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Health Care Transformation: An Academic Application System Case Study
10th IFAC Symposium on Biological and Medical Systems 10th IFAC Symposium on Biological and Medical Systems São Paulo, Brazil, September 3-5, 2018 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com 10th IFAC on and São Paulo, Brazil, September 3-5, 2018 10th IFAC Symposium Symposium on Biological Biological and Medical Medical Systems Systems São Paulo, Brazil, September 3-5, 2018 São Paulo, Brazil, September 3-5, 2018
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IFAC PapersOnLine 51-27 (2018) 413–418
Health Care Transformation: An Academic Application System Case Study Health Care Transformation: An Academic Application System Case Study Daniela America da Silva, Rodrigo Monteiro de Barros Santana, Health Care Transformation: An Academic Application System Case Study Health Care Transformation: An Academic Application System Case Study Daniela America da Silva, Rodrigo Monteiro de Barros Santana, Julhio Navas, Gildarcio Sousa Goncalves, Luiz Alberto Vieira Dias, Adilson Marques da Cunha, Paulo Marcelo Daniela America America da Silva, Silva, Rodrigo Rodrigo Monteiro Monteiro de de Barros Barros Santana, Santana, Julhio Navas, GildarcioDaniela Sousa Goncalves,da Luiz Alberto Vieira Dias, Adilson Marques da Cunha, Paulo Marcelo Tasinaffo Julhio Vieira Dias, Adilson Marques da Julhio Navas, Navas, Gildarcio Gildarcio Sousa Sousa Goncalves, Goncalves, Luiz Luiz Alberto Alberto Vieira Dias, Adilson Marques da Cunha, Cunha, Paulo Paulo Marcelo Marcelo Tasinaffo Tasinaffo Tasinaffo Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil Brazilian Aeronautics Aeronautics Institute Institute of of Technology, Technology, São São José José dos dos Campos, Campos, São São Paulo, Paulo, Brazil Brazil Brazilian Abstract: During the 1st Semester of 2017, at the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology Abstract: During the de 1stAeronáutica Semester of- 2017, the Brazilian Aeronautics Problem-Based Institute of Technology (Instituto ITA), aat Interdisciplinary Learning Abstract: Tecnológico During the the 1st 1st Semester Semester of of 2017, 2017, at successful the Brazilian Brazilian Aeronautics Institute Institute of of Technology Technology Abstract: During the Aeronautics (Instituto Tecnológico deplace. Aeronáutica -time, ITA),almost aat successful Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL) experience took At that 30 undergraduate and graduate students from 3 (Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica ITA), a successful Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (Institutoexperience Tecnológico Aeronáutica ITA), ahad successful Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL) tookdejust place. At that -time, almost 30 opportunity undergraduate and graduate students fromand3 different courses within 17 academic weeks the of conceptualizing, modeling, (IPBL) took place. At that almost 30 undergraduate and graduate students from (IPBL) experience experience took just place. Atbased that time, time, almost 30Internet undergraduate and(IoT), graduate students fromand3 3 different courses within 17 academic weeks had the opportunity of conceptualizing, modeling, developing a Computer System on Big Data, of Things and other emerging different courses within just 17 academic weeks had the opportunity of conceptualizing, modeling, and different courses within just 17 academic weeks had the opportunity of conceptualizing, modeling, and developing a Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging technologies government and private organizations. The purpose of this system was to aggregate data developing aafor Computer System based on Big Internet of Things (IoT), and emerging developing Computer System based organizations. on Big Data, Data, Internet of of Things (IoT), andtoother other emerging technologies for government and private The purpose this system was aggregate data from actors such as Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and Health Care Suppliers, by integrating them into technologies for government and private organizations. The purpose of this system was to aggregate data technologies for government and private organizations. The purpose of this system was to aggregate data from actors such as Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and Health Care Suppliers, by integrating them into just one decision making process. This academic research project was named in Portuguese as "Soluções from actors such as Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and Health Care Suppliers, by integrating them into from actors such as Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and Health Care Suppliers, by integrating them into just one decision making process. This academic research project was named in Portuguese as "Soluções Tecnológicas Aplicáveis às Mídias e Produtos em project Saúde was - STAMPS", meaning asin"Soluções English just one decision making process. This academic research named in Portuguese just one decision making process. This academic research project was named in Portuguese as "Soluções Tecnológicas Aplicáveis às Mídias e Produtos em Saúde STAMPS", meaning in English "Technological Solutions Applicable Care em - TSA4HC". was plannedmeaning to allow in students to Tecnológicas Aplicáveis Aplicáveis às Mídias Mídiasforee Health Produtos Saúde -- ItSTAMPS", STAMPS", English Tecnológicas às Produtos Saúde meaning English "Technological Solutions Applicable for Health Care em - crisis TSA4HC". It was planned tosuch allow students to develop health care decision making systems to address management scenarios as in epidemics. "Technological Solutions Applicable for Health Care TSA4HC". It was planned to allow students to "Technological Solutions Applicable for from Health Care - crisis TSA4HC". It Centers, was planned tosuch allow to develop health care decision making systems toUniversities, address management scenarios as students epidemics. Differently from other existing systems Research Governmental Agencies, develop health care decision making systems to address crisis management scenarios such as epidemics. develop health care decision making systems to address crisis management scenarios such as epidemics. Differently from otherthis existing from Universities, Centers, calendar Governmental Public and/or Private, systemsystems was developed and tested inResearch just 17 academic weeks,Agencies, applying Differently from other existing systems from Research Centers, Governmental Agencies, Differently from other existing systems from Universities, Universities, Centers, Governmental Public and/or Private, this system was developed andThis tested inResearch just 17 was academic calendar weeks,Agencies, applying the Scrum agile method and its best practices. experience stored in a Google site and Public and/or Private, this system was developed and tested in just 17 academic calendar weeks, applying Public and/or Private, this system was developed and tested in just 17 academic calendar weeks, applying the Scrum agile method and its best practices. This experience was stored in a Google site and implemented as a Proof of Concept (PoC). It represents one example of how to address the old problem the Scrum agile method and its best practices. This experience was stored in aa Google site and the Scrum agile method and its best practices. This experience was stored in Google site and implemented as a Proof of Concept (PoC). It represents one example of how to address the old problem of teaching, learning, designing, and implementing complex intelligent systems to solve health care implemented as a Proof of Concept (PoC). It represents one example of how to address the old problem implemented as a Proof of Concept (PoC). It represents one example of how to address the old problem of teaching, learning, designing, and implementing complex intelligent systems to solve health care system problems, by collaboratively using the Scrum complex agile method with Python or to Java, Spark, NoSQL of learning, designing, and implementing intelligent systems solve health care of teaching, teaching, learning, designing, andusing implementing intelligent systems solve health care system problems, by collaboratively the Scrum complex agile method with Python or to Java, Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and other available technologies. system problems, problems, by by collaboratively collaboratively using using the the Scrum Scrum agile agile method method with with Python Python or or Java, Java, Spark, Spark, NoSQL NoSQL system databases, Kafka, and other available technologies. databases, Kafka, and available technologies. © 2018, IFAC (International Federation ofInternet Automatic Control)Agile Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. databases, Kafka, and other available technologies. Keywords: health careother system; big data; of Things; method and testing; intelligent systems; Keywords: health care system; big learning. data; Internet of Things; Agile method and testing; intelligent systems; interdisciplinarity; problem-based Keywords: health health care care system; system; big big data; data; Internet Internet of of Things; Things; Agile Agile method method and and testing; testing; intelligent intelligent systems; systems; Keywords: interdisciplinarity; problem-based learning. interdisciplinarity; problem-based learning. interdisciplinarity; problem-based learning. The Scrum agile method and its best practices were used, in 1. INTRODUCTION The Scrum agile method and its best practices were used, in order to develop a computer system to satisfy project 1. INTRODUCTION The Scrum agile method and best practices were used, in Scrum agile method andofits itsjust best practices were used, in order to develop a frame computer system to satisfy project requirements in a time 17 academic weeks. 