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Heat transfer and turbulent buoyant convection
BOOK REVIEWS
Heat transfer and turbulent buoyant convection D. B. Spalding and N. A. Afqan (Editors) Hemisphere, W a s h i n g t o n , DC, 2 Vols, 837 pp. These volumes contain the sixty four papers presented at the Conference organised by the International Centre for Heat and Mass Transfer at Dubrovnik during August 1976. The papers are classified under nine headings and contributors from a dozen countries presented work in fields ranging from oceanography to nuclear reactors. Environmental physicists concerned with turbulence in natural aquatic and atmospheric systems will gain most from the first volume; the second volume is concerned with more specific problems relating to nuclear or chemical reactors and building fires. A brief description of the content in each section may be useful for prospective purchasers of this publication. The section on interactions between buoyancy and turbulance contains six papers. The first of these is almost a philosophical keynote paper which eschews any formulae; the mathematics is confined to one diagram and two graphs. The remaining presentations deal with buoyancy in jets, the buoyancy layer and the statistical properties of flows in tubes. The second section contains six papers describing aspects of one-dimensional mixing; the subjects covered include convection between hot and cold surfaces, diurnal and seasonal heating of the sea and the suppression of perturbations in stratified flows. The half-dozen papers in the third section consider experimental and theoretical studies of transport in layers; the subjects presented include dispersion of material in the atmosphere, power plant cooling water discharges and buoyancy effects in the laboratory, the atmosphere and the ocean. The fourth, and largest, section is composed of fourteen papers concerned with buoyant plumes. The discussions include aspects of discharges made in the presence and absence of a cross flow and the influence of buoyancy on mixing. There are three experimental papers; two of these are devoted to statistical aspects of turbulence in the atmosphere while the third might have been more appropriately placed in the section dealing with air movement in buildings. One paper describes sinking thermal plumes, a phenomenon present in the Great Lakes of North America during winter. The, above sections contain most of the work relevant to the natural environment. The remaining five sections are more specific to engineering and building design problems and will be summarised very briefly. Six papers are concerned with flow in ducts, where typically the flow is opposed by the temperature gradient in vertical tubes. The use of tracers in horizontal pipes, where density differences between the tracer and the receiving fluid may exist, is considered. Of considerable interest to building design engineers is the section, consisting of eight papers, devoted to movement of air and smoke in buildings, both under normal ventilation conditions and in the presence of fire. The sections on free convection in engineering equipment and in gas-liquid mixtures contain a total of thirteen papers. The work is appropriate to many situations, particularly nuclear and chemical engineering systems. One of these papers, dealing as it does with turbulence in one dimension, seems akin to the subject matter of the second section already described. The final section is concerned with free convection in the presence of heat addition and combustion. The five papers contain material relevant to the development of flames from jet burners and the effect of the electric field on the turbulence in an electrostatic precipitator. My overall impression is that this collection makes a very useful addition to any library used by scientists or engineers
working with buoyant turbulent motion. Environmental scientists particularly, many of whom read this journal, will find much stimulating food for thought in the first volume. The presence of an index and the list of paper titles is very helpful in locating subjects of particular interest. The volumes themselves are well bound in hard covers; the pages remain open at the required -place unlike many large, particularly paperback, publications and this makes for relaxed reference to them.
d. F. Macqueen
Man-made Lakes as Modified Ecosystems SCOPE Working Group on Man-made Lakes, S C O P E Report No. 2 I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c i l of Scientific U n i o n s , Paris, 1972 This book is primarily a general discussion of the human experience in major ecosystem modification using man-made lakes as an example. It was prepared by an international working group and was further revised after an extensive review by twenty-three experts. The discussion centres on the deficiencies in past practices, the needs in research, and the recommendations on public policy, intergovernmental support and scientific cooperation. I find the book compact and effective in dealing with a diversity of topics. It should be of interest to the public, to government policy-makers and to scientists, who have mutual concerns regarding lake ecosystem problems. The book also gives insight to interdisciplinary views. The contents of the book consist of a summary, five main chapters and selected references. In Chapter 1, the definition of a man-made lake is given and its characteristics identified with respect to such general issues as the widespread construction of dams and the creation of a new ecosystem. Chapter 2 deals specifically with the social-cultural problems, particularly the development of new conditions of life and livelihood, the relocation of population, health and planning. Chapter 3 discusses the physical water body in terms of the patterns of water quality variables, thermal regimes, density and flows as well as hydrological problems. The capacity to predict the changes in a number of these aspects is investigated and mathematical models are cited. Chapter 4 is devoted to the transformation of biological systems through various transitional stages after the creation of the reservoir. The basic processes and interactions among the components are outlined, and numerous examples are taken from different parts of the world. The requisites for modelling these biological aspects are also discussed. The highlight of this endeavour is contained in Chapter 5. In this chapter, the working group proposes a total of nine recommendations. These include: [a) recognition of the need for increased canvassing of public opinions, (b) the development of a world register of man-made lakes, and [c) encouragement of a comprehensive effort to construct models of the processes involved at the evolution of reservoir ecosystems with emphasis on measurements and data collection in various disciplines. Since the publication of the book in 1972, quite a number of these recommendations have been implemented. This does not make the book outdated, but rather, shows its foresight.
