Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
7UDQVSRUW5HVHDUFK$UHQD±(XURSH
+HDY\WUDIILFGDWDFROOHFWLRQDQGGHWHFWLRQRIRYHUORDGHG+*9 'DQLHO6WDQF]\ND (ULF.OHLQD D
&(7(GHO¶(VWERXOHYDUG6ROLGDULWp0HW])UDQFH
$EVWUDFW 7KHNQRZOHGJHRIKHDY\WUDIILFRQWKHURDGQHWZRUNSUHVHQWVDVWUDWHJLFLQWHUHVWIRUWKHURDGRSHUDWRUVLQRUGHUWR LQFUHDVHPRELOLW\E\DGDSWLQJWKHLUSROLFLHVWRWKHWUDIILF RSWLPLVHWKHOLIHH[SHFWDQF\RIURDGVXUIDFHDQGEULGJHV LPSURYHVDIHW\ 7KLVLPSOLHVWKHFROOHFWLRQRIWKHIROORZLQJGDWDQXPEHUWLPHGLVWULEXWLRQW\SHGHILQHGE\WKHQXPEHURID[OHV VSHHGDQGZHLJKW 7KH WUDGLWLRQDO V\VWHPV DUH DEOH WR FRXQW WKH YHKLFOHV DQG WR PHDVXUH WKH +*9¶V VSHHG +RZHYHU WKH FRQWURO RI RYHUORDGHG +*9 ZDV PDGH UDQGRPO\ DQG WKH YHKLFOHV ZHUH VWRSSHG DQG ZHLJKHG RQ SDUNLQJ DUHDV 7KLV PHWKRG FDXVHGFRQJHVWLRQDQGLWVHIILFLHQF\ZDVOLPLWHG $VDUHVXOWQRVLJQLILFDQWGDWDZDVDYDLODEOHRQWKH+*9¶VW\SHRUZHLJKWDQGWKHNQRZOHGJHRQKHDY\WUDIILFZDV UHVWULFWHG WR WLPH GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG VSHHG 7R LPSURYH WKH QDWLRQDO GDWDEDVH RQ KHDY\ WUDIILF DQG WR GHYHORS D QHZ FRQWUROPHWKRGIRURYHUORDGHG+*9WKH)UHQFK0LQLVWU\RI7UDQVSRUWGHILQHGDGHWHFWLRQV\VWHPEDVHGRQZHLJKWLQJ HTXLSPHQWV DQG DXWRPDWLF QXPEHU SODWH UHFRJQLWLRQ $135 7KH GHWHFWLRQ V\VWHPV DUH FRQQHFWHG WR D QDWLRQDO GDWDEDVHZKLFKFDQEHJLYHUHDOWLPHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHKHDY\WUDIILFRUEHXVHGIRUVWDWLVWLFV 7RGD\DURXQGGHWHFWLRQV\VWHPVDUHLQVWDOOHGRQWKHVWUXFWXUDOURDGQHWZRUNIXOILOOLQJWKHIROORZLQJREMHFWLYHV EXLOGLQJDQDWLRQDOGDWDEDVHRQKHDY\WUDIILF SUHVHOHFWLQJDQGLGHQWLI\LQJRYHUORDGHG+*9WRPDNHFRQWUROVRQSDUNLQJDUHDVPRUHHIILFLHQW GHYHORSLQJVSHFLILFWUDIILFPDQDJHPHQWPHDVXUHV LGHQWLI\LQJ YLD $135 WUDQVSRUWHUV UHJXODUO\ LQ EUHDFK ZLWK WKH ODZ WR PDNH VSHFLILF FRQWUROV LQ WKH FRPSDQLHV ,QDILUVWSDUWWKHSUHVHQWDWLRQZLOOGHVFULEHWKHGHWHFWLRQV\VWHPPDWHULDOVHQVRUVKDUGZDUHDQGVRIWZDUH DQGLWV GHSOR\PHQWRQWKH)UHQFKURDGQHWZRUN ,Q D VHFRQG SDUW WKH SUHVHQWDWLRQ ZLOO EH IRFXVHG RQ WKH UHVXOWV WKHLU SUHFLVLRQ WKH ILUVW H[WUDFWLRQV PDGH RQ WKH QDWLRQDOGDWDEDVHDQGWKHJOREDOHIILFLHQF\RIWKHV\VWHP
© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the 3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI75$ Transport Research Arena 2012
