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High Dietary Requirement of Male Chicks for Linoleic Acid
1676
RESEARCH NOTES
rapeseed meal. Poultry Sci. 49: 1069-1074. 329-333. Slinger, S. J., I. R. Sibbald and W. F. Pepper, 1964. Zablan, T. A., N. Griffith, M. C. Nesheim, R. J. The relative abilities of two breeds of chickens Young and M. L. Scott, 1963. Metabolizable and two varieties of turkeys to metabolize dietary energy of some oilseed meals and some unusual energy and dietary nitrogen. Poultry Sci. 43: feedstuffs. Poultry Sci. 42: 619-625.
L. B. CAREW, J R . , AND D. C. FOSS 1 Department of A nimal Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401 (Received for publication March 13,1973) ABSTRACT The linoleic acid requirement for maximum growth of male broiler chicks to four weeks of age was 1.9% of the diet or 5.3% of dietary calories. No effect of depletion by feeding a linoleic acid deficient diet from one to nine days of age was evident in the chick's requirement for linoleic acid. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1675-1678,1973
There is disagreement as to the dietary linoleic acid requirement of male chicks for maximum growth rate. Menge (1970) reported this to be 1.2% of the diet or 3.6% of the calories. This did not agree with results presented by Hill (1966) and Bieri and Prival (1966) who established the requirement as 1 to 2% of dietary calories (less than 1% of the diet). But it did correspond to results presented by Hopkins and Nesheim (1967) for straightrun chicks. Results we have obtained with male broiler chicks to four weeks of age, while agreeing most closely with the higher requirement presented by Menge (1970), suggest an even higher requirement than previously reported. PROCEDURE
TABLE 1.—Composition of linoleic acid deficient diet Ingredients
%
Glucose monohydrate Isolated soy protein 1 Cellulose2 Glycerin (95% USP) Mineral mix34 Vitamin mix Methionine hydroxy analog Glycine Choline CI (70%)
52.76 30.00 5.00 4.00 6.40 0.50 0.70 0.40 0.24 100.00
'Assay protein C-l, Skidmore Enterprises, Cincinnati. 2 Solka-floc, Brown Company, Berlin, N.H. 3 Supplies the following in mg./kg.: dicalcium phosphate 38,000, CaC0 3 4,930, NaCl 2,000, NaHCOs 6,000, KHCO s 5,000, KC1 4,000, MgSO< 3,500, FeS0 4 -7H 2 0 500, MnS0 4 -H 2 0 330, ZnO 100, CuS0 4 -5H 2 0 39, Na 2 Mo0 4 -2H 2 0 8, K10 3 10, CoCl 2 -6H 2 0 2, Na 2 Se0 3 0.22. 4 Supplies the following in mg./kg.: riboflavin 15, Ca pantothenate 50, niacin 100, pyridoxine HC1 15, thiamine HC1 10, folacin 6, biotin 0.5, menadione sodium bisulfite 5, inositol 100, ascorbic acid 100, p-amino benzoic acid 100, vitamin B 1S 0.05, ethoxyquin (66%) 132; in units/kg., vitamin A 9,750, vitamin D 3 4,800, vitamin E 63.