1. INTRODUCTION THIS paper tackles 1. theINTRODUCTION development of an academic project The order to develop a computer system to satisfy project order to develop a computer system to satisfy project requirements in a time frame of just 17 academic weeks. THIS paper tackles the development of an academic project using the Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL). requirements aa time of academic weeks. THIS paper tackles the of academic project in project time frame frame of just just 17 17 academic weeks. four The TSA4HCin was divided into the following THIS paper tackles the development development of an an Learning academic project using the Interdisciplinary Problem-Based (IPBL). It provides the integration of three different courses taught at requirements using the Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL). The TSA4HC project was divided into the following four using the Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL). groups of application: Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and It provides the integration of three different courses taught at the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology (Instituto The TSA4HC project was divided into the following four The TSA4HC project was divided into the following four It provides the integration of three different courses taught at groups of application: Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and It provides the integration of three different courses taught at Suppliers, by sharing its development among the four student the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology (Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica - ITA): CE-240 (Instituto Database groups of application: Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and groups of application: Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology Suppliers, by sharing its development among the four student teams which were responsible for the ownership of different the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology Tecnológico de Aeronáutica - ITA): CE-240 (Instituto Database Systems Projects; CE-245 Information Technologies; and Suppliers, by sharing its development among the four student Suppliers, by sharing its development among the four student Tecnológico de de Aeronáutica Aeronáutica -- ITA): ITA): CE-240 CE-240 Database Database teams which were responsible for the ownership of different functional requirements' definitions for quality, reliability, Tecnológico SystemsSoftware Projects;Testing. CE-245 Information Technologies; and teams which were responsible for the ownership of different CE-229 which were responsible for the for ownership different Systems Projects; CE-245 functional requirements' definitions quality, ofreliability, safety, and testability verifications. SystemsSoftware Projects;Testing. CE-245 Information Information Technologies; Technologies; and and teams CE-229 functional requirements' definitions for quality, reliability, functional requirements' definitions for quality, reliability, CE-229 Software Testing. and testability verifications. CE-229 Software Testing. application of interdisciplinary safety, It describes a practical safety, and safety, and testability testability verifications. The TSA4HC projectverifications. was developed by using Phyton, Java, It describes ausing practical application of interdisciplinary concepts, by the agile methodology [1][2]. This It describes a practical application of interdisciplinary The TSA4HC project was developed by using Java, Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and other Phyton, technologies. It describes a practical application of interdisciplinary concepts, by using the agile methodology [1][2]. This academic project was driven by the ITA to generate expertise The TSA4HC project was developed by using Phyton, Java, The TSA4HC project was developed by using Phyton, concepts, by using the agile methodology [1][2]. This Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and other technologies. this collaborative project development, almostJava, 30 concepts, bycare using the as agile methodology [1][2]. This During academic project was driven by the ITAextension to generate expertise in the health domain a natural of previous Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and other technologies. Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and otherOwners technologies. academic project was driven by the ITA to generate expertise During this collaborative project development, almost 30 students have practiced the roles of Product (POs), academic project was driven by the ITA to generate expertise in the health care domain as a natural extension of previous studies performed in the research area [3]. During this collaborative project development, almost 30 During this collaborative project development, almost 30 in the health care domain as a natural extension of previous students have practiced the roles of Product Owners (POs), in the health care in domain as a natural extension of previous Scrum Masters (SMs), and Team Developers (TDs). studies performed the research area [3]. students have practiced the roles of Product Owners (POs), students have practiced the roles of Product Owners (POs), studies performed in the research area [3]. Scrum Masters (SMs), and Team Developers (TDs). studies performed in thewas research The STAMPS project namedarea in [3]. Portuguese "Soluções Scrum Masters (SMs), and Team Developers (TDs). (SMs), and Team (TDs). At the Masters end of the project, a totalDevelopers of 106 User Stories (USs) The STAMPSAplicáveis project wasa named ine Portuguese Tecnológicas Mídias Produtos em"Soluções Saúde", Scrum The STAMPS STAMPS project project was was named named in in Portuguese Portuguese "Soluções At the end of the project, a total of 106 User Stories (USs) had been planned to compose the Product Backlog. However, The "Soluções Tecnológicas Aplicáveis a Mídias Solutions e ProdutosApplicable em Saúde", meaning in English, "Technological for At the end of the project, a total of 106 User Stories (USs) At the end of the to project, a total of 106 Backlog. User Stories (USs) Tecnológicas Aplicáveis aa Mídias ee Produtos em Saúde", had been planned compose the Product However, only 36 of them were developed within 3 monthly sprints. Tecnológicas Aplicáveis Mídias Produtos em Saúde", meaning in English, "Technological Solutions Applicableoffora had been planned to compose the Product Backlog. However, Health Care TSA4HC". It considered the development had been planned to compose the Product Backlog. However, meaning in English, "Technological Solutions Applicable for of them were developed within 3and monthly sprints. meaning inSystem English, "Technological Solutions Applicable And 36 at the end of each sprint, reviews retrospective Health Care - TSA4HC". Itonconsidered theInternet development offora only Computer based Big Data, of Things 36 of them were developed within 3 monthly sprints. only 36 oftook them were developed within 3and monthly sprints. Health Care -- TSA4HC". It considered the development of aa only And at the end of each sprint,the reviews retrospective Health Care TSA4HC". It considered the development of meetings place. Moreover, Acceptance Test Driven Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging technologies, using agile methods; And at the end of each sprint, reviews and retrospective And at the end of each sprint, reviews and retrospective Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things meetings took place. Moreover, the Acceptance Test Drivena Development (ATDD) [7] was applied generating Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging technologies, using agile methods; and software quality, reliability, safety,using and agile testability. In meetings took place. Moreover, the Acceptance Test Driven meetings took place. Moreover, the Acceptance Test Driven (IoT), and other emerging technologies, methods; Development (ATDD) [7] was applied generating necessary, and[7] sufficient set of artifacts storedaa (IoT), andthe other emerging technologies, using agile methods; and software quality, reliability, safety, and testability. In minimum, addition, TSA4HC project has taken into consideration Development (ATDD) was applied generating Development (ATDD) [7] was applied generating and software quality, reliability, safety, and testability. In minimum, necessary, and sufficient set of artifacts stored the and sufficient Internet portala and quality, reliability, In within addition, the TSA4HC project hassafety, taken and into consideration somesoftware aspects of software certification, the testability. International minimum, necessary, set of artifacts stored minimum, necessary, and sufficient set of artifacts stored addition, the TSA4HC project has taken into consideration within the Internet portal [4]. addition, the TSA4HC project has[5], taken some aspects of Diseases software certification, the International Classification andinto alsoconsideration the Health https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ within the Internet portal within the Internet portal some aspects aspects of of software software (ICD) certification, the International https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ [4]. some of certification, the International Classification of Diseases(HL7) (ICD)protocol [5], and the Health https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ [4]. Level Seven International [3].also https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ [4]. Classification of Diseases (ICD) [5], and also the Health Classification of Diseases(HL7) (ICD)protocol [5], and Level Seven International [3].also the Health Level Level Seven Seven International International (HL7) (HL7) protocol protocol [3]. [3]. 2405-8963 © 2018, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright 2018 responsibility IFAC 413Control. Peer review©under of International Federation of Automatic Copyright © 2018 IFAC 413 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.02.005 Copyright 413 Copyright © © 2018 2018 IFAC IFAC 413
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For each User Story (US), more than one test case and acceptance test were developed. The TSA4HC system project was developed in a cloud system and had each of its subsystem hosted in the Heroku platform (https://stampsmedicos.herokuapp.com/ and https://stampshospitals.herokuapp.com).
2.2 The Scrum Agile Method and Its Best Practices The following Scrum roles are typically defined: Product Owners (POs) – are stakeholders representative who define the vision, product requirements, and goals of the team, in order to deliver something of value at the end of the process [15] [16];
The integration strategy between the group of subsystems has happened by defining a central architecture for the TSA4HC project named STAMPSNet, as shown in Figure 1. It is an intelligent system defining the macro integration strategy, as shown in Figure 2, between the teams using, as main steps, events submitted by the subsystems and processed according to the following phases: detection, screening, treatment, and response.
Team Developers (TDs) – are members of a selforganized and self-managed team, responsible for product development and delivery [9][10]; Stakeholders – are clients or anyone having any interest involved or is affected by the outcome of the product; and
Thus, at the end of this TSA4HC academic project, a case study simulated mission was assigned, as a Proof of Concept (PoC), demonstrating it should be able to provide appropriate crises management and control, as described in section IV.
Scrum Masters (SMs) – are responsible to assist the team in the process execution, to maximize efficiency and achieve the goal of the sprint [9]. After the adoption of Scrum for this TSA4HC academic project prototype, professors involved with TDs took the role of Stakeholders. Then, one student from each team, usually the most experienced or the most skilled one in the process, was chosen from each team and assigned by their members to be the Scrum Master of the Team. During this TSA4HC academic project development, all students participated as members of TDs. Both CE-240 and CE-245 course students were responsible: for modeling and programming; and also for evaluating the compliance with the CID-10 and the HL7 protocol. While the CE-229 course students were responsible for the definition and execution of the acceptance testings and its oracles. Table 1 presents the roles used in the TSA4HC academic project.
Fig. 1. The STAMPSNset Central Architecture
TABLE 1. THE TSA4HC ACADEMIC PROJECT ROLES
Fig. 2. The Macro Integration Strategy for the TSA4HC project
2. THE INTERDISCIPLINARITY
Roles
Who was responsible for
Product Owner
All CE-229 Students.
