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Historical Earthquakes of the British Isles
48.5 Historical Earthquakes of the British Isles R.M.W. Musson British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
1. Introduction The British Isles are not a part of the world generally associated in the public mind with earthquakes, and it may come as a surprise that there is so much material for study on the subject of British seismicity. The reasons for this are twofold; in the first case, earthquakes severe enough to cause minor damage do occur from time to time, which means that seismic risk is not completely negligible. Secondly, the intellectual history of Britain has meant that for a long period there have been people interested in recording or studying details of local earthquakes. This can be seen if one looks at the history of the study of British earthquakes. This can be traced back a very long way; the earliest attempt to compile a chronological list of British earthquakes is that by Fleming (1580). It is no coincidence that 1580 also happens to be the date of a relatively large earthquake in the Dover Straits, which was strongly felt in London, and killed two children. Throughout this subchapter phrases like "relatively large" must be understood as being in the context of British seismicity; the 1580 event had a magnitude of around 5.8 ML. London, then as now, was the intellectual center of the kingdom and the location of the bulk of what passed for what would now be termed the media. The earthquake of 1580 stirred up much general alarm and led to the production of numerous pamphlets on the subject of earthquakes rushed out to satisfy the sudden public interest in the subject (Ockenden, 1936). Fleming's purpose in writing was not scientific; although he makes passing reference to theories of earthquake causation (chiefly the classic Aristotelian hypothesis of winds trapped beneath the earth) his main objective in writing is to present earthquakes as warnings from God.
2. Earlier Studies Truly scientific studies of British earthquakes started in the second half of the 17th century, when the establishment of the
INTERNATIONALHANDBOOKOFEARTHQUAKEAND ENGINEERINGSEISMOLOGY,VOLUME81A Copyright ~ 2002 by the Int'l Assoc. Seismol. & Phys. Earth's Interior, Committee on Education. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
Royal Society in 1666 provided a focus for scientific investigation, with the Philosophical Transactions as a ready medium for the publication of data and results. Accordingly, the collection and publication of felt reports of the 1666 Oxford earthquake by Boyle and Wallis (Boyle, 1666; Wallis, 1666) appears to be the first recognizable scientific macroseismic study of an earthquake in modem times. A number of these early studies exist, either in print or in manuscript. The English Channel earthquake of 1734 caught the interest of the Duke of Richmond, a member of the Royal Society, who encouraged a local physician to collect reports of the earthquake; although a summary report was published (Richmond, 1738) the original manuscripts still survive (Neilson et al., 1984). These were not particularly large or damaging earthquakes; the low level of seismicity in Britain has always meant that small earthquakes felt at intensities of 4 or 5 EMS (European Macroseismic Scale; Grtinthal, 1998) have been considered as notable and newsworthy events. (Note: the EMS used here is a 12 ~ intensity scale similar in equivalence to other 12 ~ scales in general use. The text is available at http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb5/pb53/ projekt/ems/index.html). Another boost to interest in British earthquakes was provided by two small shocks (2.6 and 3.1 ML) on 8 February 1750 and 8 March 1750 with epicenters in central London. This caused a repeat of the pattern of 1580, i.e., a sudden public interest in earthquakes and a rush of publications tO meet this interest. Some of these quickly-turned-out works are of little value; the best of the catalogs that resulted is probably that by Zachary Grey, published as "A Chronological and Historical Account of the most Memorable Earthquakes... By a Gentleman of the University of Cambridge" (Grey, 1750). It is often mentioned how scientific interest in earthquakes in Europe received a strong boost from the occurrence of the disastrous Lisbon earthquake in 1755; but in Britain this boost really occurred five years earlier, from these two small London earthquakes, a point noted by Kendrick (1956). In the 19th century the focus for the study of British earthquakes shifted from the Royal Society to the British
ISBN: 0-12-440652-1
803
804
Musson
Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS or simply BA). The occurrence of an earthquake swarm near Comrie, Perthshire, led to the formation of a scientific committee for the study of earthquakes, formed under the auspices of the B A and headed by David Milne (later Milne-Home) and James Forbes. A full account of the work of this committee and its significance in the history of seismology is beyond the scope
-10 ~ -9 ~
-8 ~
-7 ~ -6 ~
-5 ~ -4 ~
-3 ~
-2 ~ -1~
of this discussion, and the reader is referred to Musson (1993). However, as part of his activities, in addition to collecting numerous felt reports of the larger shocks in the Comrie sequence (especially the largest: 23 October 1839 4.8ML), Milne (1842-1844) also compiled a descriptive catalog of previous British earthquakes, the largest such catalog up to this date. This is about the start of the period of the great
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62 ~
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j. Key
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~11
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I11
1 5 - 3 4 km
il)
34-50 km
II)
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~II
101-300 km
O I
301-500 km
~1t
501-700 km
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FIGURE 1 Map showing earthquakes in the British Isles of magnitude 4.0 ML or greater from 1382 to 1999.
