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Heterogeneity within Cylindrocladium and its teleomorphs
Notes and brief articles (Figs 6--9), with the exception of one isolate (Fig. 7), by a single band only. In contrast, the protein patterns of the five fungal isolates obtained from Symphyomyrtus hosts differed substantially, with the electrophoretograms showing additional bands. Analysis of these patterns (Figs 10-14) reveals that those obtained from the two isolates from E. dalrympleana (Figs 10-11) and the single pattern obtained from E. rubida (Fig. 12) were almost the same (differing by one band only). However, those obtained from E. perriniana (Fig. 13) and E. viminalis (Fig. 14) were markedly different from all other isolates, and also from each other. Despite the many limitations associated with using electrophoretic patterns as taxonomic characters (Gill & Powell, 1968; Abbott & Holland, 1975), the present results suggest that Hendersonia is capable of parasitizing four distinct host groups. (1) E. delegatensis, E. dives and E. pauciflora; (2) E. dalrympleana and E. rubida; (3) E. perriniana; (4) E. viminalis. This finding agrees with that obtained by Fripp & Forrester (1981) from their laboratory study of conidial dimensions. It also confirms their conclusion that at least three host-specific races of Hendersonia exist on the host species examined. In fact, when due consideration is given to the differences found between protein patterns of isolates, and to the variable success this technique has had in distinguishing between races of the same fungus (for example: Gill & Powell, 1968), it is possible that the three postulated host-specific races of Hendersonia could represent separate species. A numerical treatment of patterns, as used success-
553
fully for bacteria (Kersters & De Ley, 1975) may enable such taxonomic relationships to be determined more readily. Part of this work was carried out while one of us (J.J.B.) held a CSIRO postgraduate studentship. REFERENCES
ABBOTT, L. K. & HOLLAND, A. A. (1975). Electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins and isoenzymes of Gaeumannomyces graminis. Australian Journal of Botany 23, 1-12. FRIPP, Y. J. & FORRESTER, R. I. (1981). Variation in size of Hendersonia conidia on Eucalyptus species. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 76, 169-172. GAIROLA, G. & POWELL, D. (1971). Electrophoretic protein patterns of Cytospora fungi. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 71, 135-140. GILL, H. S. & POWELL, D. (1968). Polyacrylamide gel (disc) electrophoresis of physiological races of A-1 to A-8 of Phytophthora fragariae. Phytopathology 58, 722-723. KERSTERS, K. & DE LEY, J. (1975). Identification and grouping of bacteria by numerical analysis of their electrophoretic protein patterns. Journal of General Microbiology 87, 333-342. PRYOR, L. D. & JOHNSON, L. A. S. (1971). A Classification of the Eucalypts. Canberra: Australian National University Press. SEVIOUR, R. J. & CHILVERS, G. A. (1972). Electrophoretic characterization of eucalypt mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 71, 1107-1110. WONG, A.-L. & WILLETTS, H. J. (1975). Electrophoretic studies of Australasian, North American and European isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and related species. Journal of General Microbiology 90, 355-359.
HETEROGENEITY WITHIN CYLINDROCLADIUM AND ITS TELEOMORPHS BY H. J. BOESEWINKEL
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag, Auckland, N.Z.
Species of Cylindrocladium are characterized by straight cylindrical septate conidia produced on penicillately branched conidiophores which bear a long appendage with an apical vesicle. Their teleomorphs, where known, have been placed in Calonectria. A recent comparative study of five small-spored species, C. camelliae Venkataramani & Venkata Ram, C. infestans Boesewinkel, C. novae-zelandiae Boesewinkel, C. parvum Anderson and C. peruuianum Batista et al. revealed that the characteristic appendage with apical vesicle consists of only one cell. There is no septum separating the vesicle from the stipe ofthe appendage and no septa Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
occur within the long stipe which has remarkably conspicuous cell walls (Boesewinkel, in the Press). This was first illustrated for one species by Boedijn & Reitsma (1950). In order to decide whether this occurs in large-spored species, I examined C. brasiliense (Batista & Cif.) Peerally (CBS 23°.51), C. citri (Fawcett & Klotz) Boedijn & Reitsma (CBS 186'36), C. clauatum Hodges & May (CBS 143.72), C. ftoridanum Sobers & Seymour (ATCC 282.71, CBS 17°.77), C. ilicicola (Hawley) Boedijn & Reitsma (CBS 190.50), C. pteridis Wolf (ATCC 165.50), C. scoparium Morgan (ATCC 282.73), Cylindrocarpon gracile Bugnicourt (Herb. Paris,
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Notes and brief articles