Development Team
Students from all 3 courses
Stakeholders
Professors
Scrum Master
1 student from each development team
The TSA4HC academic project was developed in 4 sprints. Sprint 0 represented a technical training and warm up, dealing with classes about GitHub, and multiple courses from the IBM Cognitive Class such as: What is Big Data; Introduction to Hadoop; Data Science Methodology; Introduction to NoSQL; What is Spark; moving data into Hadoop; SQL Access for Hadoop; Spark Fundamentals II; and Accessing Hadoop Data using Hive.
2.1 The Graduate Courses This TSA4HC Academic Project, as previously mentioned, has involved the following three graduate courses: CE-240 Database Systems Project, tackling the main techniques for the development of database systems;
The product backlog of the TSA4HC academic project had a total of 106 previously defined User Stories USs). However, only 36 were prioritized and implemented, during 17 academic weeks. Table 2 presents the TSA4HC academic project backlog sprints, its training, and USs.
CE-245 Information Technologies, tackling the main Information Technologies (ITs) used in the process of developing computer systems; and CE-229 Software Testing, tackling the main foundations used for software testing.
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TABLE 2. THE TSA4HC ACADEMIC PROJECT BACKLOG Roles
Product Backlog
Sprint 0
Cognitive Class
Sprint 1
16 User Stories
Sprint 2
13 User Stories
Sprint 3
12 User Stories
415
The TSA4HC academic project was developed in a cloud system and had each of its subsystems hosted in a Heroku Platform as a Service. It has allowed source-code in Phyton or Java programming language, by using MySQL for the Relational Database, MongoDB for the Best of Relational with the Innovations of NoSQL. The JSON was used for data-interchange format by using the Apache Kafka as messaging system, the Django as Phyton Web Framework for rapid development, and the GitHub as a development platform to review code, manage the project, and build software working in collaboration with developers and testers remotely based.
In addition, the following Scrum techniques were also applied within this TSA4HC academic project: Planning Poker, Sprint Review, and Sprint Retrospective. Then, students have asynchronously and remotely performed the Planning Poker. Sprint Reviews were formalized by POs to indicate acknowledgments, as successful development of USs occurred. Sprint Retrospectives were undertaken, in a document, where all team members could contribute indicating what went right, wrong, and/or could be improved.
Each team was responsible to define its architecture by identifying what was the more appropriate technology for the team, according to a matrix of competence internally created. This matrix has allowed TDs to develop a product according to its best knowledge of technologies. The main results were integrated through a common data bus, operating according to the definition of the STAMPSNet architecture.
2.3 Using the International Code of Diseases - ICD
Since the first sprint of this TSA4HC academic project, the architecture was developed thinking about the integration and interoperability of its subsystems PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS.
The ICD is the international "standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes". Its full official name is International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems [5]. The ICD is maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO), the directing and coordinating authority for health, within the United Nations System [6].
2.6 The Testing Methods The TSA4HC academic project was developed by using the Test Driven Development(TDD) methodology having requirements turned into very specific test cases and it was prepared in the first week of its first sprint. The development was done by taking into consideration some test cases specifications. The intermediate products were validated against those tests cases every week of each sprint, through an iterative development process, where requirements have evolved through collaboration between the TDs members, POs, and Stakeholders. Teams were self-organized and have determined issues in advance and differently from conventional methods, when testing use to be performed after implementation. In this scenario, testing was done while implementing the TSA4HC project.
For this TSA4HC academic project, the ICD data set was loaded in a MongoDB NoSQL database in English, and it was used to map symptoms and suggest potential diagnosis of patient. The mapping process was performed by using a statistic method called Jaccard Index [11] to help identifying a list of diseases that could match symptoms. In this case, the Jaccard Index was used as a similarity metric for the two sets of data (ICD and Patient Symptons), with a range from 0% to 100%. 2.4 The HL7 Standard The HL7 is dedicated to providing a comprehensive framework and related standards for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information that supports clinical practice and management, delivery, and the evaluation of health services [4].
3. TSA4HC PROJECT PROTOTYPE This section describes the TSA4HC academic project prototype vision artefact. And based on the Scrum agile method, the following TSA4HC project vision artifact was defined: “For public and/or private organizations involved in crisis management of health care events (eg epidemics), who need to manage data and information for decision making, the TSA4HC academic project is a Computer System based upon Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging Information Technologies (ITs) that aggregates data, integrating the following actors of this scenario (PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS), for decision making”.
Within the TSA4HC academic project, it was used the Level 4 of HL7 that defines the standards for Data Exchange. All 4 modules of the TSA4HC project PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS, were developed by using the HL7 to send/receive information to and from a common data bus developed to allow the interoperability of systems. On this project, data was exchanged by using the JSON format. The data bus was filled in, according to the integration layer developed by using the STAMPSNet Architecture, described in section III.
3.1 The TSA4HC Project Subsystems Structure
2.5 The Architecture Overview 415
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The TSA4HC Academic project prototype was divided into 4 development teams composed by students from those 3 different courses. Each team with an average of 5 plus or minus 2 students was responsible for choosing and developing specific subsystem components.
3.3 The PHYSICIANS Application Subsystem Within the PHYSICIANS subsystem, it was also implemented some digital components key features of the TSA4HC project to help PHYSICIANS in consultations/visits per PATIENT, allowing benefits such as identifying symptoms, diagnosis, and number of visits, according to a geo-location and also benefiting every subsystem from this information made available by the TSA4HC academic project.
In order to satisfy the requirements of the technology applied to mobile midia and health care solutions, in a time frame of just 17 academic weeks, the TSA4HC Academic project prototype was also divided into 4 groups of application subsystem components, based on the Model View Controller (MVC) strategy by using the Django [12][13].
Some of these key features were developed by using ICD tool, "an international standard diagnostic software tool for epidemiology, health care management, and clinical purposes, among other features". This PHYSICIANS subsystem was also based on the HL7 data interchange standard, for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information that supports clinical practice and management, delivery, and evaluation of health services, allowing integration with other TSA4HC project subsystems, and also interoperability with any other health care subsystem.
These 4 application subsystems were classified according to their high cohesion and low coupling characteristics as PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS. 3.2 The PATIENTS Application Subsystem Within the PATIENTS subsystem, it was implemented some digital components key features of the TSA4HC Academic project to help PATIENTS to find health care information and also benefit from the information made available by the TSA4HC Academic project prototype. Some of these key features were developed and integrated with Facebook allowing to reach around 1.7 billion users, reading statistics of utilization, allowing information about geo-location, among others, as shown in Figure 3.
3.4 The HOSPITALS Application Subsystem Within the HOSPITALS subsystem, it was also implemented some digital components key features of the TSA4HC Academic project to help HOSPITALS to manage the progress of hospital treatments and manage resources per PATIENT. Allowing benefits such as identifying PATIENTS location, medicament's, prescriptions, and vital signs inside the HOSPITAL.
The team assigned for developing this group of subsystems was responsible for delivering 11 USs within the 3 sprints of 4 weeks each. At the end of the 2nd sprint, the TDs have integrated the developed PATIENTS application subsystem with other related subsystems through a STAMPSNet intelligent system running on top of the TSA4HC project application subsystems. The developed software for the PATIENTS subsystem was successfully modeled, generated, tested, and verified, as shown in Figure 4.
Some of these key features were developed by using also the ICD to identify rooms used according to a specific disease, among other features.
Fig. 5. Managing HOSPITAL information per PATIENT
Fig. 3. PATIENTS Finding PHYSICIANS, according to their location
3.5 The SUPPLIERS Application Subsystem Within the SUPPLIERS subsystem, it was also implemented some digital components key features of the TSA4HC Academic project to help SUPPLIERS to be registered as providers of various products and services needed by healthcare solutions managed by the TSA4HC project. This has also allowed some benefits such as identifying necessary resources and purchasing others, according to geo-locations, among other features.
Fig. 4. PATIENTS Finding PHYSICIANS, according to their geo-locations 416
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3.6 The STAMPSNet Intelligent System
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- The population/society has a computer mobile tool like the TSA4HC project capable of providing appropriate records, management, and controls, since the emergency could evolve into an epidemic; and
Within this STAMPSNet Intelligent System, it was implemented some integration capabilities to help each one of the 4 subsystems PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS, to interchange data and send alerts for each subsystem to take actions to respond to a crisis by using health-care solutions managed by the TSA4HC project, among other features.
- A tool to provide preventive diagnoses' management and controls of PATIENTS is in place for HOSPITALS and PHYSICIANS. 4.4 The Response Phase
This Intelligent System also allowed some benefits such as identifying the communication stages and actions to be taken by each subsystem, by using KAFKA as the technology for Data Interchange, and data using the HL7 standard. As a result, the STAMPSNet also allowed a time-line describing every event and action involved in a health-care crisis.
