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Horizontal frost heave thrust acting on buttress constructions
57A
823062 REVIE4 OF THE HYDROGEfEDGY OF ~RITISH ONSHORE NON-CARBONATE MUDROCKS Tellam, J H; Ll~yd, J W Q J Engng Geol, VI4, ~ , 1981, P347-355 A wide vsriety of techniques can be used for measuring hydraulic properties of mudrocks, 8rd often both laboratory ard field investigations are ~ e s s a r y to al~reclate the l ~ n c e of the various possible flow mechanisms. The hydraulic properties vary considerably with their state of lithlfication and in addition the lithiflcation processes can induce large amounts of groumdwater flow. The mudrocks uf Britain can be divided into two grou~s: a pre-Mesozoic group (where fissure flow dominates) an~ a post-Palaeozoic grOup. Both groups have extre~_ly low h ~ a u l l c conductivities, amd the latter group is also characterized by moderate to high total Ix~oslties ar~ by very high specific storage coefficients. 79 reds. 823063 GEOLOGICAL PREDICTION AND UPDATING IN TUNNELING A FROBABILISTIC APPROACH Ashley, D B; Vensziano, D; Eimstein, H H Proc 22rod US Symposium on Rock MechaDics, Cambridge, Mass, 29 June-2 July 1981, P361-366. Publ Cambridge, Mass: MIT, 1981 Describes a prohabilistic approach to predict geological corditions of a site which can then be updated with new information as it becomes available during construction. Modelling assumptions are stated a~d the al~oach is t h e n demonstrated with a case study of the Seabrook Power Station discharge tunnel.
Frost action, permafrost and frozen ground 823064 LOCATION OF S~3REGATED ICE IN FROST-SUSCEPTI-BLE SOIL Penner, E; Goodrich, L E Engng Geol, VI8, NI-4, Dec 1981, P231-2~/$ (Paper to 2~d International Symposium on Ground Freezing, TroDdhelm, 24-26 June 1980) X-ray photography has been used to locate the position of a growing ice lens i n soll urger laboratory conditions in order to establish the temperature of the actively growing face by means of its position in the ther.ml gradient field. 823065 FROST ACTION IN SOILS. STATE-OF-THE-ART REIK~T Loch, J P G Engng Geol, VI8, NI-4, Dec 1981, P213-224 (Paper to 2nd International Symposium on Ground Freezing, Trorrlheim, 24-26 June 1980) The paper first reviews theories put forward to describe the mechanism of frost heave and ice lens formation in soils. These include the capillary theory which was i n ~ l ~ a t e d and so led to models in which ice lens growth takes place behird the frost front. The paper then reviews numerical simulations of these models which employ finite element and finite difference techniques. Lastly, the de~elol~nent o f standard frost heave tests for the laboratory is sum~rised. 65 refs.