Two experiments were conducted with Cobb male broiler chicks in cages. The basal, linoleic acid deficient diet is shown in Table 1. I t was based on isolated soy protein and glucose, had a very low fat and reduce the dustiness of the lower fat content, and contained glycerin as a non- diets. Graded levels of linoleic acid were lipid binder to improve the consistency added as safflower oil or stripped corn oil 1 Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station by substituting the fat for glucose, calorie for calorie, on a metabolizable energy Journal Article 303.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 18, 2015
HIGH DIETARY REQUIREMENT OF MALE CHICKS FOR LINOLEIC ACID
1677
RESEARCH NOTES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The weight gains with depleted and nondepleted chicks were very similar (Table 2). No statistical difference due to depletion was observed (P > .05). A dietary level of 1.5% linoleic acid ( 2 % safflower oil) was not sufficient to support
maximum weight gain in either experiment or in the overall average. T h e results were less clear with corn oil, b u t suggested a requirement beyond 1.5% linoleic acid. When percent dietary linoleic acid was plotted against log of weight gain for all data, the linoleic acid requirement was established at 1.9% of the diet. This corresponds to a requirement for linoleic acid of 5 . 3 % of dietary calories. Our results indicate a linoleic acid requirement well beyond the 1-2% of dietary calories suggested b y earlier workers and even higher t h a n 3.6% of dietary calories recently reported by Menge (1970). We agree more closely with the higher requirement of 2 . 5 % of the diet suggested by Edwards et al. (1962). T h e reasons for disagreement in the linoleic acid requirement are not clear. Menge (1970) suggested strain, level of energy, and environment as possible factors. Our results show t h a t broiler strains, like the Leghorn chicks used by Menge,
TABLE 2.—Eject of level of dietary linoleate on growth of male broiler chicks Added dietary linoleate
Dietary source of linoleate1
1% 2% 4% 6% 8% 16% 3% 6% 9% 12%
None Safflower Safflower Safflower Safflower Safflower Safflower Corn oil Corn oil Corn oil Corn oil
oil oil oil oil oil oil
Av. w t . gain, g.
%of diet 2 ' 3
%of calories
Depleted chicks4,6
Nondepleted chicks 6 , 6
Overall average
0 0.7 1.5 2.9 4.4 5.8 11.7 1.7 3.4 5.2 6.9
0 2.1 4.2 8.1 11.7 15.2 27.1 4.8 9.2 13.2 16.9
502* 532»b 561b° 591°d 598°d 590"* 616d
496* 540 b 465 b c 586^ 591-*1 601 d 594 d 587^ 584° d 61011 604 d
499" 536 b 563" 587-=" 595 d 594 d 605 d 579=" 583^ 596" 604 d
569bcd 588^ 579" 1 605<*>
1 Percent fatty acid analysis of oils was the following: safflower oil (Pacific Vegetable Oil Corp.) 14:0, 0.13; 16:0, 7.25; 18:0, 2.42; 18:1, 13.99; 18:2, 75.77; 18:3, 0.44; Corn oil (stripped, Eastman Kodak Co.) 16:0, 10.71; 18:0, 2.11; 18:1, 27.86; 18:2, 58.80; 18:3, 0.52. 2 Basal diet was calculated to contain 0.03% linoleate (actual fat contribution from protein source = 0.05%). 3 Based on actual linoleate analysis of selected diets. 4 Each treatment represents triplicate groups of 10 chicks each. Values are 10 to 29 day gains. 6 Each treatment represents quadruplicate groups of 12 chicks each. Values are 4 to 26 day gains. 6 Means not followed by the same superscript are significantly different (P < .05) by Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 18, 2015
basis using 3.35 kcal./g. for air-dry glucose, 8.8 kcal./g. for corn oil, and 9.3 kcal./g. for safflower oil. A value of 9 kcal./g. was assigned to linoleic acid for calculating its energy contribution to the diets. I n one experiment all chicks were fed only the basal diet for 9 days to study the effect of linoleic acid depletion on the linoleic acid requirement. Graded levels of the oils were then fed for 19 days. I n the second study, chicks were placed on dietary treatments a t one day of age, redistributed within treatments three days later to reduce variability (Stillway et al., 1972), and continued on t r e a t m e n t to 26 days of age.
