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Home-based Enterprises Approach for Post Disaster Housing: Learnt from Post Disaster Redevelopment Programme in Developing Countries
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
CITIES 2015 International Conference, Intelligent Planning Towards Smart Cities, CITIES 2015, 3-4 November 2015, Surabaya, Indonesia
Home-based enterprises approach for post disaster housing: learnt from post disaster redevelopment programme in developing countries Wido Prananing Tyasa* a
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Diponegoro University, Jln Prof H Sudarto SH, Tembalang-Semarang, Indonesia 55271
Abstract According to Lizzaralde et al (2010), in rebuilding a post-disaster housing has similarity with an informal upgrading settlement approach in developing countries. In gaining a successful informal upgrading settlement programme, one of the criteria is a recognition of the variety of functions and uses and the mixture of residence and income-generating activities. On the same notion, by using a set of qualitative data, particularly interview from both local people and government, as well as observation, it was found that rebuild house which accommodate economic activities in a house including land surround the house, through keeping or even making a new economic activities space at house is a worth approach in post-disaster housing. © by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2016 2016Published The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CITIES 2015. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CITIES 2015 Keywords: Post-disaster recovery; home based enterprises; economic
1. Introduction Home based enterprises (HBE) is a using of a house both for shelter and an income generator (Strassman, 1986). By definition, HBEs owners utilize their house or plot as both a shelter and an income generator (Tipple, 1994; Kellett, 1995; Kellett and Tipple, 2000; Gough et al., 2003; Tipple, 2004; Tipple, 2005; Tipple, 2006) . HBEs significantly contribute from not only economic (Strassmann, 1986; Tipple, 1994; Kellett and Tipple, 2000), but also
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 62-24-7460054(office) E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0428 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CITIES 2015 doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.054
140
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
social (Coen et al., 2008) and physical aspect (Kellett, 1995; Marsoyo, 2012). Furthermore, not only for households, on a wider scale, it is that HBEs also contribute to economic performance at a macro level, such as at a city level, in providing jobs and well-being improvement (Akbar, 2009). The motives of the establishment of HBEs vary. Based on a study of home-based enterprises in a squatter settlement in New Delhi, India, Kellett and Tipple (2000) recognized that survival strategies can form the motivation for the establishment of HBEs. Part of the background to the growth of HBEs is a lack of formal employment, as the rate of employment provision is below the growth rate of the labour force (Ligthelm, 2007). Furthermore, according to Yankson (2000), home-based enterprises are a common phenomenon in developing countries as HBEs tend to follow the process of urbanization and the development of the informal sector. HBE is seen as a house for dual functions, gives an inspiration for post-disaster responses. A thought that house is not only shelter but also for generate income for the owner, is then become one of alternative in redevelopment of house in post-disaster situation. Whether this paper covers on post-disaster responses in Indonesia and developing countries, a focus has been chosen to depict a certain area, Kasongan-Bantul Yogyakarta, particularly in ceramic village area in post-earthquake 2006. This paper consists of several parts. After the introduction, the next parts are methods of the study, results and discussions also conclusion. 2. Methods The method for this study was based on literature and then developed a new knowledge from a case of postdisaster response in Kasongan area. The data have been collected in 2011’s fieldwork. The literature review highlighted the importance of ‘home-based enterprises approach’ which means the focus relies on the dual function of redevelopment of houses not only become shelters but also income generators for the owner. It is suggested that an informal redevelopment program can be implemented in post-disaster recovery reconstruction (Lizarralde et al, 2010 Tyas, 2015). When a broader study used a qualitative research to find how and why home based enterprise in Kasongan area was resilient in post disaster recovery impacted by earthquake 2006, however this paper focused on a narrower scope: HBEs is seen as an approach for an alternative of redevelopment or rebuilding of impacted area of earthquake. Whilst the broader study of HBEs in Kasongan area has a set of survey result based on questionnaires which covers 58 of Kasongan people and also covered several in depth interview of several keypersons and selected of 58 people, this paper has selected case/household taken out from respondents of the broader study. In addition, the broader study used documentary survey, direct observation and mapping in order to understand area deeply. However, this paper, as stated before, focused on a case that shown the fact of implementation of HBE approach used in post-disaster recovery. In addition, the interviews both from the selected household and keypersons for example government staff