A set of epidemiological events are managed in such way that: - HOSPITALS must have the mobile computer apparatus to collaborate in the process of managing large flows for efficient patients care and screening methods;
4. THE PROOF OF CONCEPT PRESENTATION AS AN ASSIGNED MISSION
- HOSPITALS involved and their medicines and devices' SUPPLIERS also have appropriate tools to participate in a material inventory management process;
This TSA4HC academic project was inspired from the needs of public and/or private organizations involved in crisis management with health events (eg epidemics) which need to manage data and information for decision making. At the end of 17 academic weeks, a simulated PoC was designed to demonstrate the use of the TSA4HC Academic Project in a fictitious epidemics of EBOLA. To accomplish the simulated mission, the 4 subsystems PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS were integrated into the STAMPSNet Intelligent System to address the events, according to the phases described as follows: Detection, Screening, Treatment, and Response.
- Each confirmed PATIENT can enable, within the inventory control of a HOSPITAL, the release of care kits containing materials and medicines for the beginning of his treatments. In these cases, in addition to medicines, some protective equipment can also be considered important, given the rapid rate of contagion of diseases such as EBOLA; and - Public administration has reliable data for decision-making in crisis situations. 5. CONCLUSION This paper aimed to describe the development of an academic interdisciplinary project using Scrum agile method and its best practices, in order to develop a prototype for a Proof of Concept (PoC), by using cloud-computing resources.
4.1 The Detection Phase During a national holiday, a person (an eventual PATIENT) goes awry and faints in the middle of a Shopping. The security team at a Local Care Office or near HOSPITAL receives this PATIENT, where a PHYSICIAN analyses symptoms such as very high fever, tremors, vomiting with blood, red eyes, and mental confusion.
It has described an Integrated Problem-Based Learning (IPBL) project, named TSA4HC Academic Project Prototype, a Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging Information Technologies (ITs) for governmental organization and private sector. The purpose of this system was to aggregate data and integrate sectors such as PATIENTS, HOSPITALS, PHYSICIANS, and HEALTH SUPPLIERS for the decision making process related to crisis management of events in the Health system, such as epidemics.
4.2 The Screening or Triage Phase Considering also the reports of the PATIENT about his severe joint pains and his recent work in an area affected by the EBOLA epidemic, a medical team reports that everything indicates that it is an EBOLA infection. From there on, this PATIENT can be considered as the first PATIENT for a possible epidemic in a specific region, if it is readily identified.
The TSA4HC project was developed by students from three different Computer Science courses taught at the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology (Instituto Tecnologico de Aeronautica – ITA), on the 1st semester of 2017.
4.3 The Treatment Phase
5.1 The Specific Conclusions
A set of epidemiological events are managed in such way that:
The use of interdisciplinarity has worked as expected, since the students got to know how to work in teams to successful develop a complex real-time embedded system.
- Those who have had contact with Ebola’s PATIENT are promptly identified and/or cared for;
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The cloud computer environment was extensively used by students, in order to allow collaborative work at distance, by using hangout meetings, personal sites, and an official project website.
5.4 Future Work It is suggested that the process used in this TSA4HC Academic Project Prototype can be extended to other embedded systems projects, as for example in the health domain, within the area of using wearables to collect and track personal health conditions.
The Scrum framework was adapted to the reality of the ITA academic interdisciplinarity environment, helping the whole team of almost 30 students to deliver value to stakeholders, at the end of each sprint, and also at the end of this project.
As future work, it is also suggested to extend cooperation with some industries, and hospitals, in order to obtain academic projects selection aligned with up-to-date market needs. It is also proposed the use of the ANSYS/Esterel SCADE tools, for offering the possibility of future critical software developments.
The application of Acceptance Test Driven Development (ATDD) in the project was closely related to the adopted interdisciplinarity approach, since acceptance tests were created by students from the CE-229 Software Testing course, while the software was implemented by students from the CE-240 Project of Database Systems and CE-245 Information Technologies courses.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank: 1) The Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA); 2) The Casimiro Montenegro Filho Foundation (FCMF); and 3) The Brazilian Ecossistema enterprise, for their support, during the development of this TSA4HC Academic Project Prototype.
The Kafka, Spark, Phyton or Java, Django, and MongoDB hosted in Heroku cloud services were the tools applied for prototype modeling and for automatic non structured data processing using the CID-10. At the end, the students have presented a TSA4HC Academic Project Prototype as a final project for their courses, as a Proof of Concept (PoC) to professors, entrepreneurs, and some invited guests from industry and academia.
REFERENCES [1] Sutherland J., 2010, SCRUM Handbook, Scrum Training Institute Press. [2] Cohen D., et. al., 2004, An Introduction to Agile Methods, Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, ADVANCES IN COMPUTERS, VOL. 62. [3] HL7, 2017, Health Level Seven International, http://www.hl7.org/documentcenter/public/training/IntroToHL7/player.html [4] STAMPS, 2017, Technological Solutions Applicable to Medias and Products in Health, https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ [5] ICD, 2017, International Classification of Diseases, http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ [6] WHO, 2017, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/about/en/ [7] Pugh, Ken, 2011. Lean-Agile Acceptance Test-Driven Development: Better Software Through Collaboration. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0321714084 [8] Cohn M., 2010, Succeeding with agile: Software development using Scrum, 1st Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. [9] Larman, C., 2004, Agile and iterative development: a manager's guide, Addison-Wesley Professional. [10] Schwaber K., Sutherland J., 2013, The Scrum Guide. Available: http://www.scrumguides.org/index.html, access in August, 06th, 2017. [11] S. Niwattanakul, J. Singthongchai, E. Naenudorn, 2013, Using of Jaccard Coefficient for Keywords Similarity, Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2013 Vol I IMECS 2013, March 13 - 15, 2013, Hong Kong [12] Freeman, E.; Bates, B.; Sierra, K.; Robson, E. Head, 2004, First Design Patterns: A Brain-Friendly Guide, O'Reilly Media, Inc [13] Holovaty, A., Kaplan-Moss, J., 2017, The DJango Book, Available: https://djangobook.com/ in August, 06th 2017 . [14] Rubin, K. S. (2013). Essential SCRUM: A practical guide to the most popular agile process. New York: Addison-Wesley. [15] MARTINS, James Castro, MANCILHA, Adriano Fonseca Pinto; BASSETO, Edizon Eduardo Junior; GONCALVES, Gildarcio Sousa; LOURO, Henrique Duarte Borges; GOMES, Jose Marcos; FILHO, Lineu Alves Lima; COURA, Luiz Henrique Ribeiro Silva; RODRIGUES, Romulo Alceu; NETO, Wilson Cristoni; CUNHA, Adilson Marques da; DIAS, Luiz Alberto Vieira. Using Big Data, Internet of Things, and Agile for Crises Management. In: 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG 2017), 2017, Las Vegas. 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, 2017. [16] GONCALVES, Gildarcio Sousa; SHIGEMURA, Rafael; PAULO DIEGO, Silva; RODRIGO, Santana; ERLON, Silva; ALHERI, Dakwat; FERNANDO, Miguel; TASINAFFO, Paulo Marcelo; CUNHA, Adilson Marques da; DIAS, Luiz Alberto Vieira. An Agile Developed Interdisciplinary Approach for Safety-Critical Embedded System. In: 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG 2017), 2017, Las Vegas. 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, 2017. [17] MARTINS, James Castro; MANCILHA, Adriano Fonseca Pinto; BASSETO, Edizon Eduardo Junior; GONCALVES, Gildarcio Sousa; LOURO, Henrique Duarte Borges; GOMES, Jose Marcos; FILHO, Lineu Alves Lima; COURA, Luiz Henrique Ribeiro Silva; RODRIGUES, Romulo Alceu; NETO, Wilson Cristoni; CUNHA, Adilson Marques da; DIAS, Luiz Alberto Vieira. Using Big Data, Internet of Things, and Agile for Crises Management. In: 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG 2017), 2017, Las Vegas. 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, 2017.
5.2 General Conclusions According to the authors, the academic development of a critical intelligent system is a rewarding experience, which can be used in different graduate and undergraduate courses. The use of interdisciplinarity, cloud-computing, and agile methods appears to be a new interesting and motivational way of achieving academic goals in just one semester of 17 weeks and can be also extended to other knowledge domains. 5.3 Recommendations The authors recommend that the assigned mission should be clearly defined at early stages of the project. In this project, its requirements specification took a few weeks to be defined. For future projects, it is recommended that the assigned mission be defined right since the first academic week, guiding developers in development and reducing the chance of future mistakes. It is recommended that the integration of different layers be done, as early as possible, allowing different teams to work on communication protocols, layouts' refinements, and testing, also on the early stages of the project.The authors also recommend the use of automated testing tools and procedures to accelerate the development process, while increasing the quality of the product. The automation testing tools using Phyton could be used for automation, since it does provide some testing automation, but there was no time for students to take the full advantage of it in this project.