1197) and Cylindrocarpon reteaudii Bugnicourt (IMI 55922). Stipes with vesicles were observed for all these species. There was always a septum separating the vesicle from the stipe. The stipes were septate and possessed no conspicuous cell walls. The production of a stipe with vesicle was not mentioned in the original descriptions of Cylindrocarpon gracile and Cylindrocarpon reteaudii and for these two species it has not been observed before. Booth (1966) however pointed out that the morphology of the conidia and conidiophores of these two species (and the conidiophores of Cylindrocarpon tenue Bugnicourt) were characteristic of Cylindrocladium. My examination of a culture of Cylindrocarpon gracile which had been isolated and authenticated by Bugnicourt showed long, 3-6-septate stipes, 97-168 x 2-4 pm, terminating in a narrowly clavate vesicle 37-47 x (2'7-) 3'5-4 pm. This species therefore definitely belongs in Cylindrocladium and the following new combination is proposed: Cylindrocladium gracile (Bugnicourt) comb. nov. (Cylindrocarpon gracile Bugnicourt, Encycl. Mycol. 11, 162 (1939), basionym). The material of the type of Cylindrocarpon reteaudii possessed 5-septate stipes 150-250 x 2-3 pm which ended in a clavate to subglobose vesicle 5-7 pm wide. This name is therefore transferred to Cylindrocladium as : Cylindrocladium reteaudii (Bugnicourt) comb. nov. (Cylindrocarpon reteaudii Bugnicourt, Encycl. Mycol. 11, 189 (1939), basionym). The different morphology of the appendage of small-spored species indicates that they are not merely a small edition of large-spored species, as suggested by Anderson (1919) and that their small size is not due to poor nutrition, as at first thought by Wolf (1926). Another difference is indicated by the type of conidiophores. Large-spored species are known to produce only one type whereas two types of conidiophore have been reported for 3 small-spored species, C. camelliae (Peerally, 1974), C. infestans (Boesewinkel, in the Press) and C. peruvianum (Boesewinkel, 1981). These smallspored species thus resemble Gliocladium which produces two types of conidiophores, as illustrated by Booth (1978) for the anamorph of Neetria ochroleuca (Schw.) Berk. Booth (1978) furthermore showed, with excellent illustrations, the transition of the conidiophore types of several related nectrioid fungi. Conidiophores of each of the three above-mentioned species of Cylindrocladium exhibit a transition from complicated penicillately branched structures with appendage and vesicle to less complicated penicillately branched structures without appendage; there is also a similar transition from Acremonium-like conidiophores which are subverticillately branched to conidiophores which Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
are reduced to a simple phialide produced on the mycelium. Conspicuous collarettes are produced only by the Acremonium-like conidiophores and they have not been reported for large-spored species of Cylindrocladium. Cultural characteristics also indicate a difference between small-spored and large-spored species. For example the characteristically red-brown pigmented cultures with a broad, white, woolly, border have so far only been reported for large-spored species (Boedijn & Reitsma, 1950). It is interesting to examine whether these pronounced differences between the small-spored and large-spored species are reflected in their teleomorphs. Until now all teleomorphs have been placed in Caloneetria. While Caloneetria previously included many species which did not possess a Cylindrocladium anamorph, Rossman (1979a, b) revised the genus to include only species with a Cylindrocladium anamorph. However, the type of Caloneetria, C. daldiniana de Not., is not known to produce a Cylindrocladium anamorph. Rossman (1979a, b) repeatedly stated that C. daldiniana was a later synonym of C. pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacco and considered all described species of Calonectria to be 'quite similar' in structure to those of C. pyrochroa and' similar' to those of N ectria haematococca Berk. & Br. Rossman (1979a) identified C. pyrochroa from collections made in several parts of the world including Madeira where it occurred on Pittosporum undulatum in association with a large-spored, unidentified Cylindrocladium anamorph. Rossman (1979b) stated that this species was the anamorph of C. pyrochroa and that it was 'similar' to the anamorph of C. crotalariae and C. theae. Loos (1950) and Peerally (1974), however, clearly showed how these species differed, especially by the morphology of their vesicles. Rossman (1979a) illustrated the ascospores of C. daldiniana, from type material, as 3-5-septate and described them as 3-septate. The species on Pittosporum, identified as C. pyrochroa which she considered to be a synonym, was illustrated with 1-7-septate ascospores and described as 1-3septate, rarely 5- or 7-septate. Rossman (1979b) accepted 9 species of Caloneetria, 8 with a largespored anamorph and one with a small-spored anamorpho The teleomorphs of the large-spored species of Cvlindrocladium are C. colhounii Peerally, C. crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers, C. hederae Arnaud ex Booth & Murray, C. ilicicola Boedijn & Reitsma, C. kyotensis Terashita, C. quinqueseptata Figueiredo & Namekata, C. reteaudii (Bugnicourt) Booth and C. theae Loos. According to the original descriptions and illustrations of these species their perithecia contain narrowly-stalked, broadly clavate
