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Holding Techniques for Hatchery Wastes
Holding Techniques for Hatchery Wastes D. HAMM and W. K. WHITEHEAD Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, P. O. Box 5677, Athens, Georgia 30613 (Received for publication October 13, 1981)
1982 Poultry Science 61:1025-1028
INTRODUCTION Hatchery waste refers to all the collectible material remaining in commercial hatching trays after saleable chicks have been removed. This normally includes shells from hatched chicks, infertile eggs, dead embryos still in the shell, and dead chicks. In some cases, the shells from hatched chicks are separated, thus segregating the wastes into dry and wet residues. A critical factor influencing the supplying of hatchery waste to Tenderers is the cost of accumulation and delivery to the rendering plants. Only very large hatcheries produce sufficient waste daily to supply a full truckload to the Tenderer. Smaller hatcheries, therefore, have sought out local means of disposal, but they are now encountering greater resistance from authorities for access to land fills. Vandepopuliere et al. (1977) and Wisman (1964) showed that hatchery wastes when rendered provide valuable by-product meals. Hamm (1974) reported that inedible egg meats from egg grading and breaking plants could be slightly acidified and held at 13 C for up to 10 days to allow economical accumulation. The product could then be shipped to processing plants, neutralized, and incorporated into pet foods. The objective of this research was to determine whether a commercially practical and economical treatment method for unrefrigerated hatchery wastes could be developed to allow at least 1 week of storage so that suffi-
cient acceptable material could be accumulated to warrant delivery to a rendering plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment 1. Hatchery wastes were procured from a local broiler chick hatchery, and only liquids from the waste were used. Unhatched eggs were run through a commercial garbage disposer, then shells were allowed to settle out. The liquid phase was then decanted, placing 500 ml into 1,000-ml capacity widemouth plastic crew-cap jars. Samples were treated with hydrochloric, acetic, propionic, or lactic acids either alone or in combination. Acids were diluted to 3.34 normality, and 38 ml of acid was added per liter of liquid waste. Samples were thoroughly mixed, jars were lightly capped, then stored at room temperature (18 to 22 C) and observed after 1 week of storage for increase of intensity of off odors. Experiment 2. All residue from the hatching trays after saleable chicks had been removed was utilized. Samples were collected biweekly over a 4-month period. Contents of four trays were pooled into a single sample. Typical trays started with 134 to 135 eggs per tray when set. The material was run through a commercial garbage disposer. Some samples from good hatches, which tended to be dry, required small amounts of water (about 10% by weight) to pass through the disposer properly. The physical characteristics of the hatchery waste which were measured before passing the
1025
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Western Michigan University on May 6, 2015
ABSTRA CT Fresh hatchery wastes can be converted into quality animal feeding meals when processed by Tenderers. Small hatcheries, however, have difficulty accumulating sufficient quantities of unspoiled hatchery wastes to allow an economical delivery schedule to Tenderers. Several methods of treatment to retard spoilage during holding of hatchery wastes were investigated. Passing wastes through a disposer to reduce volume coupled with a type of ensiling proved satisfactory. Blending in 10% w/w of feed grade cane molasses during grinding of the collected wastes retained adequate freshness for 1 week of storage at about 22 C; adding 10% cane molasses plus 10% ground corn gave storage protection up to 14 days. (Key words: hatchery wastes, by-products, spoilage retardation, ensiling waste utilization)
HAMM AND WHITEHEAD
1026
Samples were stored at room temperature (18 to 22 C), and observations of conditions by an experienced investigator were made at 7 and, for most samples, at 14 days. Proximate composition (pH, H 2 0 , protein,
fat, ash) of the waste both before treatment and then after treating with either molasses or molasses and ground corn plus storage for 1 week at 18 to 22 C was determined.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1. Liquid hatchery waste normally has a moderately disagreeable odor, and none of the treatments masked this odor. Several combinations of hydrochloric, propionic, and acetic acid showed significant protection from increased off-odor in the wastes (Table 1) but may not be practical, because the wet shell residue presents a severe disposal problem. Separation of shells from liquids was not as rapid as had been noted by Hamm (1974) with egg plant inedibles. The presence of ground-up embryo material appearently increased the viscosity of the resultant slurry. Occasional gentle stirring caused most of the shells to settle out at a faster rate. To lower the initial pH of the waste to 4.5 required more acid than was reported by Hamm (1974); in this study, 38 ml of 3.34 N HC1 was required to compared to 26 in the earlier study. A rise in pH to above 5.25 in less than 24 hr occurred in this study, apparently because of the effect of small shell fragments remaining in the waste liquid. We have previously noted in our laboratory that egg liquids coating shell fragments protect them from acids for up to 6 hr. Experiment 2. Passing the hatchery waste through a disposer reduced the volume appre-