who involved in recovery program at post-disaster, were also the significant data sources for this paper. So, a qualitative data is the main data source of this paper, which used interview and direct observation as the data. 3. Result and Discussions 3.1. Learning from Informal Settlements: Post-Disaster Low Income Housing Based on his research team’s projects during the period 2002 to 2008, Lizarralde et al. (2010) propose that postdisaster reconstruction in developing countries can be learnt from the informal sector. This is an innovative way of improving housing programmes, particularly if using new examples from Latin America and South Africa. In general, some of the evidence from Lizarralde’s study (2010) suggests a better post-disaster housing strategy by learning from the poor informal settlements. The pattern consists of fourteen types: flexible use of enclosed and open spaces, a combination of various storey units, priority given to interior comfort, unclear distinction between the original core and later additions/modifications, progressive approach, variety of facades, great variety between housing units, intensive use of recycled components and materials, a combination of different materials and technologies, the variety of functions and uses, mixtures of residence and income-generating activities, strong
141
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
emphasis on safety, the variety of open spaces, the hierarchy of streets and paths, and the variety of plot sizes and forms. The analysis is depicted in Table 1. Lizarralde combines his research from slum-upgrading projects located in Colombia (letter a) and South Africa (letter b) with research into informal settlements in Indore, India (letter c) by Bhatt and Rybczynski, as well as research in New Delhi, India (letter d) by Kellett and Tipple. The control group comprises various formal solutions for post-disaster housing and regular affordable housing (letters e to j). The formal solutions for post-disaster housing are: x The case of Choluteca, Honduras, a post-Mitch reconstruction project relocated about 2000 families in 1999, and the projects were single-storey detached units, involving more than 13 local and international NGOs (letter e). x The case of La Paz, El Salvador, a post-earthquake reconstruction: 36m2 detached houses developed in 2001 and 2002, by an NGO (letter f). x The case of El Cantarito in Colombia, a relocation project on 72m2 masonry units due to an earthquake in 1999, by an NGO (letter g). x The case of Calarca, Colombia, a post-earthquake housing project, by an NGO (letter h). x The case of an affordable in sub-sized housing targeted to reduce disaster vulnerabilities, developed by Municipality of Facatativa, Colombia (letter i). x The case of a community-based project for subsidized housing in Netreg, Cape Town (letter j). Table 1 Occurrence of Patterns in the Settlements Studied
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 14
Netreg(j)
Facatative(i)
Calarca(h)
El Cantario(g)
El Salvador(f)
Formal Housing Honduras(e)
New Delhi(d)
Indore(c)
Patterns Found
Cape Town(b)
Colombia(a)
Informal Housing
Flexible use of enclosed and open spaces Combination of one-, two- and three -storey units Priority given to interior comfort and quality of the interior spaces, with limited interior subdivisions Unclear distinction between the original core and later conditions/modifications Unclear distinction between temporary units and permanent houses. Progressive approach, with quick first construction and no clear end to the building process No uniformity in façade. Variety of textures and colours Great variety between housing units Intensive use of recycled materials and components Combination of different materials and technologies. Progression from ‘light’ to solid technologies Variety of functions and uses. Mixture of residence and income generation activities Strong emphasis on safety from the theft and robbery. Delimitation of the land and fencing are priorities Variety of open spaces Hierarchy of streets and paths Variety of plot sizes and forms
Yes Source: Lizarralde et al. (2010) with adaptation
No
NA Note: Bold added as it emphasized
In accordance with the topic of this paper, consideration should be given to one of many patterns, particularly in the recognition of the variety of functions and uses and the mixture of residence and income-generating activities (Point
142
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
10). The phenomenon of the mixed functions of the house is commonly found in developing countries, particularly in informal housing or rural housing.
Figure 1 House-shop Businesses after Three Months of Resettlement in Facatativa, Colombia Source: Lizarralde et al.,2010: 42
3.2. Learning from A Case of Kasongan- Bantul, Yogyakarta Based on interview with a government staff of The Development Planning Agency/Bappeda in Bantul Regency in mid of 2011, the household with the damaged houses impacted by earthquake 2006 has been given a financial support in 15 million rupiah in maximum, depend on the level of destruction. However, due to it was limited fund of financial assistance for housing (BDR/Bantuan Dana Rumah), so it combined with mutual help in ‘gotong royong’ among several households in community group ‘Pokmas’ to help one another in rebuilding the houses (Figure 2). The community groups were also supported by government, NGO and universities, for example with the facilitation of the group to design their own house or to assist in rebuilding the house with a better quality, in order to meet the minimum requirement of Building Permit.
