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High impulsivity correlates with cannabis cue-induced craving in a non-treatment seeking cohort of heavy cannabis users
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Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
High impulsivity correlates with cannabis cue-induced craving in a non-treatment seeking cohort of heavy cannabis users Gregory Sahlem 1,∗ , Nate Baker 3 , Robert J. Malcolm 2 , Aimee McRae-Clark 1 1 Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States 2 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States 3 Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Aims: Cannabis use disordered patients have increased craving in response to cannabis cues, and a tendency towards risky decisions in standardized behavioral tasks. Task based imaging studies have implicated similar neural activation patterns in both cannabis cue induced craving as well as risky decision making; however, there have yet to be direct correlational studies linking cue-craving and risky decision making in the same cohort. We subsequently examined this relationship. Methods: 24 non-treatment seeking heavy cannabis users (25.3 ± 6.4 years old, 9 women) were recruited for a study examining the effect of stress on cue induced craving, and were randomized to a non-stress condition. In a single visit, cue induced craving was assessed using the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ) during a cannabis cue paradigm, and risky decision making was assessed using the balloon analogue risk task (BART). We examined whether cue-induced craving on the MCQ differed in those with increasing burst rates on the BART. Results: The participants with higher burst rates on the BART did not differ statistically in any baseline variable examined as compared to those with a lower burst rate. Participants with increasing burst rates on the BART had a higher level of craving as measured by the MCQ emotionality [Beta Estimate 49.55(20.41) p = 0.0124]. Additionally, there appears to be differential response in the MCQ purposefulness subscale scores following the cue paradigm [trt × time interaction p = 0.027]. Conclusions: Though firm conclusions cannot be drawn from this secondary analysis, it does provide behavioral evidence consistent with previously reported imaging evidence. Future directions include prospective studies that include both cue induced craving and risky decision making tasks. Financial support: R21DA22424, M01RR001070, K12DA031794, K24DA038240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.493 Does perceived racial discrimination and degree of ethnic identity predict changes in substance use over time? An examination of black emerging adults Ashley Saint-Fleur ∗ , Deidre M. Anglin City College of New York, Hempstead, NY, United States Aims: To determine whether perceived discrimination is positively related to substance use; To determine whether ethnic identity is protective against substance use initiation and severity; To determine whether the interaction of discrimination and ethnic identity predicts changes in substance use over time.
Conclusions: Black adolescents in the US are less likely to use alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco compared with non-Hispanic Whites, but little is known about the consistency of these differences across the life course. Research has shown that as Black adolescents enter emerging adulthood, their rates of substance use increase and become more similar to those of their White counterparts. The reasons for the race/ethnic differences in substance use patterns and consequences of use are not fully known. Experiences of racial discrimination have been implicated as linked to this increase among Black emerging adults. The experience of discrimination has been identified as a stressor with the potential to increase vulnerability to substance use. In particular, substance use may serve as a coping response to discrimination, having shortterm benefits—attenuating experiences of stress—while also having long-term consequences—impairing physical health. One factor that may modify this relationship is ethnic identity. Previous empirical work that seeks to understand the relationship between ethnic identification and minority group membership has been dominated by the rejection–identification model. The core argument of this model is that group-based discrimination damages wellbeing, but that identification with one’s own group has the ability to counteract the negative effects of discrimination on psychological well-being and substance use behavior. Understanding life course patterning of substance use is critical to inform prevention and intervention efforts. Financial support: TRACC (Translational Research Training in Addictions for Racial/Ethnic Minorities at City College of New York and Columbia University Medical Center) provides financial support as part of a NIDA funded R25 grant. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.494 A novel paradigm associated with callous unemotional traits among adolescents with substance and conduct problems: Behavioral and fMRI findings Joseph Sakai 1,∗ , Manish Dalwani 1 , Susan Kay Mikulich-Gilbertson 1 , Shannon K. McWilliams 1 , Kristen Raymond 1 , Jody Tanabe 1 , M.T. Banich 2 , Thomas J. Crowley 1 1
University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States 2
Aims: Adolescent-onset substance use disorders (SUD) and conduct disorder (CD) are commonly co-morbid. Neural correlates and subtypes of these externalizing behavior disorders are becoming clearer. For example, data now support the subtyping of SUD/CD youth by the presence of high callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Methods: Three adolescent groups (age 15-18 years, all male and right handed) were recruited: controls n = 26, SUD/CD patients with average CU traits n = 22, SUD/CD patients with high CU traits n = 23. Subjects performed a novel task in the MRI; they could accept or reject repeated offers in which they would receive money but a donation to a charity would be reduced. The dollar amounts varied in different offers and offers were presented in a standard, pre-set order. Real decision trials (actual money moved) and control trials (no actual money moved) were compared. Results: Patients with high CU traits, patients with average CU traits and controls left $6.58, $8.49 and $10.34, respectively, in the possible $16 charity donation (F(2,68) = 3.66; p = 0.03). Control participants’ (n = 20 due to some data loss) fMRI analyses (contrast: decision minus control trials), found that real-money decisions significantly activated the reward circuitry and anterior cingu-