1678
RESEARCH NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Agway, Inc., for financial assistance. We express appreciation to Abbott Laboratories, Commercial Solvents Corporation, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Monsanto Chemical Company, and Chas. Pfizer Company for supplying materials. We appreciate the assistance of Norbert Camerlengo and Diane Silverman. REFERENCES Bieri, J. G., and E. L. Prival, 1966. Linoleic acid requirement of the chick. J. Nutrition, 90: 428432. Duncan, D. R., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Edwards, Jr., H. M., J. E. Marion and J. C. Daggers, 1962. Response of deutectomized chicks to dietary fat supplementation. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 1050-1052. Hill, E. G., 1966. Effect of dietary linoleate on chick liver fatty acids: dietary linoleate requirement. J. Nutrition, 89: 465-470. Hopkins, D. T., and M. C. Nesheim, 1967. The linoleic acid requirement of chicks. Poultry Sci. 46: 872-881. Menge, H., 1970. Comparative requirements of linoleic acid for male and female chicks. Poultry Sci. 49: 178-183. Stillway, L. W., A. C. Wiese and C. F. Petersen, 1972. Selection of chicks to minimize variation in growth studies. J. Nutrition, 102: 205-208.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 1673) organizations, including the Council of California Growers and the Foundation for American Agriculture. U.S.D.A. SUMMARY—RANDOM SAMPLE TESTS Seventeen traits are evaluated for 46 laying strains from 34 breeders in the 1972 Combined Summary Report for 1970-71 and 1971-72 Random Sample Egg Production Test which was made available by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The U.S.D.A. summary includes combined re-
suits from nine tests in the United States and one in Canada. A summary is given in Poultry Tribune, May, 1973, pages 32, 34 and 36. Single copies of the complete report may be obtained free from Poultry Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. It is ARS-NE-21 publication entitled "1972 Report on Egg Production Tests in the United States and Canada." Laying stocks which showed the best performance for the traits were:
{Continued on page 1683)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 18, 2015
may have higher requirements than earlier indicated. Environment may be a factor since we used whole-room brooding starting with an air temperature of 8085°F., thereafter reducing it gradually. Diet formulation may be a factor, and the influence of using such substances as glycerin should be investigated. It is also recognized that our linoleic acid deficient basal diet contained no added fat whereas other workers often used small quantities of saturated or short-chain fats in their basal diets. However, the effect of nonessential fats on the chick's requirement for essential fatty acids is not known. Many factors may influence the chick's requirement for linoleic acid, but the important point is that wide variations have been reported between laboratories. This means that comprehensive studies of factors influencing the chick's need for linoleic acid should be done. Potential economic advantages are obvious. Knowledge of the chick's true requirement for linoleic acid is essential in order to separate specific effects of linoleic acid from effects of other fats. Most work to date on the linoleic acid requirement has employed purified diets. Studies with common feedstuffs may be rewarding.
RESEARCH NOTES
rapeseed meal. Poultry Sci. 49: 1069-1074. 329-333. Slinger, S. J., I. R. Sibbald and W. F. Pepper, 1964. Zablan, T. A., N. Griffith, M. C. Nesheim, R. J. The relative abilities of two breeds of chickens Young and M. L. Scott, 1963. Metabolizable and two varieties of turkeys to metabolize dietary energy of some oilseed meals and some unusual energy and dietary nitrogen. Poultry Sci. 43: feedstuffs. Poultry Sci. 42: 619-625.
L. B. CAREW, J R . , AND D. C. FOSS 1 Department of A nimal Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401 (Received for publication March 13,1973) ABSTRACT The linoleic acid requirement for maximum growth of male broiler chicks to four weeks of age was 1.9% of the diet or 5.3% of dietary calories. No effect of depletion by feeding a linoleic acid deficient diet from one to nine days of age was evident in the chick's requirement for linoleic acid. POULTRY SCIENCE 52: 1675-1678,1973
There is disagreement as to the dietary linoleic acid requirement of male chicks for maximum growth rate. Menge (1970) reported this to be 1.2% of the diet or 3.6% of the calories. This did not agree with results presented by Hill (1966) and Bieri and Prival (1966) who established the requirement as 1 to 2% of dietary calories (less than 1% of the diet). But it did correspond to results presented by Hopkins and Nesheim (1967) for straightrun chicks. Results we have obtained with male broiler chicks to four weeks of age, while agreeing most closely with the higher requirement presented by Menge (1970), suggest an even higher requirement than previously reported. PROCEDURE
TABLE 1.—Composition of linoleic acid deficient diet Ingredients
%
Glucose monohydrate Isolated soy protein 1 Cellulose2 Glycerin (95% USP) Mineral mix34 Vitamin mix Methionine hydroxy analog Glycine Choline CI (70%)
52.76 30.00 5.00 4.00 6.40 0.50 0.70 0.40 0.24 100.00
'Assay protein C-l, Skidmore Enterprises, Cincinnati. 2 Solka-floc, Brown Company, Berlin, N.H. 3 Supplies the following in mg./kg.: dicalcium phosphate 38,000, CaC0 3 4,930, NaCl 2,000, NaHCOs 6,000, KHCO s 5,000, KC1 4,000, MgSO< 3,500, FeS0 4 -7H 2 0 500, MnS0 4 -H 2 0 330, ZnO 100, CuS0 4 -5H 2 0 39, Na 2 Mo0 4 -2H 2 0 8, K10 3 10, CoCl 2 -6H 2 0 2, Na 2 Se0 3 0.22. 4 Supplies the following in mg./kg.: riboflavin 15, Ca pantothenate 50, niacin 100, pyridoxine HC1 15, thiamine HC1 10, folacin 6, biotin 0.5, menadione sodium bisulfite 5, inositol 100, ascorbic acid 100, p-amino benzoic acid 100, vitamin B 1S 0.05, ethoxyquin (66%) 132; in units/kg., vitamin A 9,750, vitamin D 3 4,800, vitamin E 63.