805
Historical Earthquakes of the British Isles
earthquake catalogs such as von Hoff (1840) and Mallet (1852-1854), which include British earthquakes. Perrey's annual catalogs contain British events and he also published a regional catalog for the British Isles (Perrey, 1849). The second half of the 19th century saw the rise of the amateur scientific society. These "field clubs" were a recreational focus for amateur naturalists, meteorologists, etc., and usually published their own journals where data could be presented. Local earthquakes, when they occurred, formed a natural subject for study, and some very substantial data sets were published in this way, the best-known being the booklength account of the damaging 22 April 1884 Colchester earthquake (4.6 ML) by Meldola and White (1885).
3. M o d e r n Studies The most important amateur contributor to British seismology was Charles Davison, a mathematics teacher, who from 1889 to 1926 single-handedly ran a macroseismic monitoring program in the United Kingdom9 In 1896 he started work on a catalog of British earthquakes, which was finally published in 1924. This work (Davison, 1924) contains the first attempt to present a quantitative account of British seismicity, using an intensity scale of Davison's own devising but loosely based on the Rossi-Forel scale9 Davison also attempted some critical regard to sources, for example, rejecting a series of spurious earthquakes published first by Thomas Short (1749) as without historical foundation. However, Davison was not a historian, and had a hard time (for example) with the confused dates of medieval earthquakes found in the various chronicles. Davison's catalog remained the standard source on historical British earthquakes for the next 50 y or so. A first attempt to compile a numerate catalog was started around 1975 by Roy Lilwall of the Institute of Geological Sciences (later the British Geological Survey). Towards the end of the 1970s it was realized that seismic hazard in the United Kingdom needed to be considered in the context of the nuclear power program, and a large amount of effort was devoted to the historical investigation of British earthquakes over the next ten years. The result was a series of reports including notably Principia Mechanica Ltd. (1982), Soil Mechanics Ltd. (1982), Ambraseys and Melville (1983), Burton et al. (1984) and Musson (1994). The last of these is an attempt to synthesize all the results of the previous 15 y of research into a single consistent catalog. 9
(Stucchi and Camassi, 1997; Stucchi, et al., 1999) grading the quality of any entry in a catalog of historical earthquakes. The best grading situation is that the entry is backed by a study containing intensity data points derived from primary historical sources, and the worst grading situation is that the entry is copied from another parametric earthquake catalog with the original data unknown. A large amount of historical research has been undertaken in the United Kingdom (aided, perhaps, by the fact that the total number of large earthquakes is not very great). Consequently, the situation for the UK catalog is that most earthquake determinations fall into the highest class, and almost all are based on data sets from primary historical data (Musson, 1996; Stucchi et al., 1999). One can now say that our understanding of historical seismicity in Britain is in as good a shape as realistically can be achieved. A plot of earthquakes of magnitude 4.0ML or greater is shown in Figure 1. The full manuscript, of which this subchapter is an introduction, is given on the attached Handbook CD under directory \48.5Mussonl.