.H\ZRUGV:HLJKLQPRWLRQ:,0 SUHVHOHFWLRQYLGHR:,0VHQVRUVVSHFLILFDWLRQDFFXUDF\KHDY\YHKLFOHV
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO (PDLODGGUHVV'DQLHO6WDQF]\N#GHYHORSSHPHQWGXUDEOHJRXYIU
1877-0428 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Programme Committee of the Transport Research Arena 2012 doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.994
134
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
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x WKH:,0HTXLSPHQW:,0( GHVFULEHGLQVHFWLRQPDGHRID:,0VWDWLRQDYLGHRFDPHUDDQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQWRROV x WKH0RGXOHRI0HDQ6SHHGPHDVXUHPHQW006 GHVFULEHGLQVHFWLRQLVORFDWHGPRUHRINPDZD\ RIWKH:,0(RQWKHVDPHWUDIILFODQHRUWKHVDPHGLUHFWLRQ,WGHWHUPLQHVWKHDYHUDJHVSHHGRIDORUU\ RYHUWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQERWKHTXLSPHQWVXVLQJWKHWZRWLPHVRISDVVDJHDQGWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQSODWH QXPEHU x WKH6WDWLF&RQWURO:HLJKLQJ$UHD6&:$ GHVFULEHGLQVHFWLRQUHFHLYHVLPDJHVDQGSDUDPHWHUVRI WKHVXVSHFWHGKHDY\YHKLFOHVWREHFRQWUROOHG,WLVHTXLSSHGZLWKVWDWLFRUORZVSHHGVFDOHVLQVWDOOHG RQDSDUNLQJORWDWROODUHDHWF $Q,QWHUQHWVHUYHU630RU:,0VHUYHU PDQDJHVDOOWKHVHHTXLSPHQWV)LJXUH x LWDXWKHQWLFDWHVDQGVHFXUHVWKHWHOHSKRQHFDOOVDQGDOORZVWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH6&:$DQG :,0( x LWFROOHFWVWKHGDWDILOHVDQGLPDJHVRI:,0(XVLQJDQDXWRPDWLFRUPDQXDOFDOO x LWUHFRYHUVWKHGDLO\HYHQWORJERRNIURPHDFK:,0(VXFKDVWKHVHQVRUVDFWLYLW\GDWDFRQVLVWHQF\ LQWHUYHQWLRQVHWF 7KH &(7( GH O (VW PDQDJHV WKH PHDVXUHPHQW QHWZRUN MRLQWO\ ZLWK WKH '*,70 WKH UHJLRQDO '27 '5($/ WKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHPDQDJHUVDQGWKH:,0(PDQXIDFWXUHU7KHUROHRI&(7(GHO (VWLV x WRYDOLGDWHKDUGZDUHDQGVRIWZDUHSURYLGHGE\WKHPDQXIDFWXUHU x WRSODQHTXLSPHQWLQVWDOODWLRQDQGURDGZRUNIRUHOHFWULFDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRQQHFWLRQV x WRLGHQWLI\WKHSUHFLVH:,0(ORFDWLRQVXVLQJURDGSURILOHDQGGHIOHFWLRQPHDVXUHPHQWV x WRVXUYH\WKH:,0(VHQVRULQVWDOODWLRQ x WRFKHFNWKH:,0(IXQFWLRQLQJDQGPHDVXUHPHQWDFFXUDF\VSHHGOHQJWKDQGORDG x WRFRPSXWHVWDWLVWLFVXVLQJWKHWUDIILFDQG:,0GDWDFROOHFWHG