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
Led by Civil Eng. & Architecture & Planning Dept. of UGM
PROVINCE/CENTRAL FORUM HOUSING INF.CENTRE (HIC) REGENCY FORUM Facilitation & Consultation S U P P O R T / D O N O R S
FAST IMB
TECHNICAL ASS.HELP DESK
DISTRIC FORUM
TECHNICAL ASS. & TRAINING VILLAGE FORUM Facilitation & Consultancy
FORUM MITRA REKONSTRUKSI SETTLEMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE (Forum for settlement & Infrastructure Reconstruction)
NGO, UNIV., PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE JOINT WITH LOCAL ORGANIZATION
Report & Monitoring
COMMUNITY SELFHELP GROUP (RT, DUSUN) FH
143
FH
FH
SELF HELP COMMUNITY GROUP VILLAGE REVITALIZATION Households
NGO,UNIV, PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE JOINT WITH LOCAL ORGANIZATION FH:family head
Fig. 2. Working Organization and Handling Concept Post-Earthquake Source: Yusdayati in Gadjah Mada University, 2009:95, Dash line added
By using mutual help mechanism, a preferable house can be rebuilt, covering not only a new simple house, but also it accommodates the design of the family preference(based on interview of government staff, 2011) In a case, Bu Sup, the redevelopment is designed to preserve house for dual function as pre-disaster situation. The reconstruction process is typical with others, the permanent housing rehabilitation with the help of government with an amount of 15 million rupiahs. The major damage was the back part of the house, particularly the kitchen. The debris of wall has been struck the leg of Bu Sup. After the rebuild the house with Pokmas, Bu Sup and her husband are very delighted with the new house, because they have a better and stronger house in post-disaster (Figure 3). …’ They feel that the grant is very useful, without grant, they think that they can merely rehabilitate the house with ‘gedheg’ or a bamboo material walls, which is cheaper ones, and also they can re-start ceramic making activities from home soon’(field note about bu Sup family, 20 Juli 2011).
144
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
left middle right
: Bu Sup in the kitchen of HBE, not only for cooking but also for ceramic moulding : sitting room in the HBE has a better quality, as it stronger and it is earthquake-resistance : the back part of the HBEs is also used for ceramic making Fig. 3. A Post-disaster HBE
Not only Kasongan people feel the benefit of the program for speedy recovery, but also from government. Based on an interview with government staff, the program in rebuilding house with ‘gotong royong’ or mutual-help the house in community group/pokmas has helped many households. ‘If they do not redevelop their own houses, to plan and rebuild by themselves, based on what they want…the reconstruction will be low in acceptance’ (Regional Planning Board/ Bappeda staff, 2011) More importantly, the households in Kasongan area who have ceramic HBEs and impacted by earthquake 2006, had designed their new house which is not only for shelter, but for ceramic making. The support from government, not only with fund, but also give permit to the households to design their own house, helped by facilitator and also at the same time the household are allowed to maintain the ceramic making activities at home is a good example. The Kasongan people are given permission to rebuild house and the ceramic activity inside, although it is in settlement area. Based on the interview, the government has recognized that the ceramic activities has been taking a part of Kasongan people since centuries. Also, the home industries have become the main income for almost all of the households in the area. Although, air pollution or increase noise may also become the negative sides of the HBE existence (Tipple, 2004), this seems not the case of Kasongan people. They may be familiar with the ‘disturbance’ made by these economic activities. So, government permits the economic activities in houses and settlement area which then also supports, facilitate and develop existence of the HBEs. 4. Conclusions It concludes that HBEs can be as an alternative approach and method in post disaster recovery efforts. By building a new house which combine functions of a house both for shelter and income generator, it will accommodate the survivors to a speedy recovery by regenerating income from home. If they have already using their house for income generation in pre-disaster context like the case, it will be easier for them to return the activities as before. In doing so, the other stakeholder role are significantly important, particularly government. However, at other cases particularly when the survivor lack or even without experience in activities in generate income from home, some supporting programs may be needed, for example the training of entrepreneurship, the skill and knowledge relates to start up home business, to support the access to credit, or access to market. Acknowledgements This paper was part of a PhD research, supported by a scholarship of DIKTI, Department of National Education, Republic of Indonesia.