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Notes and brief articles asci. The ascospores which are more or less curved and fusoid have one or, frequently, several septa and accumulate in the wider upper part of the ascus. Ascospores of C. kyotensis are rarely more than t-septate (Terashita, 1968) and according to Gerlach (1968) they are always r-septate when still in the ascus. The width of the asci usually exceeds 15 /-lm and the size has been reported as 104-156 x 13-18'2/-lm for C. colhounii (Peerally, 1974), 95-138 x 13-19 /-lm for C. crotalariae, 100-140 x 16-18/-lm for C. ilicicola, 83-145 x 14-22/-lm for C. kyotensis (Sobers, 1969), 160-180 x 24-40/-lm for C. hederae (Booth & Murray, 1960),76-126 x 13-22/-lm for C. quinqueseptata (Figueiredo & Namekata, 1967),88-154 x 7-15/-lm for C. reteaudii (Bugnicourt, 1939) and 75'6-132'4 x 18'6-29'4 /-lm for C. theae (Peerally, 1974). Rossman (1979a) provided a generic description of Caloneetria without mentioning the characteristic shape of the asci but reported the asci of C. daldiniana as broadly clavate, 70-75 x 25-28 /-lm and those of C. pyrochroa as broadly obovate to clavate, 64-90 x 17-25 /-lm. These characteristics of the asci of the above mentioned species of Caloneetria clearly differ from the sizes and shapes found in Neetria where they are cylindric and not markedly swollen. This generic distincton has apparently not been stressed before although the long-stalked, broadly clavate shape was well illustrated for C. reteaudii by Bugnicourt (1939) and for C. ilicicola by Boedijn & Reitsma (1950). Shipton (1979) illustrated the asci of C. camelliae, which I recently transferred to Nectria, as cylindric and described them as cylindric, becoming clavate at maturity, measuring 52-68 x 2'9-6'7 /-lm. Another difference between Caloneetria and Nectria is the large size of the outer cells of the perithecial wall in Caloneetria. The size has been reported as 20-36 x 14-22 /-lm for C. crotalariae (Bell & Sobers, 1966), 11-30/-lm for C. ilicicola (Boedijn & Reitsma, 1950), 18-34 x 14-29 /-lm for C. kyotensis (Sobers, 1969) and 14-41/-lm for C. quinqueseptata (Figueiredo & Namekata, 1967). The cells of C. camelliae measure only (5-) 7-15 (-25) psx: and in this respect this species resembles species of Nectria (Boesewinkel, in the Press). In the proposed classification by Rossman (1979b) the generic concept of Calonectria greatly depends on the presence of a Cylindrocladium anamorph but Samuels & Rossman (1979) appear to be unaware of the above mentioned differences between the small-spored and large-spored species of Cylindrocladium, Samuels & Rossman (1979) illustrated an unidentified Cylindrocladium anamorph with an aseptate appendage and stated that it was connected with a teleomorph which they Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
555
illustrated with stalked, broadly-clavate asci. At present such combination of anamorph and teleomorph is not known to occur. Furthermore Samuels & Rossman (1979) and Rossman (1979a) stated that each conidiophore of Cylindrocladium produces a stipe with vesicle whereas appendages are only produced by a proportion of the penicillately branched conidiophores and have never been reported for subverticillately branched conidiophores. Rossman (1979b) remarked in an addendum that the vesicle should not be considered of great taxonomic importance. By ignoring the shape of the ascus and vesicles, and by being unaware of the heterogeneity in the anamorph, Samuels & Rossman (1979) and Rossman (1979a, b) are lumping several different species together and appear to have accepted Nectria camelliae, which has an anamorph and teleomorph similar to species of Neetria, in Caloneetria. It is here suggested that new species of Cylindrocladium only be placed in this genus when some of their conidiophores produce a stipe with vesicle. The morphology of this typical appendage should be illustrated and described, even when the author does not consider it to be oftaxonomic value. Teleomorphs should not of necessity be placed in Calonectria, as Nectria is an alternative genus which can produce Cylindrocladium anamorphs. So far only one species of Cylindrocladium has been reported with a Nectria teleomorph but two other species are being studied. The small-spored and large-spored species of Cylindrocladium obviously represent two different lines of development within the nectrioid fungi. The author wishes to thank Dr C. Booth, Kew, England, for sending on loan a slide of the type of C. reteaudii and Dr J. Nicot, Paris, France, for providing an authenticated culture of C. gracile.
REFERENCES
ANDERSON, P.
J.
(1919). Rose canker and its control.
Massey Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 183, 11-4 6. BELL, D. K. & SOBERS, E. K. (1966). A peg, pod and root necrosis of peanuts caused by a species of Calonectria. Phytopathology 56, 1361-1364. BOEDIJN, K. B. & REITSMA, J. (1950). Notes on the genus Cylindrocladium. Reinwardtia 1, 51~0. BOESEWINKEL, H. J. (1981). A new species of Cylindrocladium in New Zealand. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 76, 341-343. BOOTH,C. (1966). The genus Cylindrocarpon. Mycological Papers 104. BOOTH,C. (1978). Do you believe in genera? Transactions of the British Mycological Society 71, 1--9.