TABLE 1. Influence of adding acids on storage life of liquid hatchery waste Acid added a Hydrochloric
V V V V
Acetic
s/
V V V V
Propionic
V V V V
Lactic
Condition of waste after 7 days at 18 to 22 C b
u
V
u
V
38 ml of 3.34 N acid added per liter of egg liquids; blends of acids were equally proportioned to total 38 ml/liter. boS, Satisfactory; U, unsatisfactory.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Western Michigan University on May 6, 2015
waste through the disposer were 1) whole eggs present, 2) broken eggs (unhatched, including pips), 3) dead and cull chicks, and 4) percent hatch ; measured both before and after passing the waste through the disposer were volume (in liters per four hatching trays) and bulk density (mg/liter); measured only after passing the waste through the disposer were percent moisture and percent ash. Hill (1974, personal communication) recommended an ensilage formula of 100 parts by weight poultry offal, 45 parts ground corn, 15 parts molasses, and 20 parts an indigenous cornsugar-water "starter" mix. In the present experiment these and similar basic ingredients, substituting hatchery waste for poultry offal, were utilized in various proportions to prepare ensilage-type mixtures to test as treatments to preserve the hatchery waste. The combinations of ingredients tested and proportions used were 1) 10% cane molasses; 2) 10% cane molasses plus 10% ground corn; 3) 10% cane molasses plus 10% ground corn plus 2.5% "starter"; 4) 12% wood molasses; 5) 12% wood molasses plus 10% ground corn; 6) 12% wood molasses plus 10% ground corn plus 2.5% "starter"; 7) 5% cane molasses plus 2% 3.34 N propionic acid. The "starter" was the supernatant from a mix which consisted of 1 part sugar, 9 parts ground corn, and 10 parts water which had set at room temperature for one week.
1027
HATCHERY WASTE TABLE 2. Physical characteristics of hatchery waste Before passing through disposer Whole eggsa Dead and cull chicks Broken eggs, includes pips Percent hatch Volume for 4 trays, liters Bulk density, g/liter Moisture Ash
After passing through disposer
6-22 0-6 5-10 80-85 35.6 203
t y p i c a l trays contained 134 to 135 eggs when set.
TABLE 3. Influence of various treatments on hatchery waste Treatment of hatcherj ' waste with: Molasses Cane 10%
Ground corn 10%
Wood 12%
V V yj
*c
V V V V
V V V
Condition of waste after holding at 18 to 22 C Starter a 2.5%
7 days
14 days
Sb S
Ub S S
s s s s u u
•J
V
*c
u u u
1 part sugar, 9 parts ground corn, 10 parts water. Let set for 1 week at room temperature. Use supernatant. S, Satisfactory: U, unsatisfactory. Molasses (5% cane or 6% wood) plus 2% 3.34 normal propionic acid added.
TABLE 4. Proximate composition of hatchery waste
Fresh, ground hatchery waste After 1 week of holding and Cane molasses added Ground corn and cane molasses added
pH
H,0
Protein
Fat
Ash
6.5
43%
12.12
6.79
38%
5.7 5.6
40% 41%
12.83 12.63
7.75 7.07
38% 32%
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Western Michigan University on May 6, 2015
6.7 1,014 57% 38%
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HAMM AND WHITEHEAD the first day, the microflora should utilize cane molasses very rapidly, which would result in gas formation and fluctuations in volume of the waste mass. Determination of proximate composition (Table 4) showed that shell fragments in the mix caused the pH to remain above 5.5. Nevertheless, the ensiling process protected the wastes from rapid deterioration. The addition of molasses or molasses and ground corn did not materially influence the proximate analysis values determined after the mix was stored 1 week. REFERENCES Hamm, D., 1974. Storage and utilization of waste egg meats from grading plants. Poultry Sci. 53: 1548-1554. Vandepopuliere, J. M., L. A. Voss, and H. B. Jones, 1977. The potential of hatchery waste as a feed ingredient. Univ. Missouri Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. SR 200. Wisman, E. L., 1964. Processed hatchery by-product as an ingredient in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 43:871-875.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Western Michigan University on May 6, 2015
ciably (Table 2). A broiler-type hatchery setting 1 million eggs per week would thus produce about 66 m of hatchery waste per week, which, if completely pulverized, could be reduced to about 1 3 m . Approximately 5% sugar, added to the waste in the form of 10% feed grade cane or 12% wood molasses, was the simplest additive which protected the mixture for one week (Table 3). If holding was 2 weeks, addition of 10% feed grade cane molasses plus 10% ground corn proved satisfactory. No special benefit was found when the "starter" mixture was added. The addition of cane molasses alone or cane molasses plus ground corn caused up to a 58% increase in volume of the liquid waste within 20 to 24 hr, after which the volume decreased rapidly (data not shown). Storage facilities would thus need to be at least 60% larger than initial liquid waste load for one-time loading. The effects of adding new material daily were not investigated, but addition of waste plus corn and molasses should be satisfactory. After