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
References Akbar, A. (2009) ‘Contribution of Home Based Enterprises on Economic Development in Semarang City’. Un-published Final Project. Diponegoro University, Indonesia. Coen, S.E., Ross, N.A. and Turner, S. (2008) '"Without tiendas it's a dead neighbourhood": The socio-economic importance of small trade stores in Cochabamba, Bolivia', Cities, 25(6), pp. 327-339. Gadjah Mada University, International Recovery Programme. (2009).’Recovery Status Report: The Yogyakarta and Central Java Earthquake 2006’ Yogyakarta Indonesia: Department of Architecture and Planning, G.M.U. Gough, V.K., Tipple, G. and Napier, M. (2003) 'Making a Living in African Cities: The Role of Home-based Enterprises in Accra and Pretoria', International Planning Studies, 8(4), pp. 253-277. Kellett, P. (1995). ‘Constructing Home: Production and Consumption of Popular Housing in Northern Colombia’. PhD thesis. University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Kellett, P. and Tipple, A.G. (2000) 'The Home as workplace: a Study of Income Generating Activities within the domestic setting', Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 12 (No 1), pp. 203-214. Ligthelm, A. (2007) 'Informal Retailing through Home-based Micro-enterprises: The Role of Spaza Shops ', Development Southern Africa, 22(2), pp. 199-214. Lizarralde, G., Johnson, C., Davidson, C. (2010). ‘Rebuilding After Disasters: From Emergency to Sustainability’. Spon Press, Taylor & Francis., London Marsoyo, A. (2012). ‘Constructing Spatial Sapital: Household Adaptation Strategies in Home-based Enterprises in Yogyakarta’. PhD thesis. University of Newcastle upon Tyne [Online]. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1452. Strassmann, P.W. (1986) 'Types of Neighbourhood and Home-Based Enterprises: Evidence from Lima, Peru.’ Urban Studies, Vol. 23(No. 6), pp. 485-500. Tipple, A.G. (1993) 'Shelter as a Workplace: A Review of HBE in Developing Countries', International Labour Review, 132(4), pp. 521-540. Tipple, A.G. (1994) 'Employment from housing: A Resource for Rapidly Growing Urban Populations', Cities, 11(6), pp. 372-376. Tipple, G. (2006) 'Employment and Work Conditions In Home Based Enterprises in Four Developing Countries: Do They Constitute ‘Decent Work’?’Work, Employment & Society, vol. 20(3), pp. pp. 167 - 179,. Tipple, G. (2004) 'Settlement upgrading and home-based enterprises: discussions from empirical data', Cities, 21(5), pp. 371-379. Tipple, G. (2005) 'The Place of Home-based Enterprises in the Informal Sector: Evidence from Cochabamba, New Delhi, Surabaya and Pretoria', Urban Studies, 42(4), pp. 611-632. Tipple, G., Kellett, P. and Masters, G.A. (1996) 'Mixed Uses in Residential Areas A Pilot Study', Final Report for ODA Research Project No. 6265. Tyas, W.P. (2015) ‘Resilience, Home-based Enterprises and Social Asset in Post-Disaster Recovery: A Study from Indonesia’. A PhD Thesis. Newcastle University, Newcastle of Upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Yankson, P.W.K. (2000) 'Houses and Residential Neighbourhoods as Work Places in Urban Areas: The Case of Selected Low Income Residential Areas in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), Ghana', Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 21(2), pp. 200-214.