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
)LJ2YHUYLHZRIWKH:HLJKLQPRWLRQ1HWZRUN6WUXFWXUH
7KH:,0(TXLSPHQW 67(5(/$ LV LQYROYHG LQ :,0 DFWLYLWLHV VLQFH PDLQO\ DV D VXSSOLHU RI WKH 6,5('2 QHWZRUN FRPSRQHQWV5DPEHDXHWDO 8VLQJWKHRXWSXWRIWKH&267DFWLRQ-DFREHWDO WKUHH PDMRUD[HVZHUHLGHQWLILHGWRHQKDQFHWKH:,0DFFXUDF\DQGWRDOORZDQHIILFLHQWSUHVHOHFWLRQ x WRXVHWKH:,0SLH]RFHUDPLFVHQVRUVIRUPRUHDFFXUDWHVSHHGPHDVXUHPHQWZKLFKLVGLUHFWO\XVHG IRUZHLJKWFDOFXODWLRQ x WRPRQLWRUZKHHOODWHUDOSRVLWLRQLQJLQWKHWUDIILFODQHLQRUGHUWRJHWULGRIPHDVXUHPHQWVRQWKHVHQVRU HGJHV x WRLQWURGXFHLPSURYHGDOJRULWKPVLQWKHDXWRPDWLFVHOIFDOLEUDWLRQ6WDQF]\N LQRUGHUWREHWWHU ILWWKHXSGDWLQJIUHTXHQF\WRWKHURDGWUDIILFDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV 7KH:,0(LVLQVWDOOHGLQDUHLQIRUFHGFDELQHWFRQFHUQLQJWKHGDWDUHWULHYLQJDQGWUDQVPLVVLRQ ,WV FRPSRQHQWVDUHGHVFULEHGEHORZ 6HQVRUV 7KH:,0(LVFRPSRVHGRIILYHVHQVRUV)LJXUHDQG L WZR:,0SLH]RFHUDPLFRUSLH]RTXDUW] VHQVRUVLL WZRPDJQHWLFORRSVLLL DQGRQHDGGLWLRQDOVNHZHGSLH]RFHUDPLFVHQVRU7KHYHKLFOHVSHHG DQGD[OHORDGVDUHPHDVXUHGE\WKHWZR:,0SLH]RFHUDPLFVHQVRUV9LEUDFRD[ PDGHE\7KHUPRFRD[RU E\WZR:,0SLH]RTXDUW]VHQVRUV.LVWOHU 7KHVHVHQVRUVRI[FPXVHGLQWKH6,5('2QHWZRUNDUH LQVWDOOHGLQDJURRYHRI[FPDQGFRYHUHGZLWKVDQGDQGDQDOWHUQDWHRIHSR[\PL[WXUHDQGILEUHJODVV WDSH 7KH VHQVRUV DUH IURP P WR P LQ OHQJWK 7KH VNHZHG VHQVRU PHDVXUHV WKH ODWHUDO ZKHHO
135
136
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
ORFDWLRQLQWKHWUDIILFODQH,WDOORZVWRFDQFHOWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIORUU\UXQQLQJRQWKHVHQVRU¶VHGJHVDV UHFRPPHQGHGE\/DEU\HWDO 7KHPDJQHWLFORRSVDUHXVHGWRVHSDUDWHHDFKYHKLFOHIURPDQRWKHU DQGWRPHDVXUHWKHYHKLFOHOHQJWK &DPHUDV 7ZR FDPHUDV DUH LQVWDOOHG LQ WKH UHLQIRUFHG FDELQHW )LJXUH L RQH LGHQWLILHV UHJLVWUDWLRQ SODWH QXPEHUVLL WKHRWKHUWDNHVDSLFWXUHRIHDFKORUU\ZLWKDôSURILOH$SHUPDQHQWO\DFWLYHLQIUDUHGOLJKW VRXUFHDOORZWRSURYLGHLPDJHVDWGD\DQGQLJKWZLWKWKHVDPHTXDOLW\ZLWKRXWGLVWXUELQJWKHPRWRULVWV 7KH:,0(LGHQWLILHVFRUUHFWO\DERXWRIWKHYHKLFOHUHJLVWUDWLRQSODWH
)LJ6HQVRUV
)LJ&DPHUDV