Two experiments were conducted with Cobb male broiler chicks in cages. The basal, linoleic acid deficient diet is shown in Table 1. I t was based on isolated soy protein and glucose, had a very low fat and reduce the dustiness of the lower fat content, and contained glycerin as a non- diets. Graded levels of linoleic acid were lipid binder to improve the consistency added as safflower oil or stripped corn oil 1 Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station by substituting the fat for glucose, calorie for calorie, on a metabolizable energy Journal Article 303.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 18, 2015
HIGH DIETARY REQUIREMENT OF MALE CHICKS FOR LINOLEIC ACID
1677
RESEARCH NOTES
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The weight gains with depleted and nondepleted chicks were very similar (Table 2). No statistical difference due to depletion was observed (P > .05). A dietary level of 1.5% linoleic acid ( 2 % safflower oil) was not sufficient to support
maximum weight gain in either experiment or in the overall average. T h e results were less clear with corn oil, b u t suggested a requirement beyond 1.5% linoleic acid. When percent dietary linoleic acid was plotted against log of weight gain for all data, the linoleic acid requirement was established at 1.9% of the diet. This corresponds to a requirement for linoleic acid of 5 . 3 % of dietary calories. Our results indicate a linoleic acid requirement well beyond the 1-2% of dietary calories suggested b y earlier workers and even higher t h a n 3.6% of dietary calories recently reported by Menge (1970). We agree more closely with the higher requirement of 2 . 5 % of the diet suggested by Edwards et al. (1962). T h e reasons for disagreement in the linoleic acid requirement are not clear. Menge (1970) suggested strain, level of energy, and environment as possible factors. Our results show t h a t broiler strains, like the Leghorn chicks used by Menge,
TABLE 2.—Eject of level of dietary linoleate on growth of male broiler chicks Added dietary linoleate
Dietary source of linoleate1
1% 2% 4% 6% 8% 16% 3% 6% 9% 12%
None Safflower Safflower Safflower Safflower Safflower Safflower Corn oil Corn oil Corn oil Corn oil
oil oil oil oil oil oil
Av. w t . gain, g.
