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Hemodynamic activities and the electroencephalogram during relaxation
International Journal of Psychophysiology 94 (2014) 120–261
the time function of deviation-detection sensitivities in auditory sensory memory. Method: Fourteen healthy men were presented with seven types of auditory stimuli with a constant stimulus onset asynchrony of 500 ms. The percentage of standard sounds with no silent part was 70%. Six different types of deviant sounds that were designed to vary in timing of the silent part appeared randomly. We measured MMN while subjects watched silent movies. Results: Deviant stimulus in the 44- to 66-ms segment of TWI produced more apparent bilateral differences than any other segments of TWI. Conclusion: We suggest that the laterality of deviation-detection sensitivity should be prominently seen in the early part of sensory memory. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.852
Hemodynamic activities and the electroencephalogram during relaxation Seiya Uchidaa, Tsutomu Kameib, Kiyoshi Yamaokac, Hisanobu Suganoa a MOA Health Science Foundation, Japan b Leipzig University, Germany c Nihon University, Japan Background: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is increasingly employed in functional neuroimaging studies of psychiatric disorders. However, there are only a few reports of the relationship between hemodynamic activities and the electroencephalogram (EEG). Therefore, we investigated this relationship using NIRS and EEG during relaxation. Subjects: Participants were 24, healthy, right-handed Japanese adults (mean age 46.8 years). Method: Oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations were measured during hemodynamic activity, by using wearable optical topography, which is a NIRS instrument with 22 measurement points. We simultaneously measured the EEG in F3 and F4, as well as the electrocardiogram (ECG). Power spectral values in the theta (4.0– 7.9 Hz), alpha 1 (8.0–9.9 Hz), alpha 2 (10.0–12.9 Hz), and beta (13.0– 29.9 Hz) frequency ranges in the EEG signals were calculated and HF values (0.04–0.15 Hz) and LF (0.15–2.0Hz)/HF values were analyzed. Participants were made to relax by Okada purifying therapy (OPT), which originated in Japan for the promotion of health, and which is similar to External Qi Therapy, or Reiki. Blindfolded participants relaxed in a chair and were administrated OPT for 5 min. Results: Oxy-hemoglobin concentrations increased significantly in the right prefrontal area during the relaxation session, whereas deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations did not change. The power value of the alpha 2-band increased significantly during the relaxation state. The power value of the alpha 2-band was positively and significantly related to oxy-hemoglobin concentrations and negatively to deoxy-hemoglobin. Discussion: It has been reported that the NIRS signal is affected by hemoglobin in capillary vessels, because of the relationship between the diameter of the vessels and absorption coefficient in NIRS. The volume of hemoglobin in capillary vessels is a product of velocity and cross sectional area. In brain activity during the tapping task, oxy-hemoglobin is increased and deoxy-hemoglobin decreased. This phenomenon is caused by an increase in the velocity of blood flow in the capillary. Because deoxy-hemoglobin quickly reaches into the veins by the increased velocity, a resulting decrease of deoxy-hemoglobin was detected in the tapping task. On the other hand, deoxy-hemoglobin did not change during the relaxation state. It is considered that the cross-sectional area increased, thereby increasing capillary beds.
213
Therefore, it is suggested that the positive correlation of oxy-hemoglobin and the negative correlation of deoxy-hemoglobin are the result of relaxation in brain activities. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.853
A study on measurement cutaneous hand blood flow in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder treating with atypical antipsychotics Linda F. Kadera, Arpandy Rezab, Blessing Estherb, Ootsuka Youichirouc, William Blessingc a Orygen Youth Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, Australia b University of Melbourne, Australia c Department of Physiology, Flinders University, Australia Background: Clinical studies suggest that resting thermoregulatory cutaneous vasomotor tone could be increased in schizophrenia, resulting in reduced hand blood flow. In animal models, atypical antipsychotics including clozapine potently inhibit sympathetic neural outflow to the thermoregulatory cutaneous vascular beds. This study will attempt to determine whether antipsychotic medication administration is associated with an acute increase in hand blood flow in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, and whether this increase correlates with clinical status. Methods: Hand temperature was measured with an infrared camera in 12 patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder 30 min prior to, then 30 and 60 min following medication. Clinical profile was measured using Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results were compared using regression and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Statistically significant increase in hand temperature (p b 0.001) was observed following antipsychotic administration. The mean increase after 60 min was 4.1 ± 2.4°c. This increase was significantly associated with colder hand temperature prior to medication (p = 0.05; suggestive of increased resting vasoconstriction) and with more severe psychiatric symptoms (p = 0.05). Conclusions: Atypical antipsychotics are associated with increased hand blood flow, consistent with inhibition of thermoregulatory sympathetic outflow to the cutaneous vascular bed in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. This increase correlated with symptom severity for the patients. Hand temperature increase following antipsychotic medication may therefore be a simple and informative physiological marker of disease activity and potential response in patients with schizophreniform disorders. Given that antipsychotics also inhibit sympathetic outflow to brown adipose tissue, which normally converts energy to heat, future studies should examine whether antipsychotic-induced hand temperature increase is associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.854
Trait anxiety modulates emotional expression processing Eligiusz Wronka, Karolina J. Swider, Wioleta Walentowska Psychophysiological Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Poland There is growing evidence that trait anxiety influences the processing of threat-related information, and therefore can alter brain responses to facial emotions (fearful or angry faces). To test this hypothesis we recorded ERPs in response to various facial