0
4. Discussions A concept recently introduced into historical seismology is that of the "roots" of an earthquake determination within a parametric catalog. The roots can be classified in terms of quality of supporting data, and a system has been proposed
References Ambraseys, N.N. and C. Melville (1983). "The Seismicity of the British Isles and the North Sea," SERC Marine Technology Centre, London. Boyle, R. (1666). A confirmation of the former account touching the late earthquake near Oxford, and the concomitants thereof. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 1, 179-181. Burton, P.W., R.M.W. Musson, and G. Neilson (1984). "Studies of Historical British earthquakes", BGS Global Seismology Report No. 237. Davison, C. (1924). "A History of British earthquakes," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Fleming, A. (1580). "A bright burning beacon, forewarning all wise virgins to trim their lampes against the coming of the bridegroome, conteining a generall doctrine of sundrie signes and wonders, specially earthquakes both particular and generall: A discourse of the end of this world: A commemoration of our late earthquake, the 6 of April, about 6 of the clocke in the evening 1580, and a praier for the appealing of Gods wrath and indignation," Denham, London. Grey, Z. (1750). "A chronological and historical account of the most memorable earthquakes that have happened in the World from the beginning of the Christian period to the present year 1750, with an appendix, containing a distinct series of those that have been felt in England, and a preface, seriously address'd to all Christians of every denomination," Bentham, Cambridge. Grfinthal, G. (Ed.) (1998). "European Macroseismic Scale 1998," Cahiers du Centre Europ6en de G~odynamique et de S~ismologie No. 15, Luxembourg. Hoff, K.E.A. von (1840). "Chronik der erdbeben undvulkanausbruche," Perthes, Gotha. Kendrick, T.D. (1956). "The Lisbon Earthquake," Methuen, London. Mallet, R. (1852-4). Catalogue of recorded earthquakes from 1606 BC to AD 1850. Br. Assoc. Rep. 1852, 1-176, 1853, 118-212, 1854, 2-236. Meldola, R. and W. White (1885). "Report on the East Anglian Earthquake," Essex Field Club Special Memoirs, No. 1.
806 Milne, D. (1842-4). Notices of earthquake-shocks felt in Great Britain, and especially in Scotland, with inferences suggested by these notices as to the causes of the shocks, Edin. New Phil. J. 31, 92-122; 32, 106-127; 33, 372-388; 34, 85-107; 35, 137-160; 36, 72-86, 362-377. Musson, R.M.W. (1993). Comrie: a historical Scottish earthquake swarm and its place in the history of seismology. Terra Nova 5, 477-480. Musson, R.M.W. (1994). "A Catalogue of British Earthquakes," BGS Global Seismology Report No WL/94/04. Musson, R.M.W. (1996). "Roots and References for the UK Earthquake Catalogue," BGS Global Seismology Report No. WL/96/03. Neilson, G., R.M.W. Musson, and P.W. Burton (1984). "Macroseismic Reports on Historical British Earthquakes VI: The South and Southwest of England," BGS Global Seismology Report No. 231. Ockenden, R.E. (1936). "Thomas Twyne's discourse on the earthquake of 1580," Pen-in-Hand Publishing, Oxford. Perrey, A. (1849). Sur les tremblements de terre dans les Iles Britanniques. Ann. Sci. Phys. Natur. Agric. Ind. Soc. Nat. d'Agr. De Lyon, 2nd Series 1, 114-177. Principia Mechanica Ltd. (1982). "British Earthquakes," PML, Cambridge.
Musson
Richmond, Duke of, and Lenox, C. (1738). An account of a shock of an earthquake felt in Sussex on the 25th of October, anno 1734. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 39, 361-367. Short, T. (1749). "A general chronological history of the air, weather, seasons, meteors, etc," Longman & Miller, London. Soil Mechanics Ltd (1982). "Reassessment of UK Seismicity Data." SML, Bracknell. Stucchi, M. and R. Camassi (1997). Building up a parametric catalogue in Europe: the historical background. In: "Historical and Prehistorical Earthquakes in the Caucasus." (D. Giardini and S. Balassanian, Eds.), pp. 357-374. Kluwer, Dordrecht. Stucchi, M., P. Albini, R. Camassi, R.M.W. Musson, and R. Tatevossian (1999). Main results of the project "BEECD": A Basic European Earthquake Catalogue and a Database for the evaluation of long-term seismicity and seismic hazard. Report to the EC, Project EV5V-CT94-0497. Wallis, J. (1666). A relation concerning the late earthquake neer Oxford; together with some observations of the sealed weatherglass, and the barometer, both upon that phaenomenon, and in general. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1, 166-171.
