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HERNIA AT THE FORAMEN OVALE.
651 DISEASES OF FISHES.
Lipari islands ; but formerly it was obtained
exclusively from the East Indies. I might here, perhaps, advert to the substance selenium, discovered by Berzelius, and ranked by him as a simple body ; but it appears rather to belong more from analogy than experiment to the class of metals, the consideration of which we shall commence in the next lecture, by Mr. Faraday.
Fishes, in a domesticated state, are subject to various maladies, the cause and cure of which have not been successfully ascertained. Trouts, carps, and perches, are subject to various cutaneous diseases. During severe winters, when the surface of the ponds in which they are kept is frozen over, the various kinds of fishes seem to contract diseases, and, in such cases, great mortality_ often prevails. This seems to arise want of air in the water, and can only be prevented by removing the fish to a FOREIGN DEPARTMENT. deeper pond, through which there is a constant current. In some rigorous seasons, the extent of this mortality is most alarmLAHYNX OF MAMMALIA. ing ; an example of which occurred between TiiL larynx of mammalia differs but little 17S8 and 1789, when the inhabitants of in its conformation from that of man. None some districts of France lost nearly all their of the larger cartilages of the larynx are de- stock of carn. pike. and tench. ficient, and the opinion, that some animals of this class want the epiglottis, is quite erroHERNIA AT THE FORAMEN OVALE. neous ; in the Bat, however, it is extremely The following case of hernia at the foragmatl. The size of the larynx is proportionate to the strength of the sounds which men ovale, is detailed by Dr. Gadermann, the animals utter. The absolute size of the of Landshut, in a tract which he published larynx of the whale and the elephant is on the subject in 1823 :the largest, but, comparatively, the larynx A widow, 75 years of age, after being exof the lion is of still greater extent ; which posed to cold, from remaining too long in circumstance accounts for the powerful roar church, was attacked on her return home of that animal. In this case, the anterior with all the symptoms of violent enteritis. vocal ligaments contribute more than the The most active antiphlogistic treatment posterior to the formation of voice, and was adopted, but the pain did not abate, there are not anv vocal cavities. In the hori, nor were the bowels relieved. On the fifth on the other hand, the vocal cavities are of day stercoraceous vomiting took place, neigreat extent, and the inferior ligaments ther the inguinal nor femoral regions prestrong. The formation most resembling senting any appearance of swelling or pain. that of man, is found in apes; but, not- It was only a day or two before her death, withstanding, the 6ner modulations of thethat she complained of pain at the upper voice are impeded by sac-shaped dilata- and inner part ot the thigh, beginning at the tions, which tend to obscure it. In the groin, and extending downward, but no horse, the vocal ligaments are broad and swelling or sign of hernia could be felt here ; strong, and are covered by a very deli- evacuations from the bowels were at length cate and nearly falciform membrane, which obtained ; on the ninth day the symptoms is attached by its middle to the thyroid car- abated, but the patient sunk, and died on tilage, and has its extremities resting on the fourteenth from the attack. Dissection.—On opening the cavity of the the outer edges of the rima glottidis. The vibrations of this membrane produce the abdomen, a knuckle of small intestine was neighing of this animal. The peculiar sound found adherent to the foramen ovale ; the uttered by the ass is produced by means of aperture which serves for the transmission a similar membrane. The cat has two deli- of the obturator vessels and nerves, Wds cate membranes lying under the ligamenta about an inch in diameter ; through this glottidis, which probably cause the purring opening passed the hernial sac, which was noise which it makes. about six inches in length, extendingbeIn the trachea of some mammalia, the neath the pectinalis muscle, and the long cartilaginous rings aie found complete, as, and short heads of the triceps, the latter for instance, in several of the amphibia, viz.’ head being much thinner than natural. the seal and porpoise. The length of the Within the sac lay a portion of the diametrachea corresponds to that of the neck, ter of the small intestine, adherent interthough without any proportion between it nally to the foramen ovale. This portion and the number of its rings, of which there consisted of the parietes of one side of the are, for instance, from 17 to 21 in man, gut passing through the aperture into the 53 in the stag, and 78 in the seal. In the sac, and dilated into a diverticulum, mealion and bear, there is a considerable space suring four inches and a half in breadth, the between the extremities of the rings. parietes being as thin as the finest writing
from
I
652
DR. HARRISON
paper ; whilst the opposite parietes of the gut remaining within the abdomen, were thickened as much as a quarter of an inch. The canal of the bowel at this part, opposite the diverticuluin, was so reduced in size, as scarcely to admit the introduction of a large bougie. The obturator artery arose from the epigastric, and ran first on the inner side of the neck of the sac, and then downward, lying anterior to it. The sac itself was adherent to the muscles.
