- Email: [email protected]
Hormonal and genetic extremes at puberty
.-XBSTI~Ac'rs
659
potence a n d lack of support in coping w i t h these confrontations. The b n i l d i n g of p e e r group strength to resist a nd reject adult i n d u c t i o n s is b e c o m i n g a significant alternative to acceptance of adult influence a n d coll a b o r a t i o n w ith adult controlled insti/ tu tion s. T h e reactions o f adults to t h e s e patterns of teenage coping set up c i r c u l a r processes of interaction, w h i c h aggravate the p r o b l e m a n d confirm the mistnlst postures of youth. T h e r e is good evidence that most y o u t h are read), and eager for collab-
oration a n d h e l p if reciprocal c o m , m u n i c a t i o n a n d influence postures a r e taken b y adults, a n d i f significant social roles ha the real w o r l d o f the corn: m u n i t y a r e m a d e a v a i l a b l e a nd •peer grour~ lea clefs are a c c e p t e d a n d respected hs p o w e r figures. W e cain expect/aatergenerafionallre, lations to b e c o m e more h o s t i l e a n d p a r a n o i d unless major change-efforts are m a d e by key a d u l t f i ~ a r e s in school systems, social control agencies, a n d other socialization i n s t i t u t i o n s . Youth ha ve m o d e l s o f v i o l e n t action availaMc~ as guidelines.
S A T U R D A Y M O R N"I N•G , ' 9:00 a.m.. F e b r u a r y 15, 1969 Session t/I. PsYcho..phvsiological.. ,_. . Genetic.. a nd I n t e n m l E n v i r o n m e n t a l Aspects of Adolescence
Chairman: ~:IILTON- GREF_2,q3LATT, NI.D. ual m a t u r a t i o n is usually d e l a y e d , though not i n v a r i a b l y so, a n d sex-ual JoHN MO,XEV, PII.D., The Johns drive is w e a k as c o m p a r e d with its 11opkins University School of Medistrength after a ndr oge n therat~,. In cine m a n y cases, the cognitional eompoIn cases of precocious puberty, so ~ m e n t o f eroticism, as r e v e a l e d in marie sexual ma~ tration m a y be as arousal from gir l- wa tc hing ,and pictoearly as eight years of age or younger. rial and narrative materials, antedates Psychosex-uai maturation does not auhor mona l puberty., tomatically parallel the m a t u r a t i o n of F e m a l e s wifl~ tile a dr e noge nita l synthe body, b u t tends to follow t_he dr ome cortisone-treated ~rom b i r t h , I b i r t h d a y age. or the social age, ff aca nd females xxdth p r o g e s f i n - i n d u c e d celeration of the latter has been fosh e r m a p h r o d i t i s m r e s e m b l e one anothtered. T h e d e g r e e of psychosexual er in havia~g b e e n exposed to fetal a n maturation determines the w a y in drogenization. Pe r ha ps because- of which sexual drive, w h i c h is heightfetal a n d r o g e n i z a t i o n of sex-regulatened especially in boys, will express itself. Thus, the p h e n o m e n o n of fall- ing n u ~ e i of the h y p o t h a l a m u s , these females tend to be tombo'~,s /a, childing in love does n o t occur until teenhood and at p u b e r ~ , to b e more interested in career than dating, romancer, Pubertal failure or prolonged d e l a y m a r r i a g e and m a t e r n a l i s m . T h e y are is rare in females, except in the spenot lesbian oriented and usually anticial case of Ttlrner's s~,~drome. In boys, t e e n a g e d social mad psychosex- cipate marriage cventuatlv. H o r m o n a l a n d Gelaetic E x t r e m e s at ]Puberty
660
Girls w i t h t h e t e s t i e u l a r - £ e m i n i z ing (androgen-insensitivity) syndr,o m e a r e g e n e t i c m a l e s r e s i s t a n t to t h e i n f l u e n c e of fetal a n d r o g e n s . T h e i r e x t e r n a l org~tns t h e n d i f f e r e n t i a t e as e x c l u s i v e l y f e m i n i n e a n d t h e y are ass i g n e d a n d r e a r e d as f e m a l e s . P s y c h o sexually at adolescence they are i n d i ~ tinguishable from ordinary females r a n d o m l y selected. Girls w i t h T u r n e r ' s s y n d r o m e , havi n g a g e n e s i s o r d y s g e n e s i s of the gon a d s , .