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ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
CITIES 2015 International Conference, Intelligent Planning Towards Smart Cities, CITIES 2015, 3-4 November 2015, Surabaya, Indonesia
Home-based enterprises approach for post disaster housing: learnt from post disaster redevelopment programme in developing countries Wido Prananing Tyasa* a
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Diponegoro University, Jln Prof H Sudarto SH, Tembalang-Semarang, Indonesia 55271
Abstract According to Lizzaralde et al (2010), in rebuilding a post-disaster housing has similarity with an informal upgrading settlement approach in developing countries. In gaining a successful informal upgrading settlement programme, one of the criteria is a recognition of the variety of functions and uses and the mixture of residence and income-generating activities. On the same notion, by using a set of qualitative data, particularly interview from both local people and government, as well as observation, it was found that rebuild house which accommodate economic activities in a house including land surround the house, through keeping or even making a new economic activities space at house is a worth approach in post-disaster housing. © by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license © 2016 2016Published The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CITIES 2015. Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CITIES 2015 Keywords: Post-disaster recovery; home based enterprises; economic
1. Introduction Home based enterprises (HBE) is a using of a house both for shelter and an income generator (Strassman, 1986). By definition, HBEs owners utilize their house or plot as both a shelter and an income generator (Tipple, 1994; Kellett, 1995; Kellett and Tipple, 2000; Gough et al., 2003; Tipple, 2004; Tipple, 2005; Tipple, 2006) . HBEs significantly contribute from not only economic (Strassmann, 1986; Tipple, 1994; Kellett and Tipple, 2000), but also
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 62-24-7460054(office) E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0428 © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CITIES 2015 doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.06.054
140
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
social (Coen et al., 2008) and physical aspect (Kellett, 1995; Marsoyo, 2012). Furthermore, not only for households, on a wider scale, it is that HBEs also contribute to economic performance at a macro level, such as at a city level, in providing jobs and well-being improvement (Akbar, 2009). The motives of the establishment of HBEs vary. Based on a study of home-based enterprises in a squatter settlement in New Delhi, India, Kellett and Tipple (2000) recognized that survival strategies can form the motivation for the establishment of HBEs. Part of the background to the growth of HBEs is a lack of formal employment, as the rate of employment provision is below the growth rate of the labour force (Ligthelm, 2007). Furthermore, according to Yankson (2000), home-based enterprises are a common phenomenon in developing countries as HBEs tend to follow the process of urbanization and the development of the informal sector. HBE is seen as a house for dual functions, gives an inspiration for post-disaster responses. A thought that house is not only shelter but also for generate income for the owner, is then become one of alternative in redevelopment of house in post-disaster situation. Whether this paper covers on post-disaster responses in Indonesia and developing countries, a focus has been chosen to depict a certain area, Kasongan-Bantul Yogyakarta, particularly in ceramic village area in post-earthquake 2006. This paper consists of several parts. After the introduction, the next parts are methods of the study, results and discussions also conclusion. 2. Methods The method for this study was based on literature and then developed a new knowledge from a case of postdisaster response in Kasongan area. The data have been collected in 2011’s fieldwork. The literature review highlighted the importance of ‘home-based enterprises approach’ which means the focus relies on the dual function of redevelopment of houses not only become shelters but also income generators for the owner. It is suggested that an informal redevelopment program can be implemented in post-disaster recovery reconstruction (Lizarralde et al, 2010 Tyas, 2015). When a broader study used a qualitative research to find how and why home based enterprise in Kasongan area was resilient in post disaster recovery impacted by earthquake 2006, however this paper focused on a narrower scope: HBEs is seen as an approach for an alternative of redevelopment or rebuilding of impacted area of earthquake. Whilst the broader study of HBEs in Kasongan area has a set of survey result based on questionnaires which covers 58 of Kasongan people and also covered several in depth interview of several keypersons and selected of 58 people, this paper has selected case/household taken out from respondents of the broader study. In addition, the broader study used documentary survey, direct observation and mapping in order to understand area deeply. However, this paper, as stated before, focused on a case that shown the fact of implementation of HBE approach used in post-disaster recovery. In addition, the interviews both from the selected household and keypersons for example government staff who involved in recovery program at post-disaster, were also