ON THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS.
To the Editor
of THE LANCET.
a place in for the subjoined communication, sent some time since for insertion in the Literary Gazette, that the bane and antidote might appear together. Its reception was acknowledged so long ago After two peras the 15th of last month. sonal interviews with the editor subse. DISEASES OF THE BLADDER. M. Louis, in a late.Number of the Reper- quently, and a written application to him toire d’Asatomie, (tom. iii. trim 3,) makes either to publish, or send back the letter, the following observations on the rarity ofi of which I had no copy; it was only returned affections of the mucous membrane of the the forenoon of Jan. 21st. The editor’s bladder, as compared with similar affections motive for not publishing the letter, (he of the other viscera. gives none for detaining it,) is conveyed in Whilst in the course of acute and chronic the following terms : Nearly half of its is in most of the the latter argument superseded by the simple fact of diseases, especially, viscera undergo considerable changes of the prosecution having been commenced." structure, the bladder remains almost al- To this reasoning 1 may reply, 1st, that its fact prove ways unaltered; a fact which appears the present unfitness (should the more worthy of attention, when we reflect to be so) arises from the editor’s own And, 2dly, that it will probably on the functions of this viscus, and the great neglect. alterations to which the liquid which it con- become apparent, in the course of a little tains is exposed. The uritie is, indeed, time, that every material part of the letter more or less acrid and turbid in numberless remains still pertinent. I am, Sir, yours, &c. &c. complaints, none of which occur without EDW. HARRISOX. HARRISON. the composition of the fluid being altered ; Holles Street, Jan. 24, 1828. from which one would infer, a priori, that anfiammation of the mucous membrane which lines it, is frequent. Nevertheless, To the Editor of the LIRERARY GAZETTE. in five hundred subjects which died from all kinds of complaints, and whose bladders SIR,—HAVING read in the Literary Gawere examined with care, we only found in zette an article which contains unjust auisix cases its mucous membrane injected madversions upon my letters to the late in a few points, without softeningor thick- Censors of the College of Physicians I i-eening. In one case we saw it softened in quest a small space in your ensuing number its whole extent, although it preserved its to repel the accusations. You observe, " In our last number, in natural colour and thickness. In another, we found the same changes, although in a consequence of their having suffered the very limited degree. In a woman who died legal Michaelmas terms to elapse without from cancer of the uterus, the bladder was I bringing matters to an issue, we were inblack, thick, and intimately connected with I duced to express an opinion, that the Col. the submucous tissue, which had undergone lege of Physicians had abandoned the prosethe same lesion in a part of its extent. In a I cution of Dr. Harrison, and thus virtually fourth case, a woman who died from fever, opened the profession to gentlemen hitherto the bladder was slightly ulcerated. These I excluded by their charter from practising four cases and two others, are the only in- as physicians in London, and within seven stances of lesion of the mucous membrane of miles around." I desire to inform you, that the college the bladder which we have observed, omitting two cases of perforation of this viscus, have not merely permitted a single term to consecutive on cancers of the uterus, and elapse ; they have suffered many terms, in which the mucous membrane surrounding and even years, to pass away, smce my t’ie destroyed part was not sensibly altered. determination to try the disputed points We may observe, in addition to what has was first made known to the Fellows, been already stated, that it is not unfrequent through their late colleague, Dr. Baillie. I, to see cases where calculi have probably for the third time, repeated the same offer, existed in the bladder for a long time, and upwards of seven months ago, to another at the same time to find the mucous mem- Fellow of the college, Dr. Chambers, who brane unaltered, showing the degree of re- had refused to meet me in consultation, be. sistance which this structure opposes to the i cause I was not a licentiate of the college. You were, therefore, fully warranted under alteration of its tissues.
