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HEALTH OF LARGE ENGLISH TOWNS IN THE THIRD WEEK OF 1879.
125 In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper putrefactive changes induced in the bowel contents through the agency of these minute organisms. In treating of the Dr. Buchanan, Dr. Turner (Portsmouth), Dr. Parsons theories of causation, he stated that those usually accepted- (Goole), Inspector-General Lawson, Dr. C. J. Hare, Dr. viz., artificial feeding, impure water, and maternal neglect- Thorne Thorne, Mr. Netten Radcliffe, and the President, took part. were not supported by the statistics of Oldham, Halifax, and other large towns, where the mortality from this disease was small, and where these conditions were certainly not wanting.. In towns engaged in similar branches of industry and employing the same proportion of female operatives, the death-rates from this disease were subject to very considerable variations. Atmospheric conditions appear to act PURE THYMOL SOAP. only as excitants of the disease. A careful tabulation of the (FERRIS & Co., BRISTOL.) meteorological conditions and diarrhoea mortality of each THE value of as an antiseptic at once powerful, thymol the 1866 led to the conclusion that of prevalence year since the disease appeared to be governed by temperature, innocuous, and agreeable, is now well recognised. Its inhumidity, and rainfall. The combination of these most troduction into soap is a decided advantage, and Messrs. favourable for the disease was high temperature, low degree Ferris must be commended for the very excellent and useful of humidity, and scarcity of rain-these conditions of article they have produced. It will be particularly valuable weather being favourable to rapid aqueous evaporation. in the room and the nursery. sick Through solar influence the subsoil of towns at sewer is found to reach the depths putrefactive temperature by IMPROVED EXTRACT OF MALT, CONSISTING OF THE end of June or the beginning of July ; and in other SOLUBLE CONSTITUENTS OF THE BEST localities where the sewers, through insufficient fall or deCANADA BARLEY MEAL.
Analytical Records.
fective construction, are liable to retain excretal matters, these matters are then found to be in a state of active putrefaction. The moist air in ill-ventilated and non-cleansing sewers, where the temperature of the latter is above 57° F., contains bacteria of the genera Micrococcus and Bacterium termo, the numbers present being in direct ratio to the in, crease of temperature from 57° to 69’5°. The air of an
insufficiently ventilated system of sewers undergoes a daily range of temperature varying from 3° to 12° F. The greatest daily fluctuations take place in the air of main sewers ; in
(THE TROMMER EXTRACT OF MALT COMPANY, FREMONT, OHIO.) We find that this extract converts starch into glucose and dextrine rapidly and in large quantity. In flavour it is excellent, and we have therefore no hesitation in praising it highly. Malt extract seems to be steadily increasing in favour for diseases involving impaired nutrition; but its preparation requires great care, as it is easy, in making it, to destroy its activity as a starch-converter, and so render it nearly useless. The malt extract is supplied in various forms-for example, the simple, for nutrient purposes, with cod-liver oil (which it disguises pleasantly), with the hypophosphites, and with iron.