}are u n e x p o s e d f e t a l l y to g o n a d a l h o r m o n e s . M o r p h o l o g i c a l l y t h e y are f e m a l e . P s y e h o s e x u a l l y ' t h e y different i a t e as e x c l u s i v e l y f e m i n i n e . In childh o o d , b e f o r e t h e i r d i a g n o s i s is k n o w n , a n d i n t e e n a g e , b e f o r e e s t r o g e n rep l a c e m e n t t h e r a p y , t h e y are very, strongly maternalistie. They make good adoptive mothers. T h e e y t o g e n e t i e a n o m a l y of a n extra X c h r o m o s o m e ( K l i n e f e l t e r ' s , ~ X Y s y n d r o m e ) p r o d u c e s boys w h o s e pub e r t y is slow, u s u a l l y w e a k l y virilizing, a n d a c c o m p a n i e d b y sterility. T h o u g h tim l i b i d o is w e a k , it m a y , in its infret t u e n t expression, b e p s y e h o s e x u a l l y a b e r r a n t . T h e p e r s o n a l i t y is v u l n e r a b l e to p s y d m p a t l a o l o g y , t h o u g h n o t of a n y o n e p a r t i c u l a r d i a g n o s i s . T h e c y t o g e n e t i e a n o m a l y of an extra Y c h r o m o s o m e (X55¥ s y n d r o m e ) p r o d u c e s boys w h o m a y b e excessively tall (6 ft. to 6 ft. 8 in.) a n d p e r h a p s p r o n e to excessive ache. T h e s t r e n g t h of l i b i d o is w i t h i n n o r m a l r a n g e . Sexu a l b e h a v i o r m a y b e diversified a n d e v e n bizarre, a p p a r e n t l y d u e to the insutficiencv of i , n p u l s e c o n t r o l that scorns to 1)o t y p i c a l of o t h e r aspee, tS of Imhavior. as in t h i e v i n g a n d aggression. T r a n s e x u a l i n d i v i d u a l s , like transvtrstitcs a n d hornoscxtmls, t y p i c a l l y s h o w no morl)hoh~gic" or horrnorml de-
A BS'IqTACI'S
v i a t i o l / t h a t c a n be d e t e c t e d b y curr e n t m e t h o d s of m e a s u r e m e n t f r o m n o r m a l controls. T h e i r a d o l e s c e n c e is t o r t u r e d b y the p s y c h i c a n d social seq u e l a e of t h e i r g e n d e r i d e n t i t y dist u r b a n c e , w h i c h u s u a l l y h a d its o n s e t e a r l y in c h i l d h o o d . T i m f o r e g o i n g s p e c i a l s y n d r o m e s ind i c a t e that, w h e r e a s t h e d y n a m i c s of f a m i l y a n d social i n t e r a c t i o n will det e r m i n e a g r e a t d e a l of the p s y c h o l o g y of a d o l e s c e n c e , the r a w m a t e r i a l of t h e p e r s o n a l i t y u n d e r g o i n g adolesc e n c e will also c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y to t h e o u t c o m e . Long-tenn Complications of Adolescent D r u g Use: A F o l l o w - u p S t u d y of N e g r o 3len W h o Began D r u g Use Before Age 20
LEr: N. ROBINS, PH.D. a n d GEOI~CE 1~.
~{laTll'tIg,
~"1. D . .
Washington
Uniuersity School of ~I
659
potence a n d lack of support in coping w i t h these confrontations. The b n i l d i n g of p e e r group strength to resist a nd reject adult i n d u c t i o n s is b e c o m i n g a significant alternative to acceptance of adult influence a n d coll a b o r a t i o n w ith adult controlled insti/ tu tion s. T h e reactions o f adults to t h e s e patterns of teenage coping set up c i r c u l a r processes of interaction, w h i c h aggravate the p r o b l e m a n d confirm the mistnlst postures of youth. T h e r e is good evidence that most y o u t h are read), and eager for collab-
oration a n d h e l p if reciprocal c o m , m u n i c a t i o n a n d influence postures a r e taken b y adults, a n d i f significant social roles ha the real w o r l d o f the corn: m u n i t y a r e m a d e a v a i l a b l e a nd •peer grour~ lea clefs are a c c e p t e d a n d respected hs p o w e r figures. W e cain expect/aatergenerafionallre, lations to b e c o m e more h o s t i l e a n d p a r a n o i d unless major change-efforts are m a d e by key a d u l t f i ~ a r e s in school systems, social control agencies, a n d other socialization i n s t i t u t i o n s . Youth ha ve m o d e l s o f v i o l e n t action availaMc~ as guidelines.
