturvedi, K., Mochhale, R.K., Yegneswaran, A.H., 2007. Thermal treatment of toxic metal of industrial hazardous waste with fly ash and clay. J Hazard Mater. 2007;141;215-22. [6]Fatta, D., Canna-Michaelidou, S., Michael, C., Georgious, E.D., Chritodoulidou, M., Achilleos, A., Vasquez, M., 2007. Organochlorine and organophosphoric insecticides, herbicides and heavy metal residue in industrial waste waters in cyprus. J Hazard Mater. 2007;145:169–79. [7] EC, 2006b. Regulation (ec) no 1013/2006 of the european parliament and of the council of 14 june 2006 on shipments of waste. Official Journal of the European Union , 1–98. [8] Portugal, 1995c. Ministers Resolution No 98/1997 of 25 June. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [9]Portugal, 1997. Decree-Law 239/1997 of 9 September. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [10] Portugal, 1999. Decree-Law 516/1999 of 2 December. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012.[11] Portugal, 2000. Ministers Resolution No 92/2000 of 20 July. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012.
Nuno Couto et al. / Energy Procedia 36 (2013) 607 – 611 [12] Portugal, 2002b. Ministerial dispatch No 12509/2002 of 1 June. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [13] Portugal, 2002a. Decree-Law 89/2002 of 9 April. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [14]Portugal, 2004. Decree-Law 3/2004 of 3 January. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [15]Portugal, 2006. Decree-Law 178/2006 of 5 September. http://www.dre.pt, last access 01-10-2012. [16]EC, 2006a. Directive 2006/12/ec of the european parliament and of the council of 5 april 2006 on waste. Official Journal of the European Union , 1–13, last access 01-10-2012. [17]EC, 1991. Directive 1991/689/eec of the council of 31 december 1991. Official Journal of the European Union , 20–27, last access 01-102012. [18] Santana, F., Amaral, L., Ferreira, F., Monjardino, J., Maur´ıcio, R., Alves, C., B´arcia, C., Henninger, P., Nogueira, A., Ata´ıde, F., 2003. Study and Inventory of Industrial Waste -Summary Report. Technical Report. Instituto dos Resíduos.
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