1982 Poultry Science 61:1025-1028
INTRODUCTION Hatchery waste refers to all the collectible material remaining in commercial hatching trays after saleable chicks have been removed. This normally includes shells from hatched chicks, infertile eggs, dead embryos still in the shell, and dead chicks. In some cases, the shells from hatched chicks are separated, thus segregating the wastes into dry and wet residues. A critical factor influencing the supplying of hatchery waste to Tenderers is the cost of accumulation and delivery to the rendering plants. Only very large hatcheries produce sufficient waste daily to supply a full truckload to the Tenderer. Smaller hatcheries, therefore, have sought out local means of disposal, but they are now encountering greater resistance from authorities for access to land fills. Vandepopuliere et al. (1977) and Wisman (1964) showed that hatchery wastes when rendered provide valuable by-product meals. Hamm (1974) reported that inedible egg meats from egg grading and breaking plants could be slightly acidified and held at 13 C for up to 10 days to allow economical accumulation. The product could then be shipped to processing plants, neutralized, and incorporated into pet foods. The objective of this research was to determine whether a commercially practical and economical treatment method for unrefrigerated hatchery wastes could be developed to allow at least 1 week of storage so that suffi-
cient acceptable material could be accumulated to warrant delivery to a rendering plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment 1. Hatchery wastes were procured from a local broiler chick hatchery, and only liquids from the waste were used. Unhatched eggs were run through a commercial garbage disposer, then shells were allowed to settle out. The liquid phase was then decanted, placing 500 ml into 1,000-ml capacity widemouth plastic crew-cap jars. Samples were treated with hydrochloric, acetic, propionic, or lactic acids either alone or in combination. Acids were diluted to 3.34 normality, and 38 ml of acid was added per liter of liquid waste. Samples were thoroughly mixed, jars were lightly capped, then stored at room temperature (18 to 22 C) and observed after 1 week of storage for increase of intensity of off odors. Experiment 2. All residue from the hatching trays after saleable chicks had been removed was utilized. Samples were collected biweekly over a 4-month period. Contents of four trays were pooled into a single sample. Typical trays started with 134 to 135 eggs per tray when set. The material was run through a commercial garbage disposer. Some samples from good hatches, which tended to be dry, required small amounts of water (about 10% by weight) to pass through the disposer properly. The physical characteristics of the hatchery waste which were measured before passing the
1025
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Western Michigan University on May 6, 2015
ABSTRA CT Fresh hatchery wastes can be converted into quality animal feeding meals when processed by Tenderers. Small hatcheries, however, have difficulty accumulating sufficient quantities of unspoiled hatchery wastes to allow an economical delivery schedule to Tenderers. Several methods of treatment to retard spoilage during holding of hatchery wastes were investigated. Passing wastes through a disposer to reduce volume coupled with a type of ensiling proved satisfactory. Blending in 10% w/w of feed grade cane molasses during grinding of the collected wastes retained adequate freshness for 1 week of storage at about 22 C; adding 10% cane molasses plus 10% ground corn gave storage protection up to 14 days. (Key words: hatchery wastes, by-products, spoilage retardation, ensiling waste utilization)
HAMM AND WHITEHEAD
1026
Samples were stored at room temperature (18 to 22 C), and observations of conditions by an experienced investigator were made at 7 and, for most samples, at 14 days. Proximate composition (pH, H 2 0 , protein,
fat, ash) of the waste both before treatment and then after treating with either molasses or molasses and ground corn plus storage for 1 week at 18 to 22 C was determined.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Experiment 1. Liquid hatchery waste normally has a moderately disagreeable odor, and none of the treatments masked this odor. Several combinations of hydrochloric, propionic, and acetic acid showed significant protection from increased off-odor in the wastes (Table 1) but may not be practical, because the wet shell residue presents a severe disposal problem. Separation of shells from liquids was not as rapid as had been noted by Hamm (1974) with egg plant inedibles. The presence of ground-up embryo material appearently increased the viscosity of the resultant slurry. Occasional gentle stirring caused most of the shells to settle out at a faster rate. To lower the initial pH of the waste to 4.5 required more acid than was reported by Hamm (1974); in this study, 38 ml of 3.34 N HC1 was required to compared to 26 in the earlier study. A rise in pH to above 5.25 in less than 24 hr occurred in this study, apparently because of the effect of small shell fragments remaining in the waste liquid. We have previously noted in our laboratory that egg liquids coating shell fragments protect them from acids for up to 6 hr. Experiment 2. Passing the hatchery waste through a disposer reduced the volume appre-