823066 ~ S I H L E TH~R4ODYNAMIC TREATMENT OF FROST HEAVE Forlsxd, T; KJels~,~ Ra~kJe, S E ~ Gecl, VlS, m-4, Dec 1981, P225-229 (Paper to 2ud In~.rmatlonal Symposl~m on Grounl F r e e z l ~ Troz~helm, 211.-26 J u n e 1980) A ~-w derivation is given for the cou~l~6 between
the t r a n s p ~
of liquid water ard the translx~ of
heat from 0 deg C to the ice lens that occurs in
frost heave. This derivation is based on irreversible t h e r m o s e s aul the resulting equation relates the pressure gradients to the temperature drop in frost heave. 823067 UPPER LIMIT OF HEAVING PRESSURE I ~ I V E D BY PORE-WATER PRESSURE M E A S ~ S OF PARTIALLY FROZEN SOIL Takashl, T; Ohrai, T; Y--~moto, H E ~ GaOl, V].8, NI-~, Dec 1981, P2~5-257 (Paper to 2rd International Sympoalum on G r o u ~ Freezimg, Tromdhelm, 2~-26 June 1980) E x ~ m e n t s were comducted to estimate heavlr~ pressures of saturated soils p a r t i a l l y frozen in a closed system. ~ e r e i n s u r e at each eDd of the sample was kel~ constar~. When the overburden pressure (P) was maintaIDed at a constant value t h e p o r e water pressure (Pw) was
found to grad~,Ally decrease, as freezlr~ progressed, t o a constant value. The pressure difference between P a r d Pw was defir~d as the upper limit of heavlmg pressure amd was shown to be depemdent on the temperature of the coolimg end of the sample. When the cooling temperature was decreased the upper limit of heavlmg pressure finally became constant (denoted as the maximum heavlng pressure) ard this was foumd to depend on soil type. 823068 HGRIZO~TAL FROST HEAVE THRUST ACTING ON BUTTRESS CONSTRUCTIONS ToDg ChamgJiam; Shen Zom~yan Emgng Geol, VI8, Nl-b.-~ Dec 1981, P259-268 (Paper t o 2r~ International Sympoalum on Ground Freezing, Trondhelm, 2~-26 June 1980) Discusses the results of laboratory model tests and field measurements on various buttress constructions in different soil conditions to investigate frost heave thrust. It is concluded that if the water content of the soil is less than its plastic limit, the horizontal frost heave thrust does not appear. Horizontal frost heave thrust is also shown to increase with decrease in temperature. The distribution of horizontal frost heave alomg the lateral surface of a buttress constrBction is fotu~] to b e non-unlform: the maximmm value occurs at 60-80 per cent of the depth of frost penetration. Experimental data indicate a meximmn h~Izontal frost heave value of 4.1-~.2k~sq cm. 82306 9 DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF FROST SUSCEFfIBILITY TESTING Jones, R H Emgmg Geol, VI8, N1-4, Dec 1981, P269-280 (Paper to 2nd International Symposium on Ground Freezing, Trondheim, 24-26 June 1980) Current developments to the British TRRL frost susceptibility test are reviewed particularly in relation to the use of self refrigerated units (SRUs), specimen preparation, and testing
823062 REVIE4 OF THE HYDROGEfEDGY OF ~RITISH ONSHORE NON-CARBONATE MUDROCKS Tellam, J H; Ll~yd, J W Q J Engng Geol, VI4, ~ , 1981, P347-355 A wide vsriety of techniques can be used for measuring hydraulic properties of mudrocks, 8rd often both laboratory ard field investigations are ~ e s s a r y to al~reclate the l ~ n c e of the various possible flow mechanisms. The hydraulic properties vary considerably with their state of lithlfication and in addition the lithiflcation processes can induce large amounts of groumdwater flow. The mudrocks uf Britain can be divided into two grou~s: a pre-Mesozoic group (where fissure flow dominates) an~ a post-Palaeozoic grOup. Both groups have extre~_ly low h ~ a u l l c conductivities, amd the latter group is also characterized by moderate to high total Ix~oslties ar~ by very high specific storage coefficients. 79 reds. 823063 GEOLOGICAL PREDICTION AND UPDATING IN TUNNELING A FROBABILISTIC APPROACH Ashley, D B; Vensziano, D; Eimstein, H H Proc 22rod US Symposium on Rock MechaDics, Cambridge, Mass, 29 June-2 July 1981, P361-366. Publ Cambridge, Mass: MIT, 1981 Describes a prohabilistic approach to predict geological corditions of a site which can then be updated with new information as it becomes available during construction. Modelling assumptions are stated a~d the al~oach is t h e n demonstrated with a case study of the Seabrook Power Station discharge tunnel.