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Notes and brief articles
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BOOTH, C. & MURRAY, J. S. (1960). Calonectria hederae Arnaud and its Cylindrocladium conidial state. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 43, 69-72. BUGNICOURT, F. (1939). Les Fusarium et Cylindrocarpon de I'Indochine. Encyclopedic Mycologique 11, 1-206. FIGUEIREDO, M. B. & NAMEKATA, T. (1967). Constatacao de Calonectria quinqueseptata n.sp., forma perfeita de Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum Boediin & Reitsma, s6bre Annona squamosa L. e Eucalyptus sp. Archivos do Instituto biol6gico Siio Paulo 34, 91--96. GERLACH, W. (1968). Calonectria uniseptate n.sp., die bisher unbekannte Haubtfruchtform von Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 61,372-3 8 1. Loos, C. A. (1950). Calonectria theae n.sp. The perfect stage of Cercosporella theae Petch. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 33, 13-18. PEERALLY, A. (1974). C.M.I. descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria nos. 424, 428, 429, 430. ROSSMAN, A. Y. (1979a). Calonectria and its type species,
C. daldiniana, a later synonym of C. pyrochroa. Mycotaxon 8, 321-328, ROSSMAN, A. Y. (1979b). A preliminary account of the taxa described in Calonectria. Mycotaxon 8, 485-558. SAMUELS, G. J. & ROSSMAN, A. Y. (1979). Conidia and classification of the nectrioid fungi. In The Whole Fungus, vol. 1 (ed. B. Kendrick), pp. 167-182. Ottawa: National Museum of Natural Sciences. SHIPTON, W. A. (1979). Calonectria camelliae sp.nov., the perfect state of Cylindrocladium camelliae. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 71., 161-164. SOBERS, I. K. (1969). Calonectria floridana sp.nov., the perfect stage of Cylindrocladium floridanum. Phytopathology 59, 364-366. TERASHITA, T. (1968). Anew species ofCalonectria and its conidial state. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 8, 124-129. WOLF, F. A. (1926). Brown leaf spot of leather leaf fern. Journal ofthe Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 41., 55-62.
TWO UNDESCRIBED STACHYBOTRYS SPECIES FROM INDIA BY P. C. MISRA AND S. K. SRIVASTAVA
Department of Botany, University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur Stachybotrys Corda is characterized by macronematous, mononematous conidiophores bearing an apical cluster of several swollen phialides producing unicellular phialoconidia which become aggregated in globose masses. In a taxonomic study of dematiaceous hyphomycetes of Gorakhpur, India, several unusual species of Stachybotrys were collected. Two of them are described here as new. They differed from the described species of Stachybotrys (Verona & Mazzucchetti, 1968; Ellis, 1971, 1976; Misra, 1976; Iong & Davis, 1976; Morgan-Jones & Sinclair, 1980) mainly in morphology of conidiophores and conidia. The new species are named S. mangiferae and S. globosa.
Stachybotrys mangiferae sp.nov. (Fig. 1) Coloniae effusae, nigrae. Mycelium in substrato immersum. Conidiophora singula, erecta, recta vel flexuosa, haud vel raro ramosa, 1-4-septata, basim versus subhyalina, supra griseo-brunnea, verrucosa, interdum granulis magnis tecta, 63--95 /lm longa, ad basim 4' 5-7 lim, medio 2'5/lm, ad apicem inflata 2'5-3'5/lm diam. Phialides quinae vel decemae ad apicem conidiophororum productae, clavatae, pallide olivaceo-griseae, leves, 5"5-11'5 /lm longae, 2'5-3"0/lm diam ubi latissimae. Conidia ovoidea, ellipsoidea vel oblonga, continua, fortiter verrucosa, obscure grisea, 5-8 x 2'5-3'5 psi», in massis globosis aggregata, Holotypus IMI 215279, in ramulo emortuo Mangijerae lectus, Gorakhpur, provo Uttar Pradesh Indiae, die 22 mense Junio 1976. Trans. Br. my col. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
273001,
U.P., India
Colonies effuse, black. Mycelium immersed in the substratum. Conidiophores arising singly, erect, straight or flexuous, unbranched or rarely branched, 1-4-septate, subhyaline near the base, greyish brown above, verrucose, sometimes covered with large granules, 63-95 Jim long, 4'5-7 Jim diam at the base, 2'5 Jim diam near the middle, 2'5-3'5 Jim diam near the swollen apex. Phialides borne in groups of 5-10 at the apices of conidiophores, clavate, pale olive grey, smooth, 5' 5-11 .5 Jim long, 2' 5-3'0 Jim diam at the widest point. Conidia ovoid, ellipsoid or oblong, aseptate, markedly verrucose, dark grey, 5-8 x 2'5-3'5 Jim, aggregated in globose masses. Specimens examined: On dead indet. twig, Univ, bot. garden, Gorakhpur, V.P., 16 June 1976, S-395 (lMI 215278); on dead twig of Mangijera sp., Univ. bot. garden, Gorakhpur, V.P., 22 June 1976, S-398 (IMI 215279, holotype); on dead leaf of Ficus sp., Univ. Campus, Gorakhpur, V.P., 26 Aug. 1976, S-421; on bark of Shorea robusta, Subhash Nagar, Gorakhpur, V.P., 1 July 1977, S-463; on dead leaf of Saccharum sp., Arogya Mandir, Gorakhpur, V.P., 2 July 1977, S-511.