D. C. L. Lain
Advances in Water Resources, 1978, Volume 1, December 351
Heat transfer and turbulent buoyant convection D. B. Spalding and N. A. Afqan (Editors) Hemisphere, W a s h i n g t o n , DC, 2 Vols, 837 pp. These volumes contain the sixty four papers presented at the Conference organised by the International Centre for Heat and Mass Transfer at Dubrovnik during August 1976. The papers are classified under nine headings and contributors from a dozen countries presented work in fields ranging from oceanography to nuclear reactors. Environmental physicists concerned with turbulence in natural aquatic and atmospheric systems will gain most from the first volume; the second volume is concerned with more specific problems relating to nuclear or chemical reactors and building fires. A brief description of the content in each section may be useful for prospective purchasers of this publication. The section on interactions between buoyancy and turbulance contains six papers. The first of these is almost a philosophical keynote paper which eschews any formulae; the mathematics is confined to one diagram and two graphs. The remaining presentations deal with buoyancy in jets, the buoyancy layer and the statistical properties of flows in tubes. The second section contains six papers describing aspects of one-dimensional mixing; the subjects covered include convection between hot and cold surfaces, diurnal and seasonal heating of the sea and the suppression of perturbations in stratified flows. The half-dozen papers in the third section consider experimental and theoretical studies of transport in layers; the subjects presented include dispersion of material in the atmosphere, power plant cooling water discharges and buoyancy effects in the laboratory, the atmosphere and the ocean. The fourth, and largest, section is composed of fourteen papers concerned with buoyant plumes. The discussions include aspects of discharges made in the presence and absence of a cross flow and the influence of buoyancy on mixing. There are three experimental papers; two of these are devoted to statistical aspects of turbulence in the atmosphere while the third might have been more appropriately placed in the section dealing with air movement in buildings. One paper describes sinking thermal plumes, a phenomenon present in the Great Lakes of North America during winter. The, above sections contain most of the work relevant to the natural environment. The remaining five sections are more specific to engineering and building design problems and will be summarised very briefly. Six papers are concerned with flow in ducts, where typically the flow is opposed by the temperature gradient in vertical tubes. The use of tracers in horizontal pipes, where density differences between the tracer and the receiving fluid may exist, is considered. Of considerable interest to building design engineers is the section, consisting of eight papers, devoted to movement of air and smoke in buildings, both under normal ventilation conditions and in the presence of fire. The sections on free convection in engineering equipment and in gas-liquid mixtures contain a total of thirteen papers. The work is appropriate to many situations, particularly nuclear and chemical engineering systems. One of these papers, dealing as it does with turbulence in one dimension, seems akin to the subject matter of the second section already described. The final section is concerned with free convection in the presence of heat addition and combustion. The five papers contain material relevant to the development of flames from jet burners and the effect of the electric field on the turbulence in an electrostatic precipitator. My overall impression is that this collection makes a very useful addition to any library used by scientists or engineers
working with buoyant turbulent motion. Environmental scientists particularly, many of whom read this journal, will find much stimulating food for thought in the first volume. The presence of an index and the list of paper titles is very helpful in locating subjects of particular interest. The volumes themselves are well bound in hard covers; the pages remain open at the required -place unlike many large, particularly paperback, publications and this makes for relaxed reference to them.
d. F. Macqueen
Man-made Lakes as Modified Ecosystems SCOPE Working Group on Man-made Lakes, S C O P E Report No. 2 I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c i l of Scientific U n i o n s , Paris, 1972 This book is primarily a general discussion of the human experience in major ecosystem modification using man-made lakes as an example. It was prepared by an international working group and was further revised after an extensive review by twenty-three experts. The discussion centres on the deficiencies in past practices, the needs in research, and the recommendations on public policy, intergovernmental support and scientific cooperation. I find the book compact and effective in dealing with a diversity of topics. It should be of interest to the public, to government policy-makers and to scientists, who have mutual concerns regarding lake ecosystem problems. The book also gives insight to interdisciplinary views. The contents of the book consist of a summary, five main chapters and selected references. In Chapter 1, the definition of a man-made lake is given and its characteristics identified with respect to such general issues as the widespread construction of dams and the creation of a new ecosystem. Chapter 2 deals specifically with the social-cultural problems, particularly the development of new conditions of life and livelihood, the relocation of population, health and planning. Chapter 3 discusses the physical water body in terms of the patterns of water quality variables, thermal regimes, density and flows as well as hydrological problems. The capacity to predict the changes in a number of these aspects is investigated and mathematical models are cited. Chapter 4 is devoted to the transformation of biological systems through various transitional stages after the creation of the reservoir. The basic processes and interactions among the components are outlined, and numerous examples are taken from different parts of the world. The requisites for modelling these biological aspects are also discussed. The highlight of this endeavour is contained in Chapter 5. In this chapter, the working group proposes a total of nine recommendations. These include: [a) recognition of the need for increased canvassing of public opinions, (b) the development of a world register of man-made lakes, and [c) encouragement of a comprehensive effort to construct models of the processes involved at the evolution of reservoir ecosystems with emphasis on measurements and data collection in various disciplines. Since the publication of the book in 1972, quite a number of these recommendations have been implemented. This does not make the book outdated, but rather, shows its foresight.
D. C. L. Lain
Advances in Water Resources, 1978, Volume 1, December 351