,QVWDOODWLRQ 7KHVHQVRUOD\RXWLQWKHFDUULDJHZD\DQGFDPHUDRQWKHURDGVLGH)LJXUH ZHUHFDUHIXOO\VWXGLHGWR HQVXUHKLJKSHUIRUPDQFHV x WKH:,0VHQVRUVSDFLQJZDVDGDSWHGWRWKHHOHFWURQLFVVDPSOLQJIUHTXHQF\WRREWDLQJRRGVSHHGDQG D[OHVSDFLQJDFFXUDFLHV x WKHVNHZHGVHQVRUZDVGHVLJQHGDFFRUGLQJWRKHDY\YHKLFOHPDQXIDFWXUHUV¶WHFKQLFDOGDWDWRGHWHFW PRVWRIZKHHOV x WKHGHVLJQDQGLQVWDOODWLRQRIWKHFDPHUDVDQJOHRSWLFVDQGHOHFWURQLFVFLYLOZRUNVUHTXLUHPHQWV DOORZWKHVKRRWLQJRQHDFKODQHIURPWKHVLGHFDUULDJHZD\RUIURPWKHFHQWUDOUHVHUYDWLRQWKHDUHDLQ EHWZHHQWKHWZRZD\V )LJ/D\RXWRIWKH:,0( )LJ,QVLGHRIWKH&DELQHW
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
&DELQHWDQG0HDVXUHPHQW0RGXOH $OO WKH VHQVRUV DUH FRQQHFWHG WR WKH 0HDVXUHPHQW 0RGXOH 00 KRVWHG LQ WKH UHLQIRUFHG FDELQHW )LJXUH 7KH 00 LV GHYHORSHG DURXQG D PRGHUQ DQG SRZHUIXO KDUGZDUH DUFKLWHFWXUH ELWV PLFURFRQWUROOHU 7&3,3 LQWHUIDFH ,W PDQDJHV RQH WUDIILF ODQH DQG SURFHVVHV DOO VHQVRU VLJQDOV 6SHHGV DUHPHDVXUHGE\SLH]RFHUDPLFVHQVRUVZLWKDQDFFXUDF\EHWWHUWKDQ $QDXWRPDWLFVHOIFDOLEUDWLRQ SURFHGXUHFDOLEUDWHVHDFK:,0VHQVRULQGHSHQGHQWO\ WKHJRDORIWKLV VHOIFDOLEUDWLRQLVWRGHWHUPLQHIRUHDFKODQHDJURXSRIYHKLFOHVFDOOHG³EHQFKPDUNYHKLFOHV´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³WKH GRRU LV RSHQHG´ ³WKH ORZ EDWWHU\ YROWDJH´ ³WKHLQWHUQDOKLJKRUORZWHPSHUDWXUH´DQG³OHDNRIHQHUJ\´,QFDVHRIDQHOHFWULFLW\VXSSO\EUHDNGRZQD EDWWHU\DOORZV WKHHQWLUH V\VWHPWR ZRUNIRUDERXWRQH KRXU7KHGDWDFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVSHUIRUPHG YLD ILEUHRSWLFPRGHPRU$'6/7KH:,0(LVLQVWDOOHGLQDUHLQIRUFHGFDELQHWZKLFKFDQUHVLVWWREXOOHWRI PP$YHQWLODWLRQV\VWHPDQGDKHDWLQJUHVLVWDQFHDOORZRSHUDWLRQRIWKHGLIIHUHQWPRGXOHVIRUH[WUHPH RXWGRRUWHPSHUDWXUHVEHWZHHQWR&H[WUDVXQVKLQHUDGLDQFH 0HDVXUHPHQWILOHV 'DWD DUH VWRUHG DQG DJJUHJDWHG LQ IRXU PHDVXUHPHQW ILOHV 7KHVH KDYH EHHQ GHILQHG WR PHHW WKH '*,70QHHGDQGWKHGDWDDUHDVIROORZV x KRXUO\IORZRIDOOYHKLFOHVDQGKHDY\WUXFNV x KRXUO\IORZRIRYHUORDGLQJZKLFKOHDGVWRLGHQWLI\WKHPRVWRYHUORDGHGKRXUVDQGGD\V x ORUULHVLQGLYLGXDOGDWDZLWKWKHZHLJKWRIHDFKD[OHWKHWRWDOZHLJKWWKHVSHHGWKHWLPHRIGD\WKH GLVWDQFHVEHWZHHQD[OHV7KHVHGDWDDUHOLQNHGWRDQLPDJHILOHLQFDVHRIRYHUORDGLQJRURYHU VSHHGLQJ x LQDVSHFLILFILOHWKHGDWDDUHDJJUHJDWHGVXFKDVVSHHGORDGOHQJWKIRUYHKLFOHFDWHJRULHV,WKDV EHHQFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHVHGDWDWKHGDPDJHFDXVHGRQWKHURDGE\HDFKWUXFNFDWHJRU\