the significant data sources for this paper. So, a qualitative data is the main data source of this paper, which used interview and direct observation as the data. 3. Result and Discussions 3.1. Learning from Informal Settlements: Post-Disaster Low Income Housing Based on his research team’s projects during the period 2002 to 2008, Lizarralde et al. (2010) propose that postdisaster reconstruction in developing countries can be learnt from the informal sector. This is an innovative way of improving housing programmes, particularly if using new examples from Latin America and South Africa. In general, some of the evidence from Lizarralde’s study (2010) suggests a better post-disaster housing strategy by learning from the poor informal settlements. The pattern consists of fourteen types: flexible use of enclosed and open spaces, a combination of various storey units, priority given to interior comfort, unclear distinction between the original core and later additions/modifications, progressive approach, variety of facades, great variety between housing units, intensive use of recycled components and materials, a combination of different materials and technologies, the variety of functions and uses, mixtures of residence and income-generating activities, strong
141
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
emphasis on safety, the variety of open spaces, the hierarchy of streets and paths, and the variety of plot sizes and forms. The analysis is depicted in Table 1. Lizarralde combines his research from slum-upgrading projects located in Colombia (letter a) and South Africa (letter b) with research into informal settlements in Indore, India (letter c) by Bhatt and Rybczynski, as well as research in New Delhi, India (letter d) by Kellett and Tipple. The control group comprises various formal solutions for post-disaster housing and regular affordable housing (letters e to j). The formal solutions for post-disaster housing are: x The case of Choluteca, Honduras, a post-Mitch reconstruction project relocated about 2000 families in 1999, and the projects were single-storey detached units, involving more than 13 local and international NGOs (letter e). x The case of La Paz, El Salvador, a post-earthquake reconstruction: 36m2 detached houses developed in 2001 and 2002, by an NGO (letter f). x The case of El Cantarito in Colombia, a relocation project on 72m2 masonry units due to an earthquake in 1999, by an NGO (letter g). x The case of Calarca, Colombia, a post-earthquake housing project, by an NGO (letter h). x The case of an affordable in sub-sized housing targeted to reduce disaster vulnerabilities, developed by Municipality of Facatativa, Colombia (letter i). x The case of a community-based project for subsidized housing in Netreg, Cape Town (letter j). Table 1 Occurrence of Patterns in the Settlements Studied
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 14
Netreg(j)
Facatative(i)
Calarca(h)
El Cantario(g)
El Salvador(f)
Formal Housing Honduras(e)
New Delhi(d)
Indore(c)
Patterns Found
Cape Town(b)
Colombia(a)
Informal Housing
Flexible use of enclosed and open spaces Combination of one-, two- and three -storey units Priority given to interior comfort and quality of the interior spaces, with limited interior subdivisions Unclear distinction between the original core and later conditions/modifications Unclear distinction between temporary units and permanent houses. Progressive approach, with quick first construction and no clear end to the building process No uniformity in façade. Variety of textures and colours Great variety between housing units Intensive use of recycled materials and components Combination of different materials and technologies. Progression from ‘light’ to solid technologies Variety of functions and uses. Mixture of residence and income generation activities Strong emphasis on safety from the theft and robbery. Delimitation of the land and fencing are priorities Variety of open spaces Hierarchy of streets and paths Variety of plot sizes and forms
Yes Source: Lizarralde et al. (2010) with adaptation
No
NA Note: Bold added as it emphasized
In accordance with the topic of this paper, consideration should be given to one of many patterns, particularly in the recognition of the variety of functions and uses and the mixture of residence and income-generating activities (Point
142
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
10). The phenomenon of the mixed functions of the house is commonly found in developing countries, particularly in informal housing or rural housing.
Figure 1 House-shop Businesses after Three Months of Resettlement in Facatativa, Colombia Source: Lizarralde et al.,2010: 42
3.2. Learning from A Case of Kasongan- Bantul, Yogyakarta Based on interview with a government staff of The Development Planning Agency/Bappeda in Bantul Regency in mid of 2011, the household with the damaged houses impacted by earthquake 2006 has been given a financial support in 15 million rupiah in maximum, depend on the level of destruction. However, due to it was limited fund of financial assistance for housing (BDR/Bantuan Dana Rumah), so it combined with mutual help in ‘gotong royong’ among several households in community group ‘Pokmas’ to help one another in rebuilding the houses (Figure 2). The community groups were also supported by government, NGO and universities, for example with the facilitation of the group to design their own house or to assist in rebuilding the house with a better quality, in order to meet the minimum requirement of Building Permit.