1. Introduction The British Isles are not a part of the world generally associated in the public mind with earthquakes, and it may come as a surprise that there is so much material for study on the subject of British seismicity. The reasons for this are twofold; in the first case, earthquakes severe enough to cause minor damage do occur from time to time, which means that seismic risk is not completely negligible. Secondly, the intellectual history of Britain has meant that for a long period there have been people interested in recording or studying details of local earthquakes. This can be seen if one looks at the history of the study of British earthquakes. This can be traced back a very long way; the earliest attempt to compile a chronological list of British earthquakes is that by Fleming (1580). It is no coincidence that 1580 also happens to be the date of a relatively large earthquake in the Dover Straits, which was strongly felt in London, and killed two children. Throughout this subchapter phrases like "relatively large" must be understood as being in the context of British seismicity; the 1580 event had a magnitude of around 5.8 ML. London, then as now, was the intellectual center of the kingdom and the location of the bulk of what passed for what would now be termed the media. The earthquake of 1580 stirred up much general alarm and led to the production of numerous pamphlets on the subject of earthquakes rushed out to satisfy the sudden public interest in the subject (Ockenden, 1936). Fleming's purpose in writing was not scientific; although he makes passing reference to theories of earthquake causation (chiefly the classic Aristotelian hypothesis of winds trapped beneath the earth) his main objective in writing is to present earthquakes as warnings from God.
2. Earlier Studies Truly scientific studies of British earthquakes started in the second half of the 17th century, when the establishment of the
INTERNATIONALHANDBOOKOFEARTHQUAKEAND ENGINEERINGSEISMOLOGY,VOLUME81A Copyright ~ 2002 by the Int'l Assoc. Seismol. & Phys. Earth's Interior, Committee on Education. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
Royal Society in 1666 provided a focus for scientific investigation, with the Philosophical Transactions as a ready medium for the publication of data and results. Accordingly, the collection and publication of felt reports of the 1666 Oxford earthquake by Boyle and Wallis (Boyle, 1666; Wallis, 1666) appears to be the first recognizable scientific macroseismic study of an earthquake in modem times. A number of these early studies exist, either in print or in manuscript. The English Channel earthquake of 1734 caught the interest of the Duke of Richmond, a member of the Royal Society, who encouraged a local physician to collect reports of the earthquake; although a summary report was published (Richmond, 1738) the original manuscripts still survive (Neilson et al., 1984). These were not particularly large or damaging earthquakes; the low level of seismicity in Britain has always meant that small earthquakes felt at intensities of 4 or 5 EMS (European Macroseismic Scale; Grtinthal, 1998) have been considered as notable and newsworthy events. (Note: the EMS used here is a 12 ~ intensity scale similar in equivalence to other 12 ~ scales in general use. The text is available at http://www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb5/pb53/ projekt/ems/index.html). Another boost to interest in British earthquakes was provided by two small shocks (2.6 and 3.1 ML) on 8 February 1750 and 8 March 1750 with epicenters in central London. This caused a repeat of the pattern of 1580, i.e., a sudden public interest in earthquakes and a rush of publications tO meet this interest. Some of these quickly-turned-out works are of little value; the best of the catalogs that resulted is probably that by Zachary Grey, published as "A Chronological and Historical Account of the most Memorable Earthquakes... By a Gentleman of the University of Cambridge" (Grey, 1750). It is often mentioned how scientific interest in earthquakes in Europe received a strong boost from the occurrence of the disastrous Lisbon earthquake in 1755; but in Britain this boost really occurred five years earlier, from these two small London earthquakes, a point noted by Kendrick (1956). In the 19th century the focus for the study of British earthquakes shifted from the Royal Society to the British
ISBN: 0-12-440652-1
803
804
Musson
Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS or simply BA). The occurrence of an earthquake swarm near Comrie, Perthshire, led to the formation of a scientific committee for the study of earthquakes, formed under the auspices of the B A and headed by David Milne (later Milne-Home) and James Forbes. A full account of the work of this committee and its significance in the history of seismology is beyond the scope
-10 ~ -9 ~
-8 ~
-7 ~ -6 ~
-5 ~ -4 ~
-3 ~
-2 ~ -1~
of this discussion, and the reader is referred to Musson (1993). However, as part of his activities, in addition to collecting numerous felt reports of the larger shocks in the Comrie sequence (especially the largest: 23 October 1839 4.8ML), Milne (1842-1844) also compiled a descriptive catalog of previous British earthquakes, the largest such catalog up to this date. This is about the start of the period of the great
0o
2~
1~
3~
4~ 62 ~
62 ~
0
oO0
61 ~
61 ~
60 ~
60 ~
O O 59 ~
59 ~
58 ~
58 ~
57 ~
57 ~ (
j. Key
56 ~
55 ~
0
8.0
0
7.0
0
6.0
o
5.o
0
4.0
(1.) r
54 ~
o
~'
O O
O 53 ~
~11
O-15km
I11
1 5 - 3 4 km
il)
34-50 km
II)
5 1 - 1 O0 k m
~II
101-300 km
O I
301-500 km
~1t
501-700 km
52 ~ t-"
51 ~
"13
km 50 ~
~ r
lc;o
2oo
,,..