Frost action, permafrost and frozen ground 823064 LOCATION OF S~3REGATED ICE IN FROST-SUSCEPTI-BLE SOIL Penner, E; Goodrich, L E Engng Geol, VI8, NI-4, Dec 1981, P231-2~/$ (Paper to 2~d International Symposium on Ground Freezing, TroDdhelm, 24-26 June 1980) X-ray photography has been used to locate the position of a growing ice lens i n soll urger laboratory conditions in order to establish the temperature of the actively growing face by means of its position in the ther.ml gradient field. 823065 FROST ACTION IN SOILS. STATE-OF-THE-ART REIK~T Loch, J P G Engng Geol, VI8, NI-4, Dec 1981, P213-224 (Paper to 2nd International Symposium on Ground Freezing, Trorrlheim, 24-26 June 1980) The paper first reviews theories put forward to describe the mechanism of frost heave and ice lens formation in soils. These include the capillary theory which was i n ~ l ~ a t e d and so led to models in which ice lens growth takes place behird the frost front. The paper then reviews numerical simulations of these models which employ finite element and finite difference techniques. Lastly, the de~elol~nent o f standard frost heave tests for the laboratory is sum~rised. 65 refs.
823066 ~ S I H L E TH~R4ODYNAMIC TREATMENT OF FROST HEAVE Forlsxd, T; KJels~,~ Ra~kJe, S E ~ Gecl, VlS, m-4, Dec 1981, P225-229 (Paper to 2ud In~.rmatlonal Symposl~m on Grounl F r e e z l ~ Troz~helm, 211.-26 J u n e 1980) A ~-w derivation is given for the cou~l~6 between
the t r a n s p ~
of liquid water ard the translx~ of
heat from 0 deg C to the ice lens that occurs in
frost heave. This derivation is based on irreversible t h e r m o s e s aul the resulting equation relates the pressure gradients to the temperature drop in frost heave. 823067 UPPER LIMIT OF HEAVING PRESSURE I ~ I V E D BY PORE-WATER PRESSURE M E A S ~ S OF PARTIALLY FROZEN SOIL Takashl, T; Ohrai, T; Y--~moto, H E ~ GaOl, V].8, NI-~, Dec 1981, P2~5-257 (Paper to 2rd International Sympoalum on G r o u ~ Freezimg, Tromdhelm, 2~-26 June 1980) E x ~ m e n t s were comducted to estimate heavlr~ pressures of saturated soils p a r t i a l l y frozen in a closed system. ~ e r e i n s u r e at each eDd of the sample was kel~ constar~. When the overburden pressure (P) was maintaIDed at a constant value t h e p o r e water pressure (Pw) was
found to grad~,Ally decrease, as freezlr~ progressed, t o a constant value. The pressure difference between P a r d Pw was defir~d as the upper limit of heavlmg pressure amd was shown to be depemdent on the temperature of the coolimg end of the sample. When the cooling temperature was decreased the upper limit of heavlmg pressure finally became constant (denoted as the maximum heavlng pressure) ard this was foumd to depend on soil type. 823068 HGRIZO~TAL FROST HEAVE THRUST ACTING ON BUTTRESS CONSTRUCTIONS ToDg ChamgJiam; Shen Zom~yan Emgng Geol, VI8, Nl-b.-~ Dec 1981, P259-268 (Paper t o 2r~ International Sympoalum on Ground Freezing, Trondhelm, 2~-26 June 1980) Discusses the results of laboratory model tests and field measurements on various buttress constructions in different soil conditions to investigate frost heave thrust. It is concluded that if the water content of the soil is less than its plastic limit, the horizontal frost heave thrust does not appear. Horizontal frost heave thrust is also shown to increase with decrease in temperature. The distribution of horizontal frost heave alomg the lateral surface of a buttress constrBction is fotu~] to b e non-unlform: the maximmm value occurs at 60-80 per cent of the depth of frost penetration. Experimental data indicate a meximmn h~Izontal frost heave value of 4.1-~.2k~sq cm. 82306 9 DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF FROST SUSCEFfIBILITY TESTING Jones, R H Emgmg Geol, VI8, N1-4, Dec 1981, P269-280 (Paper to 2nd International Symposium on Ground Freezing, Trondheim, 24-26 June 1980) Current developments to the British TRRL frost susceptibility test are reviewed particularly in relation to the use of self refrigerated units (SRUs), specimen preparation, and testing