TABLE 1. Influence of adding acids on storage life of liquid hatchery waste Acid added a Hydrochloric
V V V V
Acetic
s/
V V V V
Propionic
V V V V
Lactic
Condition of waste after 7 days at 18 to 22 C b
u
V
u
V
38 ml of 3.34 N acid added per liter of egg liquids; blends of acids were equally proportioned to total 38 ml/liter. boS, Satisfactory; U, unsatisfactory.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Western Michigan University on May 6, 2015
waste through the disposer were 1) whole eggs present, 2) broken eggs (unhatched, including pips), 3) dead and cull chicks, and 4) percent hatch ; measured both before and after passing the waste through the disposer were volume (in liters per four hatching trays) and bulk density (mg/liter); measured only after passing the waste through the disposer were percent moisture and percent ash. Hill (1974, personal communication) recommended an ensilage formula of 100 parts by weight poultry offal, 45 parts ground corn, 15 parts molasses, and 20 parts an indigenous cornsugar-water "starter" mix. In the present experiment these and similar basic ingredients, substituting hatchery waste for poultry offal, were utilized in various proportions to prepare ensilage-type mixtures to test as treatments to preserve the hatchery waste. The combinations of ingredients tested and proportions used were 1) 10% cane molasses; 2) 10% cane molasses plus 10% ground corn; 3) 10% cane molasses plus 10% ground corn plus 2.5% "starter"; 4) 12% wood molasses; 5) 12% wood molasses plus 10% ground corn; 6) 12% wood molasses plus 10% ground corn plus 2.5% "starter"; 7) 5% cane molasses plus 2% 3.34 N propionic acid. The "starter" was the supernatant from a mix which consisted of 1 part sugar, 9 parts ground corn, and 10 parts water which had set at room temperature for one week.
1027
HATCHERY WASTE TABLE 2. Physical characteristics of hatchery waste Before passing through disposer Whole eggsa Dead and cull chicks Broken eggs, includes pips Percent hatch Volume for 4 trays, liters Bulk density, g/liter Moisture Ash
After passing through disposer
6-22 0-6 5-10 80-85 35.6 203
t y p i c a l trays contained 134 to 135 eggs when set.
TABLE 3. Influence of various treatments on hatchery waste Treatment of hatcherj ' waste with: Molasses Cane 10%
Ground corn 10%
Wood 12%
V V yj
*c
V V V V
V V V
Condition of waste after holding at 18 to 22 C Starter a 2.5%
7 days
14 days
Sb S
Ub S S
s s s s u u
•J
V
*c
u u u
1 part sugar, 9 parts ground corn, 10 parts water. Let set for 1 week at room temperature. Use supernatant. S, Satisfactory: U, unsatisfactory. Molasses (5% cane or 6% wood) plus 2% 3.34 normal propionic acid added.
TABLE 4. Proximate composition of hatchery waste
Fresh, ground hatchery waste After 1 week of holding and Cane molasses added Ground corn and cane molasses added
pH
H,0
Protein
Fat
Ash
6.5
43%
12.12
6.79
38%
5.7 5.6
40% 41%
12.83 12.63
7.75 7.07
38% 32%
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Western Michigan University on May 6, 2015
6.7 1,014 57% 38%
1028
HAMM AND WHITEHEAD the first day, the microflora should utilize cane molasses very rapidly, which would result in gas formation and fluctuations in volume of the waste mass. Determination of proximate composition (Table 4) showed that shell fragments in the mix caused the pH to remain above 5.5. Nevertheless, the ensiling process protected the wastes from rapid deterioration. The addition of molasses or molasses and ground corn did not materially influence the proximate analysis values determined after the mix was stored 1 week. REFERENCES Hamm, D., 1974. Storage and utilization of waste egg meats from grading plants. Poultry Sci. 53: 1548-1554. Vandepopuliere, J. M., L. A. Voss, and H. B. Jones, 1977. The potential of hatchery waste as a feed ingredient. Univ. Missouri Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. SR 200. Wisman, E. L., 1964. Processed hatchery by-product as an ingredient in poultry rations. Poultry Sci. 43:871-875.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Western Michigan University on May 6, 2015
ciably (Table 2). A broiler-type hatchery setting 1 million eggs per week would thus produce about 66 m of hatchery waste per week, which, if completely pulverized, could be reduced to about 1 3 m . Approximately 5% sugar, added to the waste in the form of 10% feed grade cane or 12% wood molasses, was the simplest additive which protected the mixture for one week (Table 3). If holding was 2 weeks, addition of 10% feed grade cane molasses plus 10% ground corn proved satisfactory. No special benefit was found when the "starter" mixture was added. The addition of cane molasses alone or cane molasses plus ground corn caused up to a 58% increase in volume of the liquid waste within 20 to 24 hr, after which the volume decreased rapidly (data not shown). Storage facilities would thus need to be at least 60% larger than initial liquid waste load for one-time loading. The effects of adding new material daily were not investigated, but addition of waste plus corn and molasses should be satisfactory. After