_
0
49 ~ -10 ~ -9 ~
0 LL
9 9
,,
9
o
.~
-8 ~
-7 ~
-6 ~
-5 ~ -4 ~
-3 ~ -2 ~
__1 ~
0~
1~
2~
3~
4~
FIGURE 1 Map showing earthquakes in the British Isles of magnitude 4.0 ML or greater from 1382 to 1999.
805
Historical Earthquakes of the British Isles
earthquake catalogs such as von Hoff (1840) and Mallet (1852-1854), which include British earthquakes. Perrey's annual catalogs contain British events and he also published a regional catalog for the British Isles (Perrey, 1849). The second half of the 19th century saw the rise of the amateur scientific society. These "field clubs" were a recreational focus for amateur naturalists, meteorologists, etc., and usually published their own journals where data could be presented. Local earthquakes, when they occurred, formed a natural subject for study, and some very substantial data sets were published in this way, the best-known being the booklength account of the damaging 22 April 1884 Colchester earthquake (4.6 ML) by Meldola and White (1885).
3. M o d e r n Studies The most important amateur contributor to British seismology was Charles Davison, a mathematics teacher, who from 1889 to 1926 single-handedly ran a macroseismic monitoring program in the United Kingdom9 In 1896 he started work on a catalog of British earthquakes, which was finally published in 1924. This work (Davison, 1924) contains the first attempt to present a quantitative account of British seismicity, using an intensity scale of Davison's own devising but loosely based on the Rossi-Forel scale9 Davison also attempted some critical regard to sources, for example, rejecting a series of spurious earthquakes published first by Thomas Short (1749) as without historical foundation. However, Davison was not a historian, and had a hard time (for example) with the confused dates of medieval earthquakes found in the various chronicles. Davison's catalog remained the standard source on historical British earthquakes for the next 50 y or so. A first attempt to compile a numerate catalog was started around 1975 by Roy Lilwall of the Institute of Geological Sciences (later the British Geological Survey). Towards the end of the 1970s it was realized that seismic hazard in the United Kingdom needed to be considered in the context of the nuclear power program, and a large amount of effort was devoted to the historical investigation of British earthquakes over the next ten years. The result was a series of reports including notably Principia Mechanica Ltd. (1982), Soil Mechanics Ltd. (1982), Ambraseys and Melville (1983), Burton et al. (1984) and Musson (1994). The last of these is an attempt to synthesize all the results of the previous 15 y of research into a single consistent catalog. 9
(Stucchi and Camassi, 1997; Stucchi, et al., 1999) grading the quality of any entry in a catalog of historical earthquakes. The best grading situation is that the entry is backed by a study containing intensity data points derived from primary historical sources, and the worst grading situation is that the entry is copied from another parametric earthquake catalog with the original data unknown. A large amount of historical research has been undertaken in the United Kingdom (aided, perhaps, by the fact that the total number of large earthquakes is not very great). Consequently, the situation for the UK catalog is that most earthquake determinations fall into the highest class, and almost all are based on data sets from primary historical data (Musson, 1996; Stucchi et al., 1999). One can now say that our understanding of historical seismicity in Britain is in as good a shape as realistically can be achieved. A plot of earthquakes of magnitude 4.0ML or greater is shown in Figure 1. The full manuscript, of which this subchapter is an introduction, is given on the attached Handbook CD under directory \48.5Mussonl.