137
138
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
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
)LJ3LFWXUHVHQWWRWKH6&:$
)LJ9LRODWLRQUHSRUW
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
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
)LJ3URWRW\SHVLWH
)LJ&RQWURODUHD
7KH VWDII RI 67(5(/$ KDV EHHQ ZRUNLQJ FORVHO\ ZLWK WKH 5HJLRQDO 'HSDUWPHQW RI 7UDQVSRUW '5($/ RI0LGL3\UpQpHVWRYDOLGDWHWKHV\VWHPSHUIRUPDQFHDJDLQVWWKHVWDWLFZHLJKLQJHTXLSPHQW,Q KDOIGD\VRIVWDWLFZHLJKLQJZHUHFDUULHGRXWDQGYHKLFOHVZHUHFRQWUROOHG$IWHUDPRQWKV SHULRG RI WXQLQJ WKH VLWH RSHUDWHV VLQFH -XQH 0LQRU PRGLILFDWLRQV RI WKH VRIWZDUH DUH VWLOO LQ SURFHVVEXWWKHFRUHLVQRZVWDELOLVHG 'DWD3URFHVVLQJ$FFXUDF\DQG(QIRUFHPHQW5HVXOWV 'DWD3URFHVVLQJ 7KHGDWDDUHSURFHVVHGIRUHDFK:,0(PRQWKO\DQGDQQXDOO\$ILUVWDSSOLFDWLRQVRIWZDUHSURYLGHV LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHPRVWRYHUORDGHGGD\VDQGKRXUVDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH,WSURYLGHVKLVWRJUDPVRI
139
140
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
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Į 1 D[OHV . FRUUHFWLQJ IDFWRU 3 PHDQ ZHLJKW Į URDG W\SH IDFWRU 7KLV LQIRUPDWLRQLVSURYLGHGIRUFDWHJRULHVRIWUXFNVDQGDWDEOHDQGSURYLGHVWKHJURVVZHLJKWGLVWULEXWLRQ KLVWRJUDP 7KHSURFHGXUHWRLGHQWLI\FDUULHUVZKLFKDUHPDLQO\LQRIIHQFHLVLQSURJUHVV7KLVLVUHODWLYHO\VLPSOH HDFKUHJLVWUDWLRQQXPEHUUHFRUGHGLQ;0/IRUPDWLVVHQWWRWKHUHJLVWUDWLRQGRFXPHQWQDWLRQDOILOHZKLFK FRPPXQLFDWHVWRXVWKHDGGUHVVRIWKHYHKLFOH VRZQHU$QDXWRPDWHGSURFHGXUHZLOOOHDGWRDVVRFLDWHWKH RIIHQFHGDWDWRHDFKRZQHU¶VDGGUHVV$VRUWE\UHJLRQZLOOJXLGHUHJLRQDOFRQWUROV 7KH DJUHVVLYLW\ LV FDOFXODWHG IURP WKH QXPEHU RI D[OHV WKH PHGLXP ZHLJKW RI WKH YHKLFOH DQG RWKHU FRQVWDQWVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHFDUULDJHZD\VWUXFWXUH7KHDJUHVVLYLW\LQFUHDVHVH[SRQHQWLDOO\ZLWKWKHZHLJKW RIWKHYHKLFOH )LJ&RQWUROSODQQLQJ1RWH
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
)LJ6WDWLVWLFV