SIR,—I
your
WRITE
to
request
ensuing Journal
"
.
I I
Lipari islands ; but formerly it was obtained
exclusively from the East Indies. I might here, perhaps, advert to the substance selenium, discovered by Berzelius, and ranked by him as a simple body ; but it appears rather to belong more from analogy than experiment to the class of metals, the consideration of which we shall commence in the next lecture, by Mr. Faraday.
Fishes, in a domesticated state, are subject to various maladies, the cause and cure of which have not been successfully ascertained. Trouts, carps, and perches, are subject to various cutaneous diseases. During severe winters, when the surface of the ponds in which they are kept is frozen over, the various kinds of fishes seem to contract diseases, and, in such cases, great mortality_ often prevails. This seems to arise want of air in the water, and can only be prevented by removing the fish to a FOREIGN DEPARTMENT. deeper pond, through which there is a constant current. In some rigorous seasons, the extent of this mortality is most alarmLAHYNX OF MAMMALIA. ing ; an example of which occurred between TiiL larynx of mammalia differs but little 17S8 and 1789, when the inhabitants of in its conformation from that of man. None some districts of France lost nearly all their of the larger cartilages of the larynx are de- stock of carn. pike. and tench. ficient, and the opinion, that some animals of this class want the epiglottis, is quite erroHERNIA AT THE FORAMEN OVALE. neous ; in the Bat, however, it is extremely The following case of hernia at the foragmatl. The size of the larynx is proportionate to the strength of the sounds which men ovale, is detailed by Dr. Gadermann, the animals utter. The absolute size of the of Landshut, in a tract which he published larynx of the whale and the elephant is on the subject in 1823 :the largest, but, comparatively, the larynx A widow, 75 years of age, after being exof the lion is of still greater extent ; which posed to cold, from remaining too long in circumstance accounts for the powerful roar church, was attacked on her return home of that animal. In this case, the anterior with all the symptoms of violent enteritis. vocal ligaments contribute more than the The most active antiphlogistic treatment posterior to the formation of voice, and was adopted, but the pain did not abate, there are not anv vocal cavities. In the hori, nor were the bowels relieved. On the fifth on the other hand, the vocal cavities are of day stercoraceous vomiting took place, neigreat extent, and the inferior ligaments ther the inguinal nor femoral regions prestrong. The formation most resembling senting any appearance of swelling or pain. that of man, is found in apes; but, not- It was only a day or two before her death, withstanding, the 6ner modulations of thethat she complained of pain at the upper voice are impeded by sac-shaped dilata- and inner part ot the thigh, beginning at the tions, which tend to obscure it. In the groin, and extending downward, but no horse, the vocal ligaments are broad and swelling or sign of hernia could be felt here ; strong, and are covered by a very deli- evacuations from the bowels were at length cate and nearly falciform membrane, which obtained ; on the ninth day the symptoms is attached by its middle to the thyroid car- abated, but the patient sunk, and died on tilage, and has its extremities resting on the fourteenth from the attack. Dissection.—On opening the cavity of the the outer edges of the rima glottidis. The vibrations of this membrane produce the abdomen, a knuckle of small intestine was neighing of this animal. The peculiar sound found adherent to the foramen ovale ; the uttered by the ass is produced by means of aperture which serves for the transmission a similar membrane. The cat has two deli- of the obturator vessels and nerves, Wds cate membranes lying under the ligamenta about an inch in diameter ; through this glottidis, which probably cause the purring opening passed the hernial sac, which was noise which it makes. about six inches in length, extendingbeIn the trachea of some mammalia, the neath the pectinalis muscle, and the long cartilaginous rings aie found complete, as, and short heads of the triceps, the latter for instance, in several of the amphibia, viz.’ head being much thinner than natural. the seal and porpoise. The length of the Within the sac lay a portion of the diametrachea corresponds to that of the neck, ter of the small intestine, adherent interthough without any proportion between it nally to the foramen ovale. This portion and the number of its rings, of which there consisted of the parietes of one side of the are, for instance, from 17 to 21 in man, gut passing through the aperture into the 53 in the stag, and 78 in the seal. In the sac, and dilated into a diverticulum, mealion and bear, there is a considerable space suring four inches and a half in breadth, the between the extremities of the rings. parietes being as thin as the finest writing
from
I
652
DR. HARRISON
paper ; whilst the opposite parietes of the gut remaining within the abdomen, were thickened as much as a quarter of an inch. The canal of the bowel at this part, opposite the diverticuluin, was so reduced in size, as scarcely to admit the introduction of a large bougie. The obturator artery arose from the epigastric, and ran first on the inner side of the neck of the sac, and then downward, lying anterior to it. The sac itself was adherent to the muscles.