the time function of deviation-detection sensitivities in auditory sensory memory. Method: Fourteen healthy men were presented with seven types of auditory stimuli with a constant stimulus onset asynchrony of 500 ms. The percentage of standard sounds with no silent part was 70%. Six different types of deviant sounds that were designed to vary in timing of the silent part appeared randomly. We measured MMN while subjects watched silent movies. Results: Deviant stimulus in the 44- to 66-ms segment of TWI produced more apparent bilateral differences than any other segments of TWI. Conclusion: We suggest that the laterality of deviation-detection sensitivity should be prominently seen in the early part of sensory memory. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.852
Hemodynamic activities and the electroencephalogram during relaxation Seiya Uchidaa, Tsutomu Kameib, Kiyoshi Yamaokac, Hisanobu Suganoa a MOA Health Science Foundation, Japan b Leipzig University, Germany c Nihon University, Japan Background: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is increasingly employed in functional neuroimaging studies of psychiatric disorders. However, there are only a few reports of the relationship between hemodynamic activities and the electroencephalogram (EEG). Therefore, we investigated this relationship using NIRS and EEG during relaxation. Subjects: Participants were 24, healthy, right-handed Japanese adults (mean age 46.8 years). Method: Oxy-hemoglobin and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations were measured during hemodynamic activity, by using wearable optical topography, which is a NIRS instrument with 22 measurement points. We simultaneously measured the EEG in F3 and F4, as well as the electrocardiogram (ECG). Power spectral values in the theta (4.0– 7.9 Hz), alpha 1 (8.0–9.9 Hz), alpha 2 (10.0–12.9 Hz), and beta (13.0– 29.9 Hz) frequency ranges in the EEG signals were calculated and HF values (0.04–0.15 Hz) and LF (0.15–2.0Hz)/HF values were analyzed. Participants were made to relax by Okada purifying therapy (OPT), which originated in Japan for the promotion of health, and which is similar to External Qi Therapy, or Reiki. Blindfolded participants relaxed in a chair and were administrated OPT for 5 min. Results: Oxy-hemoglobin concentrations increased significantly in the right prefrontal area during the relaxation session, whereas deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations did not change. The power value of the alpha 2-band increased significantly during the relaxation state. The power value of the alpha 2-band was positively and significantly related to oxy-hemoglobin concentrations and negatively to deoxy-hemoglobin. Discussion: It has been reported that the NIRS signal is affected by hemoglobin in capillary vessels, because of the relationship between the diameter of the vessels and absorption coefficient in NIRS. The volume of hemoglobin in capillary vessels is a product of velocity and cross sectional area. In brain activity during the tapping task, oxy-hemoglobin is increased and deoxy-hemoglobin decreased. This phenomenon is caused by an increase in the velocity of blood flow in the capillary. Because deoxy-hemoglobin quickly reaches into the veins by the increased velocity, a resulting decrease of deoxy-hemoglobin was detected in the tapping task. On the other hand, deoxy-hemoglobin did not change during the relaxation state. It is considered that the cross-sectional area increased, thereby increasing capillary beds.
213
Therefore, it is suggested that the positive correlation of oxy-hemoglobin and the negative correlation of deoxy-hemoglobin are the result of relaxation in brain activities. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.853
A study on measurement cutaneous hand blood flow in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder treating with atypical antipsychotics Linda F. Kadera, Arpandy Rezab, Blessing Estherb, Ootsuka Youichirouc, William Blessingc a Orygen Youth Health and Centre for Youth Mental Health, Australia b University of Melbourne, Australia c Department of Physiology, Flinders University, Australia Background: Clinical studies suggest that resting thermoregulatory cutaneous vasomotor tone could be increased in schizophrenia, resulting in reduced hand blood flow. In animal models, atypical antipsychotics including clozapine potently inhibit sympathetic neural outflow to the thermoregulatory cutaneous vascular beds. This study will attempt to determine whether antipsychotic medication administration is associated with an acute increase in hand blood flow in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, and whether this increase correlates with clinical status. Methods: Hand temperature was measured with an infrared camera in 12 patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder 30 min prior to, then 30 and 60 min following medication. Clinical profile was measured using Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results were compared using regression and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Statistically significant increase in hand temperature (p b 0.001) was observed following antipsychotic administration. The mean increase after 60 min was 4.1 ± 2.4°c. This increase was significantly associated with colder hand temperature prior to medication (p = 0.05; suggestive of increased resting vasoconstriction) and with more severe psychiatric symptoms (p = 0.05). Conclusions: Atypical antipsychotics are associated with increased hand blood flow, consistent with inhibition of thermoregulatory sympathetic outflow to the cutaneous vascular bed in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. This increase correlated with symptom severity for the patients. Hand temperature increase following antipsychotic medication may therefore be a simple and informative physiological marker of disease activity and potential response in patients with schizophreniform disorders. Given that antipsychotics also inhibit sympathetic outflow to brown adipose tissue, which normally converts energy to heat, future studies should examine whether antipsychotic-induced hand temperature increase is associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain.
doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.854
Trait anxiety modulates emotional expression processing Eligiusz Wronka, Karolina J. Swider, Wioleta Walentowska Psychophysiological Laboratory, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Poland There is growing evidence that trait anxiety influences the processing of threat-related information, and therefore can alter brain responses to facial emotions (fearful or angry faces). To test this hypothesis we recorded ERPs in response to various facial