Stachybotrys mangiferae differs from S. dichroa Grove in having smaller conidia and from S. partnspora Hughes in having dark conidiophores.
Stachybotrys globosa sp.nov. (Fig. 2) Coloniae effusae, nigrae, cornpactae. Mycelium in substrato immersum. Rami conidiophororum subhyalini vel basim versus pallide grisei, apicem versus intensius
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fully for bacteria (Kersters & De Ley, 1975) may enable such taxonomic relationships to be determined more readily. Part of this work was carried out while one of us (J.J.B.) held a CSIRO postgraduate studentship. REFERENCES
ABBOTT, L. K. & HOLLAND, A. A. (1975). Electrophoretic patterns of soluble proteins and isoenzymes of Gaeumannomyces graminis. Australian Journal of Botany 23, 1-12. FRIPP, Y. J. & FORRESTER, R. I. (1981). Variation in size of Hendersonia conidia on Eucalyptus species. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 76, 169-172. GAIROLA, G. & POWELL, D. (1971). Electrophoretic protein patterns of Cytospora fungi. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 71, 135-140. GILL, H. S. & POWELL, D. (1968). Polyacrylamide gel (disc) electrophoresis of physiological races of A-1 to A-8 of Phytophthora fragariae. Phytopathology 58, 722-723. KERSTERS, K. & DE LEY, J. (1975). Identification and grouping of bacteria by numerical analysis of their electrophoretic protein patterns. Journal of General Microbiology 87, 333-342. PRYOR, L. D. & JOHNSON, L. A. S. (1971). A Classification of the Eucalypts. Canberra: Australian National University Press. SEVIOUR, R. J. & CHILVERS, G. A. (1972). Electrophoretic characterization of eucalypt mycorrhizas. New Phytologist 71, 1107-1110. WONG, A.-L. & WILLETTS, H. J. (1975). Electrophoretic studies of Australasian, North American and European isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and related species. Journal of General Microbiology 90, 355-359.
HETEROGENEITY WITHIN CYLINDROCLADIUM AND ITS TELEOMORPHS BY H. J. BOESEWINKEL
Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mt Albert Research Centre, Private Bag, Auckland, N.Z.
Species of Cylindrocladium are characterized by straight cylindrical septate conidia produced on penicillately branched conidiophores which bear a long appendage with an apical vesicle. Their teleomorphs, where known, have been placed in Calonectria. A recent comparative study of five small-spored species, C. camelliae Venkataramani & Venkata Ram, C. infestans Boesewinkel, C. novae-zelandiae Boesewinkel, C. parvum Anderson and C. peruuianum Batista et al. revealed that the characteristic appendage with apical vesicle consists of only one cell. There is no septum separating the vesicle from the stipe ofthe appendage and no septa Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
occur within the long stipe which has remarkably conspicuous cell walls (Boesewinkel, in the Press). This was first illustrated for one species by Boedijn & Reitsma (1950). In order to decide whether this occurs in large-spored species, I examined C. brasiliense (Batista & Cif.) Peerally (CBS 23°.51), C. citri (Fawcett & Klotz) Boedijn & Reitsma (CBS 186'36), C. clauatum Hodges & May (CBS 143.72), C. ftoridanum Sobers & Seymour (ATCC 282.71, CBS 17°.77), C. ilicicola (Hawley) Boedijn & Reitsma (CBS 190.50), C. pteridis Wolf (ATCC 165.50), C. scoparium Morgan (ATCC 282.73), Cylindrocarpon gracile Bugnicourt (Herb. Paris,
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Notes and brief articles
1197) and Cylindrocarpon reteaudii Bugnicourt (IMI 55922). Stipes with vesicles were observed for all these species. There was always a septum separating the vesicle from the stipe. The stipes were septate and possessed no conspicuous cell walls. The production of a stipe with vesicle was not mentioned in the original descriptions of Cylindrocarpon gracile and Cylindrocarpon reteaudii and for these two species it has not been observed before. Booth (1966) however pointed out that the morphology of the conidia and conidiophores of these two species (and the conidiophores of Cylindrocarpon tenue Bugnicourt) were characteristic of Cylindrocladium. My examination of a culture of Cylindrocarpon gracile which had been isolated and authenticated by Bugnicourt showed long, 3-6-septate stipes, 97-168 x 2-4 pm, terminating in a narrowly clavate vesicle 37-47 x (2'7-) 3'5-4 pm. This species therefore definitely belongs in Cylindrocladium and the following new combination is proposed: Cylindrocladium gracile (Bugnicourt) comb. nov. (Cylindrocarpon gracile Bugnicourt, Encycl. Mycol. 11, 162 (1939), basionym). The material of the type of Cylindrocarpon reteaudii possessed 5-septate stipes 150-250 x 2-3 pm which ended in a clavate to subglobose vesicle 5-7 pm wide. This name is therefore transferred to Cylindrocladium as : Cylindrocladium reteaudii (Bugnicourt) comb. nov. (Cylindrocarpon reteaudii Bugnicourt, Encycl. Mycol. 