these the lowest temperatures occur between 3 and 4 A.M., and the highest between 5 and 6 P.M. The temperature in the air of the sewers of a manufacturing town is never at any given moment uniform throughout the system, for, owing to the frequent receipts of heated water from factories and other sources, the temperature in the low-lying main PEARS’S TRANSPARENT SOAP TABLETS, PERFUMED WITH OTTO OF ROSES. culverts is found throughout the day to be from 5° to 9° F. in sewers than that the from F. & higher neighbouring radiating PEARS, 91, GREAT RUSSELL-STREET.) (A. such culverts. An exactly opposite relationship with respect to Wonderfully pure soap, very highly perfumed. Though these sewer temperatures is found to exist during the greater a toilet luxury, and as such of course somewhat expensive, of the for then the of the air in the part night, temperature main culverts is lower than in the tributary sewer. Owing it is nevertheless such a real luxury that it cannot fail to be to such variation, ascending aerial currents are established popular. during the day, irrespective of the low specific gravities of some of the component gases, and if, from defective construcHEALTH OF LARGE ENGLISH TOWNS IN tion or other cause, any section of the main culverts retains excretal matters, the specific contaminations which such THE THIRD WEEK OF 1879. matters contain are thus carried into the remotest branch sewers, though these latter may extend to considerable disDURING the week ending last Saturday, 5541 births and tances and occupy much higher levels. Stagnation and 3979 deaths were registered in twenty of the largest English deposit occurring in a main sewer soon impart a common character to the air of all its confluents. The air of badly towns. Both births and deaths again considerably exceeded sewered localities alwaysyields during the summer months the average weekly numbers during 1878 ; the deaths, fungoid elements ranging in character from micrococcus to moreover, showed an increase of 151 upon the declining mycelial filaments. Dr. Johnston considered that diarrhoea, numbers in the four preceding weeks. The annual deathas it affected both adults and infants during the summer months, owed its origin in the great majority of instances to rate in the twenty towns, which in the four previous weeks the introduction of these living organisms into the system had declined from 323 to 27’1 per 1000, was last week by means of air or food, and that the disease depended upon equal to 28’1. The death-rate in the first three weeks of
putrefactive changes in the bowel contents, which were this year has averaged 28’1 per 1000, and has considerably development and multiplication of the exceeded that which prevailed in the corresponding period microscopic organisms. Charts were exhibited indicating of any year since 1875. In the twenty towns the death-rate the distribution of the diarrhceal deaths in Leicester during last week ranged from 19’8 and 20’0 in Brighton and Sunthe epidemic of last summer. From these it was seen that derland, to 35’5 and 36’4 in Norwich and Liverpool. The there was a special incidence of the disease on those districts high death-rate in Liverpool was in great measure due to of the town where the sewers were found to contain deposit. the exceptional fatality of diseases of the respiratory organs Dr. Johnston observed that those towns which possess sites and phthisis ; these diseases caused in that borough an admitting a considerable fall of their sewers, have a very low annual death-rate of 17’2, or very nearly half the death-rate death-rate from the disease under consideration ; but that for from all causes. The deaths referred to the seven principal those towns possessing sites which do not admit of their zymotic diseases were 397, a lower number than in any sewers having a good fall, the opposite is true, and this week since the early part of 1877 ; these included 127 from irrespective of their industries. The medium at present scarlet fever, 121 from whooping-cough, and 50 from fever, used to confine sewer air-viz., water-fails to prevent the principally enteric. The fatal cases of scarlet fever were passage of bacteria through the traps. If the sewers con- less numerous than those in the previous week, but showed tain deposit, the water in the traps of the drains soon a marked excess in Birmingham, Liverpool, Salford, Bradaffords evidence of the presence of bacteria, derived from the ford, Oldham, and Sheffield. Diphtheria caused four deaths putrefaction of the deposit ; from this water they pass in Hull, and three in Liverpool. Whooping-cough was readily into the air. Contamination of air from putrefying most fatal in Sheffield. The annual zymotic death-rate animal refuse is thus brought about with as great certainty, averaged 2’8 in the twenty towns; it ranged from 0’5 in and 0’7 both in Plymouth and Wolverhampton, though in a less degree, as if excrement were stored upon the surface, and in close proximity to human habitations. to 4-6 and 6-2 in Sheffield and Salford. correlative to the
Brighton,
Analytical Records.
fective construction, are liable to retain excretal matters, these matters are then found to be in a state of active putrefaction. The moist air in ill-ventilated and non-cleansing sewers, where the temperature of the latter is above 57° F., contains bacteria of the genera Micrococcus and Bacterium termo, the numbers present being in direct ratio to the in, crease of temperature from 57° to 69’5°. The air of an
insufficiently ventilated system of sewers undergoes a daily range of temperature varying from 3° to 12° F. The greatest daily fluctuations take place in the air of main sewers ; in
(THE TROMMER EXTRACT OF MALT COMPANY, FREMONT, OHIO.) We find that this extract converts starch into glucose and dextrine rapidly and in large quantity. In flavour it is excellent, and we have therefore no hesitation in praising it highly. Malt extract seems to be steadily increasing in favour for diseases involving impaired nutrition; but its preparation requires great care, as it is easy, in making it, to destroy its activity as a starch-converter, and so render it nearly useless. The malt extract is supplied in various forms-for example, the simple, for nutrient purposes, with cod-liver oil (which it disguises pleasantly), with the hypophosphites, and with iron.