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Health Care Transformation: An Academic Application System Case Study Health Care Transformation: An Academic Application System Case Study Daniela America da Silva, Rodrigo Monteiro de Barros Santana, Health Care Transformation: An Academic Application System Case Study Health Care Transformation: An Academic Application System Case Study Daniela America da Silva, Rodrigo Monteiro de Barros Santana, Julhio Navas, Gildarcio Sousa Goncalves, Luiz Alberto Vieira Dias, Adilson Marques da Cunha, Paulo Marcelo Daniela America America da Silva, Silva, Rodrigo Rodrigo Monteiro Monteiro de de Barros Barros Santana, Santana, Julhio Navas, GildarcioDaniela Sousa Goncalves,da Luiz Alberto Vieira Dias, Adilson Marques da Cunha, Paulo Marcelo Tasinaffo Julhio Vieira Dias, Adilson Marques da Julhio Navas, Navas, Gildarcio Gildarcio Sousa Sousa Goncalves, Goncalves, Luiz Luiz Alberto Alberto Vieira Dias, Adilson Marques da Cunha, Cunha, Paulo Paulo Marcelo Marcelo Tasinaffo Tasinaffo Tasinaffo Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil Brazilian Aeronautics Aeronautics Institute Institute of of Technology, Technology, São São José José dos dos Campos, Campos, São São Paulo, Paulo, Brazil Brazil Brazilian Abstract: During the 1st Semester of 2017, at the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology Abstract: During the de 1stAeronáutica Semester of- 2017, the Brazilian Aeronautics Problem-Based Institute of Technology (Instituto ITA), aat Interdisciplinary Learning Abstract: Tecnológico During the the 1st 1st Semester Semester of of 2017, 2017, at successful the Brazilian Brazilian Aeronautics Institute Institute of of Technology Technology Abstract: During the Aeronautics (Instituto Tecnológico deplace. Aeronáutica -time, ITA),almost aat successful Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL) experience took At that 30 undergraduate and graduate students from 3 (Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica ITA), a successful Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (Institutoexperience Tecnológico Aeronáutica ITA), ahad successful Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL) tookdejust place. At that -time, almost 30 opportunity undergraduate and graduate students fromand3 different courses within 17 academic weeks the of conceptualizing, modeling, (IPBL) took place. At that almost 30 undergraduate and graduate students from (IPBL) experience experience took just place. Atbased that time, time, almost 30Internet undergraduate and(IoT), graduate students fromand3 3 different courses within 17 academic weeks had the opportunity of conceptualizing, modeling, developing a Computer System on Big Data, of Things and other emerging different courses within just 17 academic weeks had the opportunity of conceptualizing, modeling, and different courses within just 17 academic weeks had the opportunity of conceptualizing, modeling, and developing a Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging technologies government and private organizations. The purpose of this system was to aggregate data developing aafor Computer System based on Big Internet of Things (IoT), and emerging developing Computer System based organizations. on Big Data, Data, Internet of of Things (IoT), andtoother other emerging technologies for government and private The purpose this system was aggregate data from actors such as Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and Health Care Suppliers, by integrating them into technologies for government and private organizations. The purpose of this system was to aggregate data technologies for government and private organizations. The purpose of this system was to aggregate data from actors such as Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and Health Care Suppliers, by integrating them into just one decision making process. This academic research project was named in Portuguese as "Soluções from actors such as Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and Health Care Suppliers, by integrating them into from actors such as Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and Health Care Suppliers, by integrating them into just one decision making process. This academic research project was named in Portuguese as "Soluções Tecnológicas Aplicáveis às Mídias e Produtos em project Saúde was - STAMPS", meaning asin"Soluções English just one decision making process. This academic research named in Portuguese just one decision making process. This academic research project was named in Portuguese as "Soluções Tecnológicas Aplicáveis às Mídias e Produtos em Saúde STAMPS", meaning in English "Technological Solutions Applicable Care em - TSA4HC". was plannedmeaning to allow in students to Tecnológicas Aplicáveis Aplicáveis às Mídias Mídiasforee Health Produtos Saúde -- ItSTAMPS", STAMPS", English Tecnológicas às Produtos Saúde meaning English "Technological Solutions Applicable for Health Care em - crisis TSA4HC". It was planned tosuch allow students to develop health care decision making systems to address management scenarios as in epidemics. "Technological Solutions Applicable for Health Care TSA4HC". It was planned to allow students to "Technological Solutions Applicable for from Health Care - crisis TSA4HC". It Centers, was planned tosuch allow to develop health care decision making systems toUniversities, address management scenarios as students epidemics. Differently from other existing systems Research Governmental Agencies, develop health care decision making systems to address crisis management scenarios such as epidemics. develop health care decision making systems to address crisis management scenarios such as epidemics. Differently from otherthis existing from Universities, Centers, calendar Governmental Public and/or Private, systemsystems was developed and tested inResearch just 17 academic weeks,Agencies, applying Differently from other existing systems from Research Centers, Governmental Agencies, Differently from other existing systems from Universities, Universities, Centers, Governmental Public and/or Private, this system was developed andThis tested inResearch just 17 was academic calendar weeks,Agencies, applying the Scrum agile method and its best practices. experience stored in a Google site and Public and/or Private, this system was developed and tested in just 17 academic calendar weeks, applying Public and/or Private, this system was developed and tested in just 17 academic calendar weeks, applying the Scrum agile method and its best practices. This experience was stored in a Google site and implemented as a Proof of Concept (PoC). It represents one example of how to address the old problem the Scrum agile method and its best practices. This experience was stored in aa Google site and the Scrum agile method and its best practices. This experience was stored in Google site and implemented as a Proof of Concept (PoC). It represents one example of how to address the old problem of teaching, learning, designing, and implementing complex intelligent systems to solve health care implemented as a Proof of Concept (PoC). It represents one example of how to address the old problem implemented as a Proof of Concept (PoC). It represents one example of how to address the old problem of teaching, learning, designing, and implementing complex intelligent systems to solve health care system problems, by collaboratively using the Scrum complex agile method with Python or to Java, Spark, NoSQL of learning, designing, and implementing intelligent systems solve health care of teaching, teaching, learning, designing, andusing implementing intelligent systems solve health care system problems, by collaboratively the Scrum complex agile method with Python or to Java, Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and other available technologies. system problems, problems, by by collaboratively collaboratively using using the the Scrum Scrum agile agile method method with with Python Python or or Java, Java, Spark, Spark, NoSQL NoSQL system databases, Kafka, and other available technologies. databases, Kafka, and available technologies. © 2018, IFAC (International Federation ofInternet Automatic Control)Agile Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. databases, Kafka, and other available technologies. Keywords: health careother system; big data; of Things; method and testing; intelligent systems; Keywords: health care system; big learning. data; Internet of Things; Agile method and testing; intelligent systems; interdisciplinarity; problem-based Keywords: health health care care system; system; big big data; data; Internet Internet of of Things; Things; Agile Agile method method and and testing; testing; intelligent intelligent systems; systems; Keywords: interdisciplinarity; problem-based learning. interdisciplinarity; problem-based learning. interdisciplinarity; problem-based learning. The Scrum agile method and its best practices were used, in 1. INTRODUCTION The Scrum agile method and its best practices were used, in order to develop a computer system to satisfy project 1. INTRODUCTION The Scrum agile method and best practices were used, in Scrum agile method andofits itsjust best practices were used, in order to develop a frame computer system to satisfy project requirements in a time 17 academic weeks. 1. INTRODUCTION THIS paper tackles 1. theINTRODUCTION development of an academic project The order to develop a computer system to satisfy project order to develop a computer system to satisfy project requirements in a time frame of just 17 academic weeks. THIS paper tackles the development of an academic project using the Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL). requirements aa time of academic weeks. THIS paper tackles the of academic project in project time frame frame of just just 17 17 academic weeks. four The TSA4HCin was divided into the following THIS paper tackles the development development of an an Learning academic project using the Interdisciplinary Problem-Based (IPBL). It provides the integration of three different courses taught at requirements using the Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL). The TSA4HC project was divided into the following four using the Interdisciplinary Problem-Based Learning (IPBL). groups of application: Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and It provides the integration of three different courses taught at the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology (Instituto The TSA4HC project was divided into the following four The TSA4HC project was divided into the following four It provides the integration of three different courses taught at groups of application: Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and It provides the integration of three different courses taught at Suppliers, by sharing its development among the four student the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology (Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica - ITA): CE-240 (Instituto Database groups of application: Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and groups of application: Patients, Physicians, Hospitals, and the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology Suppliers, by sharing its development among the four student teams which were responsible for the ownership