11, 189 (1939), basionym). The different morphology of the appendage of small-spored species indicates that they are not merely a small edition of large-spored species, as suggested by Anderson (1919) and that their small size is not due to poor nutrition, as at first thought by Wolf (1926). Another difference is indicated by the type of conidiophores. Large-spored species are known to produce only one type whereas two types of conidiophore have been reported for 3 small-spored species, C. camelliae (Peerally, 1974), C. infestans (Boesewinkel, in the Press) and C. peruvianum (Boesewinkel, 1981). These smallspored species thus resemble Gliocladium which produces two types of conidiophores, as illustrated by Booth (1978) for the anamorph of Neetria ochroleuca (Schw.) Berk. Booth (1978) furthermore showed, with excellent illustrations, the transition of the conidiophore types of several related nectrioid fungi. Conidiophores of each of the three above-mentioned species of Cylindrocladium exhibit a transition from complicated penicillately branched structures with appendage and vesicle to less complicated penicillately branched structures without appendage; there is also a similar transition from Acremonium-like conidiophores which are subverticillately branched to conidiophores which Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
are reduced to a simple phialide produced on the mycelium. Conspicuous collarettes are produced only by the Acremonium-like conidiophores and they have not been reported for large-spored species of Cylindrocladium. Cultural characteristics also indicate a difference between small-spored and large-spored species. For example the characteristically red-brown pigmented cultures with a broad, white, woolly, border have so far only been reported for large-spored species (Boedijn & Reitsma, 1950). It is interesting to examine whether these pronounced differences between the small-spored and large-spored species are reflected in their teleomorphs. Until now all teleomorphs have been placed in Caloneetria. While Caloneetria previously included many species which did not possess a Cylindrocladium anamorph, Rossman (1979a, b) revised the genus to include only species with a Cylindrocladium anamorph. However, the type of Caloneetria, C. daldiniana de Not., is not known to produce a Cylindrocladium anamorph. Rossman (1979a, b) repeatedly stated that C. daldiniana was a later synonym of C. pyrochroa (Desm.) Sacco and considered all described species of Calonectria to be 'quite similar' in structure to those of C. pyrochroa and' similar' to those of N ectria haematococca Berk. & Br. Rossman (1979a) identified C. pyrochroa from collections made in several parts of the world including Madeira where it occurred on Pittosporum undulatum in association with a large-spored, unidentified Cylindrocladium anamorph. Rossman (1979b) stated that this species was the anamorph of C. pyrochroa and that it was 'similar' to the anamorph of C. crotalariae and C. theae. Loos (1950) and Peerally (1974), however, clearly showed how these species differed, especially by the morphology of their vesicles. Rossman (1979a) illustrated the ascospores of C. daldiniana, from type material, as 3-5-septate and described them as 3-septate. The species on Pittosporum, identified as C. pyrochroa which she considered to be a synonym, was illustrated with 1-7-septate ascospores and described as 1-3septate, rarely 5- or 7-septate. Rossman (1979b) accepted 9 species of Caloneetria, 8 with a largespored anamorph and one with a small-spored anamorpho The teleomorphs of the large-spored species of Cvlindrocladium are C. colhounii Peerally, C. crotalariae (Loos) Bell & Sobers, C. hederae Arnaud ex Booth & Murray, C. ilicicola Boedijn & Reitsma, C. kyotensis Terashita, C. quinqueseptata Figueiredo & Namekata, C. reteaudii (Bugnicourt) Booth and C. theae Loos. According to the original descriptions and illustrations of these species their perithecia contain narrowly-stalked, broadly clavate