Abstracts / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 171 (2017) e2–e226
High impulsivity correlates with cannabis cue-induced craving in a non-treatment seeking cohort of heavy cannabis users Gregory Sahlem 1,∗ , Nate Baker 3 , Robert J. Malcolm 2 , Aimee McRae-Clark 1 1 Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States 2 Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States 3 Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
Aims: Cannabis use disordered patients have increased craving in response to cannabis cues, and a tendency towards risky decisions in standardized behavioral tasks. Task based imaging studies have implicated similar neural activation patterns in both cannabis cue induced craving as well as risky decision making; however, there have yet to be direct correlational studies linking cue-craving and risky decision making in the same cohort. We subsequently examined this relationship. Methods: 24 non-treatment seeking heavy cannabis users (25.3 ± 6.4 years old, 9 women) were recruited for a study examining the effect of stress on cue induced craving, and were randomized to a non-stress condition. In a single visit, cue induced craving was assessed using the Marijuana Craving Questionnaire (MCQ) during a cannabis cue paradigm, and risky decision making was assessed using the balloon analogue risk task (BART). We examined whether cue-induced craving on the MCQ differed in those with increasing burst rates on the BART. Results: The participants with higher burst rates on the BART did not differ statistically in any baseline variable examined as compared to those with a lower burst rate. Participants with increasing burst rates on the BART had a higher level of craving as measured by the MCQ emotionality [Beta Estimate 49.55(20.41) p = 0.0124]. Additionally, there appears to be differential response in the MCQ purposefulness subscale scores following the cue paradigm [trt × time interaction p = 0.027]. Conclusions: Though firm conclusions cannot be drawn from this secondary analysis, it does provide behavioral evidence consistent with previously reported imaging evidence. Future directions include prospective studies that include both cue induced craving and risky decision making tasks. Financial support: R21DA22424, M01RR001070, K12DA031794, K24DA038240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.493 Does perceived racial discrimination and degree of ethnic identity predict changes in substance use over time? An examination of black emerging adults Ashley Saint-Fleur ∗ , Deidre M. Anglin City College of New York, Hempstead, NY, United States Aims: To determine whether perceived discrimination is positively related to substance use; To determine whether ethnic identity is protective against substance use initiation and severity; To determine whether the interaction of discrimination and ethnic identity predicts changes in substance use over time.
Conclusions: Black adolescents in the US are less likely to use alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco compared with non-Hispanic Whites, but little is known about the consistency of these differences across the life course. Research has shown that as Black adolescents enter emerging adulthood, their rates of substance use increase and become more similar to those of their White counterparts. The reasons for the race/ethnic differences in substance use patterns and consequences of use are not fully known. Experiences of racial discrimination have been implicated as linked to this increase among Black emerging adults. The experience of discrimination has been identified as a stressor with the potential to increase vulnerability to substance use. In particular, substance use may serve as a coping response to discrimination, having shortterm benefits—attenuating experiences of stress—while also having long-term consequences—impairing physical health. One factor that may modify this relationship is ethnic identity. Previous empirical work that seeks to understand the relationship between ethnic identification and minority group membership has been dominated by the rejection–identification model. The core argument of this model is that group-based discrimination damages wellbeing, but that identification with one’s own group has the ability to counteract the negative effects of discrimination on psychological well-being and substance use behavior. Understanding life course patterning of substance use is critical to inform prevention and intervention efforts. Financial support: TRACC (Translational Research Training in Addictions for Racial/Ethnic Minorities at City College of New York and Columbia University Medical Center) provides financial support as part of a NIDA funded R25 grant. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.494 A novel paradigm associated with callous unemotional traits among adolescents with substance and conduct problems: Behavioral and fMRI findings Joseph Sakai 1,∗ , Manish Dalwani 1 , Susan Kay Mikulich-Gilbertson 1 , Shannon K. McWilliams 1 , Kristen Raymond 1 , Jody Tanabe 1 , M.T. Banich 2 , Thomas J. Crowley 1 1
University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States 2
Aims: Adolescent-onset substance use disorders (SUD) and conduct disorder (CD) are commonly co-morbid. Neural correlates and subtypes of these externalizing behavior disorders are becoming clearer. For example, data now support the subtyping of SUD/CD youth by the presence of high callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Methods: Three adolescent groups (age 15-18 years, all male and right handed) were recruited: controls n = 26, SUD/CD patients with average CU traits n = 22, SUD/CD patients with high CU traits n = 23. Subjects performed a novel task in the MRI; they could accept or reject repeated offers in which they would receive money but a donation to a charity would be reduced. The dollar amounts varied in different offers and offers were presented in a standard, pre-set order. Real decision trials (actual money moved) and control trials (no actual money moved) were compared. Results: Patients with high CU traits, patients with average CU traits and controls left $6.58, $8.49 and $10.34, respectively, in the possible $16 charity donation (F(2,68) = 3.66; p = 0.03). Control participants’ (n = 20 due to some data loss) fMRI analyses (contrast: decision minus control trials), found that real-money decisions significantly activated the reward circuitry and anterior cingu-