of different the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology Tecnológico de Aeronáutica - ITA): CE-240 (Instituto Database Systems Projects; CE-245 Information Technologies; and Suppliers, by sharing its development among the four student Suppliers, by sharing its development among the four student Tecnológico de de Aeronáutica Aeronáutica -- ITA): ITA): CE-240 CE-240 Database Database teams which were responsible for the ownership of different functional requirements' definitions for quality, reliability, Tecnológico SystemsSoftware Projects;Testing. CE-245 Information Technologies; and teams which were responsible for the ownership of different CE-229 which were responsible for the for ownership different Systems Projects; CE-245 functional requirements' definitions quality, ofreliability, safety, and testability verifications. SystemsSoftware Projects;Testing. CE-245 Information Information Technologies; Technologies; and and teams CE-229 functional requirements' definitions for quality, reliability, functional requirements' definitions for quality, reliability, CE-229 Software Testing. and testability verifications. CE-229 Software Testing. application of interdisciplinary safety, It describes a practical safety, and safety, and testability testability verifications. The TSA4HC projectverifications. was developed by using Phyton, Java, It describes ausing practical application of interdisciplinary concepts, by the agile methodology [1][2]. This It describes a practical application of interdisciplinary The TSA4HC project was developed by using Java, Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and other Phyton, technologies. It describes a practical application of interdisciplinary concepts, by using the agile methodology [1][2]. This academic project was driven by the ITA to generate expertise The TSA4HC project was developed by using Phyton, Java, The TSA4HC project was developed by using Phyton, concepts, by using the agile methodology [1][2]. This Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and other technologies. this collaborative project development, almostJava, 30 concepts, bycare using the as agile methodology [1][2]. This During academic project was driven by the ITAextension to generate expertise in the health domain a natural of previous Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and other technologies. Spark, NoSQL databases, Kafka, and otherOwners technologies. academic project was driven by the ITA to generate expertise During this collaborative project development, almost 30 students have practiced the roles of Product (POs), academic project was driven by the ITA to generate expertise in the health care domain as a natural extension of previous studies performed in the research area [3]. During this collaborative project development, almost 30 During this collaborative project development, almost 30 in the health care domain as a natural extension of previous students have practiced the roles of Product Owners (POs), in the health care in domain as a natural extension of previous Scrum Masters (SMs), and Team Developers (TDs). studies performed the research area [3]. students have practiced the roles of Product Owners (POs), students have practiced the roles of Product Owners (POs), studies performed in the research area [3]. Scrum Masters (SMs), and Team Developers (TDs). studies performed in thewas research The STAMPS project namedarea in [3]. Portuguese "Soluções Scrum Masters (SMs), and Team Developers (TDs). (SMs), and Team (TDs). At the Masters end of the project, a totalDevelopers of 106 User Stories (USs) The STAMPSAplicáveis project wasa named ine Portuguese Tecnológicas Mídias Produtos em"Soluções Saúde", Scrum The STAMPS STAMPS project project was was named named in in Portuguese Portuguese "Soluções At the end of the project, a total of 106 User Stories (USs) had been planned to compose the Product Backlog. However, The "Soluções Tecnológicas Aplicáveis a Mídias Solutions e ProdutosApplicable em Saúde", meaning in English, "Technological for At the end of the project, a total of 106 User Stories (USs) At the end of the to project, a total of 106 Backlog. User Stories (USs) Tecnológicas Aplicáveis aa Mídias ee Produtos em Saúde", had been planned compose the Product However, only 36 of them were developed within 3 monthly sprints. Tecnológicas Aplicáveis Mídias Produtos em Saúde", meaning in English, "Technological Solutions Applicableoffora had been planned to compose the Product Backlog. However, Health Care TSA4HC". It considered the development had been planned to compose the Product Backlog. However, meaning in English, "Technological Solutions Applicable for of them were developed within 3and monthly sprints. meaning inSystem English, "Technological Solutions Applicable And 36 at the end of each sprint, reviews retrospective Health Care - TSA4HC". Itonconsidered theInternet development offora only Computer based Big Data, of Things 36 of them were developed within 3 monthly sprints. only 36 oftook them were developed within 3and monthly sprints. Health Care -- TSA4HC". It considered the development of aa only And at the end of each sprint,the reviews retrospective Health Care TSA4HC". It considered the development of meetings place. Moreover, Acceptance Test Driven Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging technologies, using agile methods; And at the end of each sprint, reviews and retrospective And at the end of each sprint, reviews and retrospective Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things meetings took place. Moreover, the Acceptance Test Drivena Development (ATDD) [7] was applied generating Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging technologies, using agile methods; and software quality, reliability, safety,using and agile testability. In meetings took place. Moreover, the Acceptance Test Driven meetings took place. Moreover, the Acceptance Test Driven (IoT), and other emerging technologies, methods; Development (ATDD) [7] was applied generating necessary, and[7] sufficient set of artifacts storedaa (IoT), andthe other emerging technologies, using agile methods; and software quality, reliability, safety, and testability. In minimum, addition, TSA4HC project has taken into consideration Development (ATDD) was applied generating Development (ATDD) [7] was applied generating and software quality, reliability, safety, and testability. In minimum, necessary, and sufficient set of artifacts stored the and sufficient Internet portala and quality, reliability, In within addition, the TSA4HC project hassafety, taken and into consideration somesoftware aspects of software certification, the testability. International minimum, necessary, set of artifacts stored minimum, necessary, and sufficient set of artifacts stored addition, the TSA4HC project has taken into consideration within the Internet portal [4]. addition, the TSA4HC project has[5], taken some aspects of Diseases software certification, the International Classification andinto alsoconsideration the Health https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ within the Internet portal within the Internet portal some aspects aspects of of software software (ICD) certification, the International https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ [4]. some of certification, the International Classification of Diseases(HL7) (ICD)protocol [5], and the Health https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ [4]. Level Seven International [3].also https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ [4]. Classification of Diseases (ICD) [5], and also the Health Classification of Diseases(HL7) (ICD)protocol [5], and Level Seven International [3].also the Health Level Level Seven Seven International International (HL7) (HL7) protocol protocol [3]. [3]. 2405-8963 © 2018, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright 2018 responsibility IFAC 413Control. Peer review©under of International Federation of Automatic Copyright © 2018 IFAC 413 10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.02.005 Copyright 413 Copyright © © 2018 2018 IFAC IFAC 413
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For each User Story (US), more than one test case and acceptance test were developed. The TSA4HC system project was developed in a cloud system and had each of its subsystem hosted in the Heroku platform (https://stampsmedicos.herokuapp.com/ and https://stampshospitals.herokuapp.com).
2.2 The Scrum Agile Method and Its Best Practices The following Scrum roles are typically defined: Product Owners (POs) – are stakeholders representative who define the vision, product requirements, and goals of the team, in order to deliver something of value at the end of the process [15] [16];
The integration strategy between the group of subsystems has happened by defining a central architecture for the TSA4HC project named STAMPSNet, as shown in Figure 1. It is an intelligent system defining the macro integration strategy, as shown in Figure 2, between the teams using, as main steps, events submitted by the subsystems and processed according to the following phases: detection, screening, treatment, and response.
Team Developers (TDs) – are members of a selforganized and self-managed team, responsible for product development and delivery [9][10]; Stakeholders – are clients or anyone having any interest involved or is affected by the outcome of the product; and
Thus, at the end of this TSA4HC academic project, a case study simulated mission was assigned, as a Proof of Concept (PoC), demonstrating it should be able to provide appropriate crises management and control, as described in section IV.
Scrum Masters (SMs) – are responsible to assist the team in the process execution, to maximize efficiency and achieve the goal of the sprint [9]. After the adoption of Scrum for this TSA4HC academic project prototype, professors involved with TDs took the role of Stakeholders. Then, one student from each team, usually the most experienced or the most skilled one in the process, was chosen from each team and assigned by their members to be the Scrum Master of the Team. During this TSA4HC academic project development, all students participated as members of TDs. Both CE-240 and CE-245 course students were responsible: for modeling and programming; and also for evaluating the compliance with the CID-10 and the HL7 protocol. While the CE-229 course students were responsible for the definition and execution of the acceptance testings and its oracles. Table 1 presents the roles used in the TSA4HC academic project.
Fig. 1. The STAMPSNset Central Architecture
TABLE 1. THE TSA4HC ACADEMIC PROJECT ROLES
Fig. 2. The Macro Integration Strategy for the TSA4HC project
2. THE INTERDISCIPLINARITY
Roles
Who was responsible for
Product Owner
All CE-229 Students.
Development Team
Students from all 3 courses
Stakeholders
Professors
Scrum Master
1 student from each development team
The TSA4HC academic project was developed in 4 sprints. Sprint 0 represented a technical training and warm up, dealing with classes about GitHub, and multiple courses from the IBM Cognitive Class such as: What is Big Data; Introduction to Hadoop; Data Science Methodology; Introduction to NoSQL; What is Spark; moving data into Hadoop; SQL Access for Hadoop; Spark Fundamentals II; and Accessing Hadoop Data using Hive.