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Notes and brief articles asci. The ascospores which are more or less curved and fusoid have one or, frequently, several septa and accumulate in the wider upper part of the ascus. Ascospores of C. kyotensis are rarely more than t-septate (Terashita, 1968) and according to Gerlach (1968) they are always r-septate when still in the ascus. The width of the asci usually exceeds 15 /-lm and the size has been reported as 104-156 x 13-18'2/-lm for C. colhounii (Peerally, 1974), 95-138 x 13-19 /-lm for C. crotalariae, 100-140 x 16-18/-lm for C. ilicicola, 83-145 x 14-22/-lm for C. kyotensis (Sobers, 1969), 160-180 x 24-40/-lm for C. hederae (Booth & Murray, 1960),76-126 x 13-22/-lm for C. quinqueseptata (Figueiredo & Namekata, 1967),88-154 x 7-15/-lm for C. reteaudii (Bugnicourt, 1939) and 75'6-132'4 x 18'6-29'4 /-lm for C. theae (Peerally, 1974). Rossman (1979a) provided a generic description of Caloneetria without mentioning the characteristic shape of the asci but reported the asci of C. daldiniana as broadly clavate, 70-75 x 25-28 /-lm and those of C. pyrochroa as broadly obovate to clavate, 64-90 x 17-25 /-lm. These characteristics of the asci of the above mentioned species of Caloneetria clearly differ from the sizes and shapes found in Neetria where they are cylindric and not markedly swollen. This generic distincton has apparently not been stressed before although the long-stalked, broadly clavate shape was well illustrated for C. reteaudii by Bugnicourt (1939) and for C. ilicicola by Boedijn & Reitsma (1950). Shipton (1979) illustrated the asci of C. camelliae, which I recently transferred to Nectria, as cylindric and described them as cylindric, becoming clavate at maturity, measuring 52-68 x 2'9-6'7 /-lm. Another difference between Caloneetria and Nectria is the large size of the outer cells of the perithecial wall in Caloneetria. The size has been reported as 20-36 x 14-22 /-lm for C. crotalariae (Bell & Sobers, 1966), 11-30/-lm for C. ilicicola (Boedijn & Reitsma, 1950), 18-34 x 14-29 /-lm for C. kyotensis (Sobers, 1969) and 14-41/-lm for C. quinqueseptata (Figueiredo & Namekata, 1967). The cells of C. camelliae measure only (5-) 7-15 (-25) psx: and in this respect this species resembles species of Nectria (Boesewinkel, in the Press). In the proposed classification by Rossman (1979b) the generic concept of Calonectria greatly depends on the presence of a Cylindrocladium anamorph but Samuels & Rossman (1979) appear to be unaware of the above mentioned differences between the small-spored and large-spored species of Cylindrocladium, Samuels & Rossman (1979) illustrated an unidentified Cylindrocladium anamorph with an aseptate appendage and stated that it was connected with a teleomorph which they Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
555
illustrated with stalked, broadly-clavate asci. At present such combination of anamorph and teleomorph is not known to occur. Furthermore Samuels & Rossman (1979) and Rossman (1979a) stated that each conidiophore of Cylindrocladium produces a stipe with vesicle whereas appendages are only produced by a proportion of the penicillately branched conidiophores and have never been reported for subverticillately branched conidiophores. Rossman (1979b) remarked in an addendum that the vesicle should not be considered of great taxonomic importance. By ignoring the shape of the ascus and vesicles, and by being unaware of the heterogeneity in the anamorph, Samuels & Rossman (1979) and Rossman (1979a, b) are lumping several different species together and appear to have accepted Nectria camelliae, which has an anamorph and teleomorph similar to species of Neetria, in Caloneetria. It is here suggested that new species of Cylindrocladium only be placed in this genus when some of their conidiophores produce a stipe with vesicle. The morphology of this typical appendage should be illustrated and described, even when the author does not consider it to be oftaxonomic value. Teleomorphs should not of necessity be placed in Calonectria, as Nectria is an alternative genus which can produce Cylindrocladium anamorphs. So far only one species of Cylindrocladium has been reported with a Nectria teleomorph but two other species are being studied. The small-spored and large-spored species of Cylindrocladium obviously represent two different lines of development within the nectrioid fungi. The author wishes to thank Dr C. Booth, Kew, England, for sending on loan a slide of the type of C. reteaudii and Dr J. Nicot, Paris, France, for providing an authenticated culture of C. gracile.
REFERENCES
ANDERSON, P.
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(1919). Rose canker and its control.
Massey Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 183, 11-4 6. BELL, D. K. & SOBERS, E. K. (1966). A peg, pod and root necrosis of peanuts caused by a species of Calonectria. Phytopathology 56, 1361-1364. BOEDIJN, K. B. & REITSMA, J. (1950). Notes on the genus Cylindrocladium. Reinwardtia 1, 51~0. BOESEWINKEL, H. J. (1981). A new species of Cylindrocladium in New Zealand. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 76, 341-343. BOOTH,C. (1966). The genus Cylindrocarpon. Mycological Papers 104. BOOTH,C. (1978). Do you believe in genera? Transactions of the British Mycological Society 71, 1--9.