:,0'DWD$FFXUDF\ 8VLQJWKHGDWDFROOHFWHGDW0DXODQRQWKH51PRWRUZD\ZKHUHWUXFNVZHUHZHLJKHGLQPRWLRQ DQGLQVWDWLFRYHUD\HDUVSHULRGWKHDFFXUDF\FODVVRIWKH:,0V\VWHPZDVDVVHVVHGDVVSHFLILHGE\WKH &267(XURSHDQ6SHFLILFDWLRQ7DEOHJLYHVWKHUHVXOWVZKLFKVKRZWKDWWKHV\VWHPLVLQFODVV& 7KHJURVVZHLJKWELDVLVVOLJKWO\SRVLWLYHDQGDOOWKHELDVHVDUHOHVVWKDQ 7DEOH$FFXUDF\RIWKH:,0(DW0DXODQ51,,,5 FRQGLWLRQV&267
2YHUORDGV3UHVHOHFWLRQDQG(QIRUFHPHQW 7KH:,0(RI0XUHWLVORFDWHGNPXSVWUHDPRIWKHSDUNLQJORWZKHUHWKHWUXFNVDUHFRQWUROOHGDQG ILQHGIRUWKRVHDUHSURYHQWREHRYHUORDGHG$SLFWXUHDQGWKH:,0GDWDPHDVXUHGE\WKH:,0(DUHVHQW IRUHDFKYHKLFOHVXSSRVHGWREHLQRIIHQFHE\WKH:,0V\VWHPDVZHOODVWKHH[SHFWHGWLPHRIDUULYDOWKH D[OH ORDGV WKH VSHHG WKH YHKLFOH W\SH DQG RWKHU SDUDPHWHUV WKDW FDQ KHOS WKH FRQWURO 6HYHUDO GD\V RI PHDVXUHPHQWKDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWRQWKLVVLWH7KHSUHVHOHFWHGYHKLFOHVZHUHVWDWLFDOO\ZHLJKHGXVLQJDQ DSSURYHGVWDWLFVFDOH
141
142
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
$V WKH :,0( LV ORFDWHG EHIRUH D WROOJDWH DOPRVW DOO SUHVHOHFWHG WUXFNV ZHUH LQWHUFHSWHG E\ WKH SROLFH:LWKDSUHVHWWKUHVKROGDERYHWKHOHJDOOLPLWVLWZDVIRXQGWKDW7DEOH RIWKHWUXFNV ZHUHRYHUORDGHGDQGZHUHILQHGIRUDQRYHUORDGRIPRUHWKDQ 7DEOH(QIRUFHPHQW5HVXOWVDW%RXORX$
%RXORX$
1XPEHURI
6WRSSHG
2YHUORDGHG
SUHVHOHFWHGWUXFNV
WUXFN
WUXFN
)LQHG7UXFN
7UDIILFIORZ
3HUFHQWDJH
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x DFFXUDF\LQFODVV& ZLWKD\HDUVH[SHULHQFH'*,70VSHFLILFDWLRQV x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
Daniel Stanczyk and Eric Klein / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 48 (2012) 133 – 143
5HIHUHQFHV &267 (XURSHDQ6SHFLILFDWLRQRQ:HLJKLQ0RWLRQRI5RDG9HKLFOHV(8&2&267/&3&3DULV$XJXVW SS -DFRE%2¶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pHQDWLRQDOH3HVDJHHQ0DUFKH/&3&3DULV 6WDQF]\N' 2YHUORDG9HKLFOHV6FUHHQLQJIRU(QIRUFHPHQWLQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHUG,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ:HLJK,Q 0RWLRQ2UODQGR 6WDQF]\N'DQG0DFKDGRXU< 2YHUORDGHG9HKLFOHV3UHVHOHFWLRQLQ3RVWSURFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFHRQ:HLJK,Q0RWLRQ)HEUXDU\7DLSHL7DLZDQ
143