these the lowest temperatures occur between 3 and 4 A.M., and the highest between 5 and 6 P.M. The temperature in the air of the sewers of a manufacturing town is never at any given moment uniform throughout the system, for, owing to the frequent receipts of heated water from factories and other sources, the temperature in the low-lying main PEARS’S TRANSPARENT SOAP TABLETS, PERFUMED WITH OTTO OF ROSES. culverts is found throughout the day to be from 5° to 9° F. in sewers than that the from F. & higher neighbouring radiating PEARS, 91, GREAT RUSSELL-STREET.) (A. such culverts. An exactly opposite relationship with respect to Wonderfully pure soap, very highly perfumed. Though these sewer temperatures is found to exist during the greater a toilet luxury, and as such of course somewhat expensive, of the for then the of the air in the part night, temperature main culverts is lower than in the tributary sewer. Owing it is nevertheless such a real luxury that it cannot fail to be to such variation, ascending aerial currents are established popular. during the day, irrespective of the low specific gravities of some of the component gases, and if, from defective construcHEALTH OF LARGE ENGLISH TOWNS IN tion or other cause, any section of the main culverts retains excretal matters, the specific contaminations which such THE THIRD WEEK OF 1879. matters contain are thus carried into the remotest branch sewers, though these latter may extend to considerable disDURING the week ending last Saturday, 5541 births and tances and occupy much higher levels. Stagnation and 3979 deaths were registered in twenty of the largest English deposit occurring in a main sewer soon impart a common character to the air of all its confluents. The air of badly towns. Both births and deaths again considerably exceeded sewered localities alwaysyields during the summer months the average weekly numbers during 1878 ; the deaths, fungoid elements ranging in character from micrococcus to moreover, showed an increase of 151 upon the declining mycelial filaments. Dr. Johnston considered that diarrhoea, numbers in the four preceding weeks. The annual deathas it affected both adults and infants during the summer months, owed its origin in the great majority of instances to rate in the twenty towns, which in the four previous weeks the introduction of these living organisms into the system had declined from 323 to 27’1 per 1000, was last week by means of air or food, and that the disease depended upon equal to 28’1. The death-rate in the first three weeks of
putrefactive changes in the bowel contents, which were this year has averaged 28’1 per 1000, and has considerably development and multiplication of the exceeded that which prevailed in the corresponding period microscopic organisms. Charts were exhibited indicating of any year since 1875. In the twenty towns the death-rate the distribution of the diarrhceal deaths in Leicester during last week ranged from 19’8 and 20’0 in Brighton and Sunthe epidemic of last summer. From these it was seen that derland, to 35’5 and 36’4 in Norwich and Liverpool. The there was a special incidence of the disease on those districts high death-rate in Liverpool was in great measure due to of the town where the sewers were found to contain deposit. the exceptional fatality of diseases of the respiratory organs Dr. Johnston observed that those towns which possess sites and phthisis ; these diseases caused in that borough an admitting a considerable fall of their sewers, have a very low annual death-rate of 17’2, or very nearly half the death-rate death-rate from the disease under consideration ; but that for from all causes. The deaths referred to the seven principal those towns possessing sites which do not admit of their zymotic diseases were 397, a lower number than in any sewers having a good fall, the opposite is true, and this week since the early part of 1877 ; these included 127 from irrespective of their industries. The medium at present scarlet fever, 121 from whooping-cough, and 50 from fever, used to confine sewer air-viz., water-fails to prevent the principally enteric. The fatal cases of scarlet fever were passage of bacteria through the traps. If the sewers con- less numerous than those in the previous week, but showed tain deposit, the water in the traps of the drains soon a marked excess in Birmingham, Liverpool, Salford, Bradaffords evidence of the presence of bacteria, derived from the ford, Oldham, and Sheffield. Diphtheria caused four deaths putrefaction of the deposit ; from this water they pass in Hull, and three in Liverpool. Whooping-cough was readily into the air. Contamination of air from putrefying most fatal in Sheffield. The annual zymotic death-rate animal refuse is thus brought about with as great certainty, averaged 2’8 in the twenty towns; it ranged from 0’5 in and 0’7 both in Plymouth and Wolverhampton, though in a less degree, as if excrement were stored upon the surface, and in close proximity to human habitations. to 4-6 and 6-2 in Sheffield and Salford. correlative to the
Brighton,