0
4. Discussions A concept recently introduced into historical seismology is that of the "roots" of an earthquake determination within a parametric catalog. The roots can be classified in terms of quality of supporting data, and a system has been proposed
References Ambraseys, N.N. and C. Melville (1983). "The Seismicity of the British Isles and the North Sea," SERC Marine Technology Centre, London. Boyle, R. (1666). A confirmation of the former account touching the late earthquake near Oxford, and the concomitants thereof. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 1, 179-181. Burton, P.W., R.M.W. Musson, and G. Neilson (1984). "Studies of Historical British earthquakes", BGS Global Seismology Report No. 237. Davison, C. (1924). "A History of British earthquakes," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Fleming, A. (1580). "A bright burning beacon, forewarning all wise virgins to trim their lampes against the coming of the bridegroome, conteining a generall doctrine of sundrie signes and wonders, specially earthquakes both particular and generall: A discourse of the end of this world: A commemoration of our late earthquake, the 6 of April, about 6 of the clocke in the evening 1580, and a praier for the appealing of Gods wrath and indignation," Denham, London. Grey, Z. (1750). "A chronological and historical account of the most memorable earthquakes that have happened in the World from the beginning of the Christian period to the present year 1750, with an appendix, containing a distinct series of those that have been felt in England, and a preface, seriously address'd to all Christians of every denomination," Bentham, Cambridge. Grfinthal, G. (Ed.) (1998). "European Macroseismic Scale 1998," Cahiers du Centre Europ6en de G~odynamique et de S~ismologie No. 15, Luxembourg. Hoff, K.E.A. von (1840). "Chronik der erdbeben undvulkanausbruche," Perthes, Gotha. Kendrick, T.D. (1956). "The Lisbon Earthquake," Methuen, London. Mallet, R. (1852-4). Catalogue of recorded earthquakes from 1606 BC to AD 1850. Br. Assoc. Rep. 1852, 1-176, 1853, 118-212, 1854, 2-236. Meldola, R. and W. White (1885). "Report on the East Anglian Earthquake," Essex Field Club Special Memoirs, No. 1.
806 Milne, D. (1842-4). Notices of earthquake-shocks felt in Great Britain, and especially in Scotland, with inferences suggested by these notices as to the causes of the shocks, Edin. New Phil. J. 31, 92-122; 32, 106-127; 33, 372-388; 34, 85-107; 35, 137-160; 36, 72-86, 362-377. Musson, R.M.W. (1993). Comrie: a historical Scottish earthquake swarm and its place in the history of seismology. Terra Nova 5, 477-480. Musson, R.M.W. (1994). "A Catalogue of British Earthquakes," BGS Global Seismology Report No WL/94/04. Musson, R.M.W. (1996). "Roots and References for the UK Earthquake Catalogue," BGS Global Seismology Report No. WL/96/03. Neilson, G., R.M.W. Musson, and P.W. Burton (1984). "Macroseismic Reports on Historical British Earthquakes VI: The South and Southwest of England," BGS Global Seismology Report No. 231. Ockenden, R.E. (1936). "Thomas Twyne's discourse on the earthquake of 1580," Pen-in-Hand Publishing, Oxford. Perrey, A. (1849). Sur les tremblements de terre dans les Iles Britanniques. Ann. Sci. Phys. Natur. Agric. Ind. Soc. Nat. d'Agr. De Lyon, 2nd Series 1, 114-177. Principia Mechanica Ltd. (1982). "British Earthquakes," PML, Cambridge.
Musson
Richmond, Duke of, and Lenox, C. (1738). An account of a shock of an earthquake felt in Sussex on the 25th of October, anno 1734. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London 39, 361-367. Short, T. (1749). "A general chronological history of the air, weather, seasons, meteors, etc," Longman & Miller, London. Soil Mechanics Ltd (1982). "Reassessment of UK Seismicity Data." SML, Bracknell. Stucchi, M. and R. Camassi (1997). Building up a parametric catalogue in Europe: the historical background. In: "Historical and Prehistorical Earthquakes in the Caucasus." (D. Giardini and S. Balassanian, Eds.), pp. 357-374. Kluwer, Dordrecht. Stucchi, M., P. Albini, R. Camassi, R.M.W. Musson, and R. Tatevossian (1999). Main results of the project "BEECD": A Basic European Earthquake Catalogue and a Database for the evaluation of long-term seismicity and seismic hazard. Report to the EC, Project EV5V-CT94-0497. Wallis, J. (1666). A relation concerning the late earthquake neer Oxford; together with some observations of the sealed weatherglass, and the barometer, both upon that phaenomenon, and in general. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 1, 166-171.