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
Led by Civil Eng. & Architecture & Planning Dept. of UGM
PROVINCE/CENTRAL FORUM HOUSING INF.CENTRE (HIC) REGENCY FORUM Facilitation & Consultation S U P P O R T / D O N O R S
FAST IMB
TECHNICAL ASS.HELP DESK
DISTRIC FORUM
TECHNICAL ASS. & TRAINING VILLAGE FORUM Facilitation & Consultancy
FORUM MITRA REKONSTRUKSI SETTLEMENT & INFRASTRUCTURE (Forum for settlement & Infrastructure Reconstruction)
NGO, UNIV., PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE JOINT WITH LOCAL ORGANIZATION
Report & Monitoring
COMMUNITY SELFHELP GROUP (RT, DUSUN) FH
143
FH
FH
SELF HELP COMMUNITY GROUP VILLAGE REVITALIZATION Households
NGO,UNIV, PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE JOINT WITH LOCAL ORGANIZATION FH:family head
Fig. 2. Working Organization and Handling Concept Post-Earthquake Source: Yusdayati in Gadjah Mada University, 2009:95, Dash line added
By using mutual help mechanism, a preferable house can be rebuilt, covering not only a new simple house, but also it accommodates the design of the family preference(based on interview of government staff, 2011) In a case, Bu Sup, the redevelopment is designed to preserve house for dual function as pre-disaster situation. The reconstruction process is typical with others, the permanent housing rehabilitation with the help of government with an amount of 15 million rupiahs. The major damage was the back part of the house, particularly the kitchen. The debris of wall has been struck the leg of Bu Sup. After the rebuild the house with Pokmas, Bu Sup and her husband are very delighted with the new house, because they have a better and stronger house in post-disaster (Figure 3). …’ They feel that the grant is very useful, without grant, they think that they can merely rehabilitate the house with ‘gedheg’ or a bamboo material walls, which is cheaper ones, and also they can re-start ceramic making activities from home soon’(field note about bu Sup family, 20 Juli 2011).
144
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
left middle right
: Bu Sup in the kitchen of HBE, not only for cooking but also for ceramic moulding : sitting room in the HBE has a better quality, as it stronger and it is earthquake-resistance : the back part of the HBEs is also used for ceramic making Fig. 3. A Post-disaster HBE
Not only Kasongan people feel the benefit of the program for speedy recovery, but also from government. Based on an interview with government staff, the program in rebuilding house with ‘gotong royong’ or mutual-help the house in community group/pokmas has helped many households. ‘If they do not redevelop their own houses, to plan and rebuild by themselves, based on what they want…the reconstruction will be low in acceptance’ (Regional Planning Board/ Bappeda staff, 2011) More importantly, the households in Kasongan area who have ceramic HBEs and impacted by earthquake 2006, had designed their new house which is not only for shelter, but for ceramic making. The support from government, not only with fund, but also give permit to the households to design their own house, helped by facilitator and also at the same time the household are allowed to maintain the ceramic making activities at home is a good example. The Kasongan people are given permission to rebuild house and the ceramic activity inside, although it is in settlement area. Based on the interview, the government has recognized that the ceramic activities has been taking a part of Kasongan people since centuries. Also, the home industries have become the main income for almost all of the households in the area. Although, air pollution or increase noise may also become the negative sides of the HBE existence (Tipple, 2004), this seems not the case of Kasongan people. They may be familiar with the ‘disturbance’ made by these economic activities. So, government permits the economic activities in houses and settlement area which then also supports, facilitate and develop existence of the HBEs. 4. Conclusions It concludes that HBEs can be as an alternative approach and method in post disaster recovery efforts. By building a new house which combine functions of a house both for shelter and income generator, it will accommodate the survivors to a speedy recovery by regenerating income from home. If they have already using their house for income generation in pre-disaster context like the case, it will be easier for them to return the activities as before. In doing so, the other stakeholder role are significantly important, particularly government. However, at other cases particularly when the survivor lack or even without experience in activities in generate income from home, some supporting programs may be needed, for example the training of entrepreneurship, the skill and knowledge relates to start up home business, to support the access to credit, or access to market. Acknowledgements This paper was part of a PhD research, supported by a scholarship of DIKTI, Department of National Education, Republic of Indonesia.
Wido Prananing Tyas / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 227 (2016) 139 – 145
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