2.1 The Graduate Courses This TSA4HC Academic Project, as previously mentioned, has involved the following three graduate courses: CE-240 Database Systems Project, tackling the main techniques for the development of database systems;
The product backlog of the TSA4HC academic project had a total of 106 previously defined User Stories USs). However, only 36 were prioritized and implemented, during 17 academic weeks. Table 2 presents the TSA4HC academic project backlog sprints, its training, and USs.
CE-245 Information Technologies, tackling the main Information Technologies (ITs) used in the process of developing computer systems; and CE-229 Software Testing, tackling the main foundations used for software testing.
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TABLE 2. THE TSA4HC ACADEMIC PROJECT BACKLOG Roles
Product Backlog
Sprint 0
Cognitive Class
Sprint 1
16 User Stories
Sprint 2
13 User Stories
Sprint 3
12 User Stories
415
The TSA4HC academic project was developed in a cloud system and had each of its subsystems hosted in a Heroku Platform as a Service. It has allowed source-code in Phyton or Java programming language, by using MySQL for the Relational Database, MongoDB for the Best of Relational with the Innovations of NoSQL. The JSON was used for data-interchange format by using the Apache Kafka as messaging system, the Django as Phyton Web Framework for rapid development, and the GitHub as a development platform to review code, manage the project, and build software working in collaboration with developers and testers remotely based.
In addition, the following Scrum techniques were also applied within this TSA4HC academic project: Planning Poker, Sprint Review, and Sprint Retrospective. Then, students have asynchronously and remotely performed the Planning Poker. Sprint Reviews were formalized by POs to indicate acknowledgments, as successful development of USs occurred. Sprint Retrospectives were undertaken, in a document, where all team members could contribute indicating what went right, wrong, and/or could be improved.
Each team was responsible to define its architecture by identifying what was the more appropriate technology for the team, according to a matrix of competence internally created. This matrix has allowed TDs to develop a product according to its best knowledge of technologies. The main results were integrated through a common data bus, operating according to the definition of the STAMPSNet architecture.
2.3 Using the International Code of Diseases - ICD
Since the first sprint of this TSA4HC academic project, the architecture was developed thinking about the integration and interoperability of its subsystems PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS.
The ICD is the international "standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes". Its full official name is International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems [5]. The ICD is maintained by the World Health Organization (WHO), the directing and coordinating authority for health, within the United Nations System [6].
2.6 The Testing Methods The TSA4HC academic project was developed by using the Test Driven Development(TDD) methodology having requirements turned into very specific test cases and it was prepared in the first week of its first sprint. The development was done by taking into consideration some test cases specifications. The intermediate products were validated against those tests cases every week of each sprint, through an iterative development process, where requirements have evolved through collaboration between the TDs members, POs, and Stakeholders. Teams were self-organized and have determined issues in advance and differently from conventional methods, when testing use to be performed after implementation. In this scenario, testing was done while implementing the TSA4HC project.
For this TSA4HC academic project, the ICD data set was loaded in a MongoDB NoSQL database in English, and it was used to map symptoms and suggest potential diagnosis of patient. The mapping process was performed by using a statistic method called Jaccard Index [11] to help identifying a list of diseases that could match symptoms. In this case, the Jaccard Index was used as a similarity metric for the two sets of data (ICD and Patient Symptons), with a range from 0% to 100%. 2.4 The HL7 Standard The HL7 is dedicated to providing a comprehensive framework and related standards for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information that supports clinical practice and management, delivery, and the evaluation of health services [4].
3. TSA4HC PROJECT PROTOTYPE This section describes the TSA4HC academic project prototype vision artefact. And based on the Scrum agile method, the following TSA4HC project vision artifact was defined: “For public and/or private organizations involved in crisis management of health care events (eg epidemics), who need to manage data and information for decision making, the TSA4HC academic project is a Computer System based upon Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging Information Technologies (ITs) that aggregates data, integrating the following actors of this scenario (PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS), for decision making”.
Within the TSA4HC academic project, it was used the Level 4 of HL7 that defines the standards for Data Exchange. All 4 modules of the TSA4HC project PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS, were developed by using the HL7 to send/receive information to and from a common data bus developed to allow the interoperability of systems. On this project, data was exchanged by using the JSON format. The data bus was filled in, according to the integration layer developed by using the STAMPSNet Architecture, described in section III.
3.1 The TSA4HC Project Subsystems Structure
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The TSA4HC Academic project prototype was divided into 4 development teams composed by students from those 3 different courses. Each team with an average of 5 plus or minus 2 students was responsible for choosing and developing specific subsystem components.
3.3 The PHYSICIANS Application Subsystem Within the PHYSICIANS subsystem, it was also implemented some digital components key features of the TSA4HC project to help PHYSICIANS in consultations/visits per PATIENT, allowing benefits such as identifying symptoms, diagnosis, and number of visits, according to a geo-location and also benefiting every subsystem from this information made available by the TSA4HC academic project.
In order to satisfy the requirements of the technology applied to mobile midia and health care solutions, in a time frame of just 17 academic weeks, the TSA4HC Academic project prototype was also divided into 4 groups of application subsystem components, based on the Model View Controller (MVC) strategy by using the Django [12][13].
Some of these key features were developed by using ICD tool, "an international standard diagnostic software tool for epidemiology, health care management, and clinical purposes, among other features". This PHYSICIANS subsystem was also based on the HL7 data interchange standard, for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information that supports clinical practice and management, delivery, and evaluation of health services, allowing integration with other TSA4HC project subsystems, and also interoperability with any other health care subsystem.
These 4 application subsystems were classified according to their high cohesion and low coupling characteristics as PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS. 3.2 The PATIENTS Application Subsystem Within the PATIENTS subsystem, it was implemented some digital components key features of the TSA4HC Academic project to help PATIENTS to find health care information and also benefit from the information made available by the TSA4HC Academic project prototype. Some of these key features were developed and integrated with Facebook allowing to reach around 1.7 billion users, reading statistics of utilization, allowing information about geo-location, among others, as shown in Figure 3.
3.4 The HOSPITALS Application Subsystem Within the HOSPITALS subsystem, it was also implemented some digital components key features of the TSA4HC Academic project to help HOSPITALS to manage the progress of hospital treatments and manage resources per PATIENT. Allowing benefits such as identifying PATIENTS location, medicament's, prescriptions, and vital signs inside the HOSPITAL.
The team assigned for developing this group of subsystems was responsible for delivering 11 USs within the 3 sprints of 4 weeks each. At the end of the 2nd sprint, the TDs have integrated the developed PATIENTS application subsystem with other related subsystems through a STAMPSNet intelligent system running on top of the TSA4HC project application subsystems. The developed software for the PATIENTS subsystem was successfully modeled, generated, tested, and verified, as shown in Figure 4.
Some of these key features were developed by using also the ICD to identify rooms used according to a specific disease, among other features.
Fig. 5. Managing HOSPITAL information per PATIENT
Fig. 3. PATIENTS Finding PHYSICIANS, according to their location
3.5 The SUPPLIERS Application Subsystem Within the SUPPLIERS subsystem, it was also implemented some digital components key features of the TSA4HC Academic project to help SUPPLIERS to be registered as providers of various products and services needed by healthcare solutions managed by the TSA4HC project. This has also allowed some benefits such as identifying necessary resources and purchasing others, according to geo-locations, among other features.
Fig. 4. PATIENTS Finding PHYSICIANS, according to their geo-locations 416
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3.6 The STAMPSNet Intelligent System
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- The population/society has a computer mobile tool like the TSA4HC project capable of providing appropriate records, management, and controls, since the emergency could evolve into an epidemic; and
Within this STAMPSNet Intelligent System, it was implemented some integration capabilities to help each one of the 4 subsystems PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS, to interchange data and send alerts for each subsystem to take actions to respond to a crisis by using health-care solutions managed by the TSA4HC project, among other features.
- A tool to provide preventive diagnoses' management and controls of PATIENTS is in place for HOSPITALS and PHYSICIANS. 4.4 The Response Phase
This Intelligent System also allowed some benefits such as identifying the communication stages and actions to be taken by each subsystem, by using KAFKA as the technology for Data Interchange, and data using the HL7 standard. As a result, the STAMPSNet also allowed a time-line describing every event and action involved in a health-care crisis.