%of diet 2 ' 3
%of calories
Depleted chicks4,6
Nondepleted chicks 6 , 6
Overall average
0 0.7 1.5 2.9 4.4 5.8 11.7 1.7 3.4 5.2 6.9
0 2.1 4.2 8.1 11.7 15.2 27.1 4.8 9.2 13.2 16.9
502* 532»b 561b° 591°d 598°d 590"* 616d
496* 540 b 465 b c 586^ 591-*1 601 d 594 d 587^ 584° d 61011 604 d
499" 536 b 563" 587-=" 595 d 594 d 605 d 579=" 583^ 596" 604 d
569bcd 588^ 579" 1 605<*>
1 Percent fatty acid analysis of oils was the following: safflower oil (Pacific Vegetable Oil Corp.) 14:0, 0.13; 16:0, 7.25; 18:0, 2.42; 18:1, 13.99; 18:2, 75.77; 18:3, 0.44; Corn oil (stripped, Eastman Kodak Co.) 16:0, 10.71; 18:0, 2.11; 18:1, 27.86; 18:2, 58.80; 18:3, 0.52. 2 Basal diet was calculated to contain 0.03% linoleate (actual fat contribution from protein source = 0.05%). 3 Based on actual linoleate analysis of selected diets. 4 Each treatment represents triplicate groups of 10 chicks each. Values are 10 to 29 day gains. 6 Each treatment represents quadruplicate groups of 12 chicks each. Values are 4 to 26 day gains. 6 Means not followed by the same superscript are significantly different (P < .05) by Duncan's multiple range test (1955).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 18, 2015
basis using 3.35 kcal./g. for air-dry glucose, 8.8 kcal./g. for corn oil, and 9.3 kcal./g. for safflower oil. A value of 9 kcal./g. was assigned to linoleic acid for calculating its energy contribution to the diets. I n one experiment all chicks were fed only the basal diet for 9 days to study the effect of linoleic acid depletion on the linoleic acid requirement. Graded levels of the oils were then fed for 19 days. I n the second study, chicks were placed on dietary treatments a t one day of age, redistributed within treatments three days later to reduce variability (Stillway et al., 1972), and continued on t r e a t m e n t to 26 days of age.
1678
RESEARCH NOTES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to Agway, Inc., for financial assistance. We express appreciation to Abbott Laboratories, Commercial Solvents Corporation, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Monsanto Chemical Company, and Chas. Pfizer Company for supplying materials. We appreciate the assistance of Norbert Camerlengo and Diane Silverman. REFERENCES Bieri, J. G., and E. L. Prival, 1966. Linoleic acid requirement of the chick. J. Nutrition, 90: 428432. Duncan, D. R., 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42. Edwards, Jr., H. M., J. E. Marion and J. C. Daggers, 1962. Response of deutectomized chicks to dietary fat supplementation. Poultry Sci. 4 1 : 1050-1052. Hill, E. G., 1966. Effect of dietary linoleate on chick liver fatty acids: dietary linoleate requirement. J. Nutrition, 89: 465-470. Hopkins, D. T., and M. C. Nesheim, 1967. The linoleic acid requirement of chicks. Poultry Sci. 46: 872-881. Menge, H., 1970. Comparative requirements of linoleic acid for male and female chicks. Poultry Sci. 49: 178-183. Stillway, L. W., A. C. Wiese and C. F. Petersen, 1972. Selection of chicks to minimize variation in growth studies. J. Nutrition, 102: 205-208.
NEWS AND NOTES {Continued from page 1673) organizations, including the Council of California Growers and the Foundation for American Agriculture. U.S.D.A. SUMMARY—RANDOM SAMPLE TESTS Seventeen traits are evaluated for 46 laying strains from 34 breeders in the 1972 Combined Summary Report for 1970-71 and 1971-72 Random Sample Egg Production Test which was made available by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The U.S.D.A. summary includes combined re-
suits from nine tests in the United States and one in Canada. A summary is given in Poultry Tribune, May, 1973, pages 32, 34 and 36. Single copies of the complete report may be obtained free from Poultry Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705. It is ARS-NE-21 publication entitled "1972 Report on Egg Production Tests in the United States and Canada." Laying stocks which showed the best performance for the traits were:
{Continued on page 1683)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Uniwersytet Warszawski Biblioteka Uniwersytecka on June 18, 2015
may have higher requirements than earlier indicated. Environment may be a factor since we used whole-room brooding starting with an air temperature of 8085°F., thereafter reducing it gradually. Diet formulation may be a factor, and the influence of using such substances as glycerin should be investigated. It is also recognized that our linoleic acid deficient basal diet contained no added fat whereas other workers often used small quantities of saturated or short-chain fats in their basal diets. However, the effect of nonessential fats on the chick's requirement for essential fatty acids is not known. Many factors may influence the chick's requirement for linoleic acid, but the important point is that wide variations have been reported between laboratories. This means that comprehensive studies of factors influencing the chick's need for linoleic acid should be done. Potential economic advantages are obvious. Knowledge of the chick's true requirement for linoleic acid is essential in order to separate specific effects of linoleic acid from effects of other fats. Most work to date on the linoleic acid requirement has employed purified diets. Studies with common feedstuffs may be rewarding.