ON THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS.
To the Editor
of THE LANCET.
a place in for the subjoined communication, sent some time since for insertion in the Literary Gazette, that the bane and antidote might appear together. Its reception was acknowledged so long ago After two peras the 15th of last month. sonal interviews with the editor subse. DISEASES OF THE BLADDER. M. Louis, in a late.Number of the Reper- quently, and a written application to him toire d’Asatomie, (tom. iii. trim 3,) makes either to publish, or send back the letter, the following observations on the rarity ofi of which I had no copy; it was only returned affections of the mucous membrane of the the forenoon of Jan. 21st. The editor’s bladder, as compared with similar affections motive for not publishing the letter, (he of the other viscera. gives none for detaining it,) is conveyed in Whilst in the course of acute and chronic the following terms : Nearly half of its is in most of the the latter argument superseded by the simple fact of diseases, especially, viscera undergo considerable changes of the prosecution having been commenced." structure, the bladder remains almost al- To this reasoning 1 may reply, 1st, that its fact prove ways unaltered; a fact which appears the present unfitness (should the more worthy of attention, when we reflect to be so) arises from the editor’s own And, 2dly, that it will probably on the functions of this viscus, and the great neglect. alterations to which the liquid which it con- become apparent, in the course of a little tains is exposed. The uritie is, indeed, time, that every material part of the letter more or less acrid and turbid in numberless remains still pertinent. I am, Sir, yours, &c. &c. complaints, none of which occur without EDW. HARRISOX. HARRISON. the composition of the fluid being altered ; Holles Street, Jan. 24, 1828. from which one would infer, a priori, that anfiammation of the mucous membrane which lines it, is frequent. Nevertheless, To the Editor of the LIRERARY GAZETTE. in five hundred subjects which died from all kinds of complaints, and whose bladders SIR,—HAVING read in the Literary Gawere examined with care, we only found in zette an article which contains unjust auisix cases its mucous membrane injected madversions upon my letters to the late in a few points, without softeningor thick- Censors of the College of Physicians I i-eening. In one case we saw it softened in quest a small space in your ensuing number its whole extent, although it preserved its to repel the accusations. You observe, " In our last number, in natural colour and thickness. In another, we found the same changes, although in a consequence of their having suffered the very limited degree. In a woman who died legal Michaelmas terms to elapse without from cancer of the uterus, the bladder was I bringing matters to an issue, we were inblack, thick, and intimately connected with I duced to express an opinion, that the Col. the submucous tissue, which had undergone lege of Physicians had abandoned the prosethe same lesion in a part of its extent. In a I cution of Dr. Harrison, and thus virtually fourth case, a woman who died from fever, opened the profession to gentlemen hitherto the bladder was slightly ulcerated. These I excluded by their charter from practising four cases and two others, are the only in- as physicians in London, and within seven stances of lesion of the mucous membrane of miles around." I desire to inform you, that the college the bladder which we have observed, omitting two cases of perforation of this viscus, have not merely permitted a single term to consecutive on cancers of the uterus, and elapse ; they have suffered many terms, in which the mucous membrane surrounding and even years, to pass away, smce my t’ie destroyed part was not sensibly altered. determination to try the disputed points We may observe, in addition to what has was first made known to the Fellows, been already stated, that it is not unfrequent through their late colleague, Dr. Baillie. I, to see cases where calculi have probably for the third time, repeated the same offer, existed in the bladder for a long time, and upwards of seven months ago, to another at the same time to find the mucous mem- Fellow of the college, Dr. Chambers, who brane unaltered, showing the degree of re- had refused to meet me in consultation, be. sistance which this structure opposes to the i cause I was not a licentiate of the college. You were, therefore, fully warranted under alteration of its tissues.
SIR,—I
your
WRITE
to
request
ensuing Journal
"
.
I I