A set of epidemiological events are managed in such way that: - HOSPITALS must have the mobile computer apparatus to collaborate in the process of managing large flows for efficient patients care and screening methods;
4. THE PROOF OF CONCEPT PRESENTATION AS AN ASSIGNED MISSION
- HOSPITALS involved and their medicines and devices' SUPPLIERS also have appropriate tools to participate in a material inventory management process;
This TSA4HC academic project was inspired from the needs of public and/or private organizations involved in crisis management with health events (eg epidemics) which need to manage data and information for decision making. At the end of 17 academic weeks, a simulated PoC was designed to demonstrate the use of the TSA4HC Academic Project in a fictitious epidemics of EBOLA. To accomplish the simulated mission, the 4 subsystems PATIENTS, PHYSICIANS, HOSPITALS, and SUPPLIERS were integrated into the STAMPSNet Intelligent System to address the events, according to the phases described as follows: Detection, Screening, Treatment, and Response.
- Each confirmed PATIENT can enable, within the inventory control of a HOSPITAL, the release of care kits containing materials and medicines for the beginning of his treatments. In these cases, in addition to medicines, some protective equipment can also be considered important, given the rapid rate of contagion of diseases such as EBOLA; and - Public administration has reliable data for decision-making in crisis situations. 5. CONCLUSION This paper aimed to describe the development of an academic interdisciplinary project using Scrum agile method and its best practices, in order to develop a prototype for a Proof of Concept (PoC), by using cloud-computing resources.
4.1 The Detection Phase During a national holiday, a person (an eventual PATIENT) goes awry and faints in the middle of a Shopping. The security team at a Local Care Office or near HOSPITAL receives this PATIENT, where a PHYSICIAN analyses symptoms such as very high fever, tremors, vomiting with blood, red eyes, and mental confusion.
It has described an Integrated Problem-Based Learning (IPBL) project, named TSA4HC Academic Project Prototype, a Computer System based on Big Data, Internet of Things (IoT), and other emerging Information Technologies (ITs) for governmental organization and private sector. The purpose of this system was to aggregate data and integrate sectors such as PATIENTS, HOSPITALS, PHYSICIANS, and HEALTH SUPPLIERS for the decision making process related to crisis management of events in the Health system, such as epidemics.
4.2 The Screening or Triage Phase Considering also the reports of the PATIENT about his severe joint pains and his recent work in an area affected by the EBOLA epidemic, a medical team reports that everything indicates that it is an EBOLA infection. From there on, this PATIENT can be considered as the first PATIENT for a possible epidemic in a specific region, if it is readily identified.
The TSA4HC project was developed by students from three different Computer Science courses taught at the Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology (Instituto Tecnologico de Aeronautica – ITA), on the 1st semester of 2017.
4.3 The Treatment Phase
5.1 The Specific Conclusions
A set of epidemiological events are managed in such way that:
The use of interdisciplinarity has worked as expected, since the students got to know how to work in teams to successful develop a complex real-time embedded system.
- Those who have had contact with Ebola’s PATIENT are promptly identified and/or cared for;
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The cloud computer environment was extensively used by students, in order to allow collaborative work at distance, by using hangout meetings, personal sites, and an official project website.
5.4 Future Work It is suggested that the process used in this TSA4HC Academic Project Prototype can be extended to other embedded systems projects, as for example in the health domain, within the area of using wearables to collect and track personal health conditions.
The Scrum framework was adapted to the reality of the ITA academic interdisciplinarity environment, helping the whole team of almost 30 students to deliver value to stakeholders, at the end of each sprint, and also at the end of this project.
As future work, it is also suggested to extend cooperation with some industries, and hospitals, in order to obtain academic projects selection aligned with up-to-date market needs. It is also proposed the use of the ANSYS/Esterel SCADE tools, for offering the possibility of future critical software developments.
The application of Acceptance Test Driven Development (ATDD) in the project was closely related to the adopted interdisciplinarity approach, since acceptance tests were created by students from the CE-229 Software Testing course, while the software was implemented by students from the CE-240 Project of Database Systems and CE-245 Information Technologies courses.
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to thank: 1) The Brazilian Aeronautics Institute of Technology (ITA); 2) The Casimiro Montenegro Filho Foundation (FCMF); and 3) The Brazilian Ecossistema enterprise, for their support, during the development of this TSA4HC Academic Project Prototype.
The Kafka, Spark, Phyton or Java, Django, and MongoDB hosted in Heroku cloud services were the tools applied for prototype modeling and for automatic non structured data processing using the CID-10. At the end, the students have presented a TSA4HC Academic Project Prototype as a final project for their courses, as a Proof of Concept (PoC) to professors, entrepreneurs, and some invited guests from industry and academia.
REFERENCES [1] Sutherland J., 2010, SCRUM Handbook, Scrum Training Institute Press. [2] Cohen D., et. al., 2004, An Introduction to Agile Methods, Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, ADVANCES IN COMPUTERS, VOL. 62. [3] HL7, 2017, Health Level Seven International, http://www.hl7.org/documentcenter/public/training/IntroToHL7/player.html [4] STAMPS, 2017, Technological Solutions Applicable to Medias and Products in Health, https://sites.google.com/site/stampsacademico/ [5] ICD, 2017, International Classification of Diseases, http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/ [6] WHO, 2017, World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/about/en/ [7] Pugh, Ken, 2011. Lean-Agile Acceptance Test-Driven Development: Better Software Through Collaboration. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0321714084 [8] Cohn M., 2010, Succeeding with agile: Software development using Scrum, 1st Edition, Pearson Education, Inc. [9] Larman, C., 2004, Agile and iterative development: a manager's guide, Addison-Wesley Professional. [10] Schwaber K., Sutherland J., 2013, The Scrum Guide. Available: http://www.scrumguides.org/index.html, access in August, 06th, 2017. [11] S. Niwattanakul, J. Singthongchai, E. Naenudorn, 2013, Using of Jaccard Coefficient for Keywords Similarity, Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2013 Vol I IMECS 2013, March 13 - 15, 2013, Hong Kong [12] Freeman, E.; Bates, B.; Sierra, K.; Robson, E. Head, 2004, First Design Patterns: A Brain-Friendly Guide, O'Reilly Media, Inc [13] Holovaty, A., Kaplan-Moss, J., 2017, The DJango Book, Available: https://djangobook.com/ in August, 06th 2017 . [14] Rubin, K. S. (2013). Essential SCRUM: A practical guide to the most popular agile process. New York: Addison-Wesley. [15] MARTINS, James Castro, MANCILHA, Adriano Fonseca Pinto; BASSETO, Edizon Eduardo Junior; GONCALVES, Gildarcio Sousa; LOURO, Henrique Duarte Borges; GOMES, Jose Marcos; FILHO, Lineu Alves Lima; COURA, Luiz Henrique Ribeiro Silva; RODRIGUES, Romulo Alceu; NETO, Wilson Cristoni; CUNHA, Adilson Marques da; DIAS, Luiz Alberto Vieira. Using Big Data, Internet of Things, and Agile for Crises Management. In: 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG 2017), 2017, Las Vegas. 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, 2017. [16] GONCALVES, Gildarcio Sousa; SHIGEMURA, Rafael; PAULO DIEGO, Silva; RODRIGO, Santana; ERLON, Silva; ALHERI, Dakwat; FERNANDO, Miguel; TASINAFFO, Paulo Marcelo; CUNHA, Adilson Marques da; DIAS, Luiz Alberto Vieira. An Agile Developed Interdisciplinary Approach for Safety-Critical Embedded System. In: 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG 2017), 2017, Las Vegas. 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, 2017. [17] MARTINS, James Castro; MANCILHA, Adriano Fonseca Pinto; BASSETO, Edizon Eduardo Junior; GONCALVES, Gildarcio Sousa; LOURO, Henrique Duarte Borges; GOMES, Jose Marcos; FILHO, Lineu Alves Lima; COURA, Luiz Henrique Ribeiro Silva; RODRIGUES, Romulo Alceu; NETO, Wilson Cristoni; CUNHA, Adilson Marques da; DIAS, Luiz Alberto Vieira. Using Big Data, Internet of Things, and Agile for Crises Management. In: 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations (ITNG 2017), 2017, Las Vegas. 14th International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, 2017.
5.2 General Conclusions According to the authors, the academic development of a critical intelligent system is a rewarding experience, which can be used in different graduate and undergraduate courses. The use of interdisciplinarity, cloud-computing, and agile methods appears to be a new interesting and motivational way of achieving academic goals in just one semester of 17 weeks and can be also extended to other knowledge domains. 5.3 Recommendations The authors recommend that the assigned mission should be clearly defined at early stages of the project. In this project, its requirements specification took a few weeks to be defined. For future projects, it is recommended that the assigned mission be defined right since the first academic week, guiding developers in development and reducing the chance of future mistakes. It is recommended that the integration of different layers be done, as early as possible, allowing different teams to work on communication protocols, layouts' refinements, and testing, also on the early stages of the project.The authors also recommend the use of automated testing tools and procedures to accelerate the development process, while increasing the quality of the product. The automation testing tools using Phyton could be used for automation, since it does provide some testing automation, but there was no time for students to take the full advantage of it in this project.
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