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BOOTH, C. & MURRAY, J. S. (1960). Calonectria hederae Arnaud and its Cylindrocladium conidial state. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 43, 69-72. BUGNICOURT, F. (1939). Les Fusarium et Cylindrocarpon de I'Indochine. Encyclopedic Mycologique 11, 1-206. FIGUEIREDO, M. B. & NAMEKATA, T. (1967). Constatacao de Calonectria quinqueseptata n.sp., forma perfeita de Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum Boediin & Reitsma, s6bre Annona squamosa L. e Eucalyptus sp. Archivos do Instituto biol6gico Siio Paulo 34, 91--96. GERLACH, W. (1968). Calonectria uniseptate n.sp., die bisher unbekannte Haubtfruchtform von Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 61,372-3 8 1. Loos, C. A. (1950). Calonectria theae n.sp. The perfect stage of Cercosporella theae Petch. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 33, 13-18. PEERALLY, A. (1974). C.M.I. descriptions of pathogenic fungi and bacteria nos. 424, 428, 429, 430. ROSSMAN, A. Y. (1979a). Calonectria and its type species,
C. daldiniana, a later synonym of C. pyrochroa. Mycotaxon 8, 321-328, ROSSMAN, A. Y. (1979b). A preliminary account of the taxa described in Calonectria. Mycotaxon 8, 485-558. SAMUELS, G. J. & ROSSMAN, A. Y. (1979). Conidia and classification of the nectrioid fungi. In The Whole Fungus, vol. 1 (ed. B. Kendrick), pp. 167-182. Ottawa: National Museum of Natural Sciences. SHIPTON, W. A. (1979). Calonectria camelliae sp.nov., the perfect state of Cylindrocladium camelliae. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 71., 161-164. SOBERS, I. K. (1969). Calonectria floridana sp.nov., the perfect stage of Cylindrocladium floridanum. Phytopathology 59, 364-366. TERASHITA, T. (1968). Anew species ofCalonectria and its conidial state. Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan 8, 124-129. WOLF, F. A. (1926). Brown leaf spot of leather leaf fern. Journal ofthe Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 41., 55-62.
TWO UNDESCRIBED STACHYBOTRYS SPECIES FROM INDIA BY P. C. MISRA AND S. K. SRIVASTAVA
Department of Botany, University of Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur Stachybotrys Corda is characterized by macronematous, mononematous conidiophores bearing an apical cluster of several swollen phialides producing unicellular phialoconidia which become aggregated in globose masses. In a taxonomic study of dematiaceous hyphomycetes of Gorakhpur, India, several unusual species of Stachybotrys were collected. Two of them are described here as new. They differed from the described species of Stachybotrys (Verona & Mazzucchetti, 1968; Ellis, 1971, 1976; Misra, 1976; Iong & Davis, 1976; Morgan-Jones & Sinclair, 1980) mainly in morphology of conidiophores and conidia. The new species are named S. mangiferae and S. globosa.
Stachybotrys mangiferae sp.nov. (Fig. 1) Coloniae effusae, nigrae. Mycelium in substrato immersum. Conidiophora singula, erecta, recta vel flexuosa, haud vel raro ramosa, 1-4-septata, basim versus subhyalina, supra griseo-brunnea, verrucosa, interdum granulis magnis tecta, 63--95 /lm longa, ad basim 4' 5-7 lim, medio 2'5/lm, ad apicem inflata 2'5-3'5/lm diam. Phialides quinae vel decemae ad apicem conidiophororum productae, clavatae, pallide olivaceo-griseae, leves, 5"5-11'5 /lm longae, 2'5-3"0/lm diam ubi latissimae. Conidia ovoidea, ellipsoidea vel oblonga, continua, fortiter verrucosa, obscure grisea, 5-8 x 2'5-3'5 psi», in massis globosis aggregata, Holotypus IMI 215279, in ramulo emortuo Mangijerae lectus, Gorakhpur, provo Uttar Pradesh Indiae, die 22 mense Junio 1976. Trans. Br. my col. Soc. 78, (3) (1982)
273001,
U.P., India
Colonies effuse, black. Mycelium immersed in the substratum. Conidiophores arising singly, erect, straight or flexuous, unbranched or rarely branched, 1-4-septate, subhyaline near the base, greyish brown above, verrucose, sometimes covered with large granules, 63-95 Jim long, 4'5-7 Jim diam at the base, 2'5 Jim diam near the middle, 2'5-3'5 Jim diam near the swollen apex. Phialides borne in groups of 5-10 at the apices of conidiophores, clavate, pale olive grey, smooth, 5' 5-11 .5 Jim long, 2' 5-3'0 Jim diam at the widest point. Conidia ovoid, ellipsoid or oblong, aseptate, markedly verrucose, dark grey, 5-8 x 2'5-3'5 Jim, aggregated in globose masses. Specimens examined: On dead indet. twig, Univ, bot. garden, Gorakhpur, V.P., 16 June 1976, S-395 (lMI 215278); on dead twig of Mangijera sp., Univ. bot. garden, Gorakhpur, V.P., 22 June 1976, S-398 (IMI 215279, holotype); on dead leaf of Ficus sp., Univ. Campus, Gorakhpur, V.P., 26 Aug. 1976, S-421; on bark of Shorea robusta, Subhash Nagar, Gorakhpur, V.P., 1 July 1977, S-463; on dead leaf of Saccharum sp., Arogya Mandir, Gorakhpur, V.P., 2 July 1977, S-511.
Stachybotrys mangiferae differs from S. dichroa Grove in having smaller conidia and from S. partnspora Hughes in having dark conidiophores.
Stachybotrys globosa sp.nov. (Fig. 2) Coloniae effusae, nigrae, cornpactae. Mycelium in substrato immersum. Rami conidiophororum subhyalini vel basim versus pallide grisei, apicem versus intensius
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