S A T U R D A Y M O R N"I N•G , ' 9:00 a.m.. F e b r u a r y 15, 1969 Session t/I. PsYcho..phvsiological.. ,_. . Genetic.. a nd I n t e n m l E n v i r o n m e n t a l Aspects of Adolescence
Chairman: ~:IILTON- GREF_2,q3LATT, NI.D. ual m a t u r a t i o n is usually d e l a y e d , though not i n v a r i a b l y so, a n d sex-ual JoHN MO,XEV, PII.D., The Johns drive is w e a k as c o m p a r e d with its 11opkins University School of Medistrength after a ndr oge n therat~,. In cine m a n y cases, the cognitional eompoIn cases of precocious puberty, so ~ m e n t o f eroticism, as r e v e a l e d in marie sexual ma~ tration m a y be as arousal from gir l- wa tc hing ,and pictoearly as eight years of age or younger. rial and narrative materials, antedates Psychosex-uai maturation does not auhor mona l puberty., tomatically parallel the m a t u r a t i o n of F e m a l e s wifl~ tile a dr e noge nita l synthe body, b u t tends to follow t_he dr ome cortisone-treated ~rom b i r t h , I b i r t h d a y age. or the social age, ff aca nd females xxdth p r o g e s f i n - i n d u c e d celeration of the latter has been fosh e r m a p h r o d i t i s m r e s e m b l e one anothtered. T h e d e g r e e of psychosexual er in havia~g b e e n exposed to fetal a n maturation determines the w a y in drogenization. Pe r ha ps because- of which sexual drive, w h i c h is heightfetal a n d r o g e n i z a t i o n of sex-regulatened especially in boys, will express itself. Thus, the p h e n o m e n o n of fall- ing n u ~ e i of the h y p o t h a l a m u s , these females tend to be tombo'~,s /a, childing in love does n o t occur until teenhood and at p u b e r ~ , to b e more interested in career than dating, romancer, Pubertal failure or prolonged d e l a y m a r r i a g e and m a t e r n a l i s m . T h e y are is rare in females, except in the spenot lesbian oriented and usually anticial case of Ttlrner's s~,~drome. In boys, t e e n a g e d social mad psychosex- cipate marriage cventuatlv. H o r m o n a l a n d Gelaetic E x t r e m e s at ]Puberty
660
Girls w i t h t h e t e s t i e u l a r - £ e m i n i z ing (androgen-insensitivity) syndr,o m e a r e g e n e t i c m a l e s r e s i s t a n t to t h e i n f l u e n c e of fetal a n d r o g e n s . T h e i r e x t e r n a l org~tns t h e n d i f f e r e n t i a t e as e x c l u s i v e l y f e m i n i n e a n d t h e y are ass i g n e d a n d r e a r e d as f e m a l e s . P s y c h o sexually at adolescence they are i n d i ~ tinguishable from ordinary females r a n d o m l y selected. Girls w i t h T u r n e r ' s s y n d r o m e , havi n g a g e n e s i s o r d y s g e n e s i s of the gon a d s , .}are u n e x p o s e d f e t a l l y to g o n a d a l h o r m o n e s . M o r p h o l o g i c a l l y t h e y are f e m a l e . P s y e h o s e x u a l l y ' t h e y different i a t e as e x c l u s i v e l y f e m i n i n e . In childh o o d , b e f o r e t h e i r d i a g n o s i s is k n o w n , a n d i n t e e n a g e , b e f o r e e s t r o g e n rep l a c e m e n t t h e r a p y , t h e y are very, strongly maternalistie. They make good adoptive mothers. T h e e y t o g e n e t i e a n o m a l y of a n extra X c h r o m o s o m e ( K l i n e f e l t e r ' s , ~ X Y s y n d r o m e ) p r o d u c e s boys w h o s e pub e r t y is slow, u s u a l l y w e a k l y virilizing, a n d a c c o m p a n i e d b y sterility. T h o u g h tim l i b i d o is w e a k , it m a y , in its infret t u e n t expression, b e p s y e h o s e x u a l l y a b e r r a n t . T h e p e r s o n a l i t y is v u l n e r a b l e to p s y d m p a t l a o l o g y , t h o u g h n o t of a n y o n e p a r t i c u l a r d i a g n o s i s . T h e c y t o g e n e t i e a n o m a l y of an extra Y c h r o m o s o m e (X55¥ s y n d r o m e ) p r o d u c e s boys w h o m a y b e excessively tall (6 ft. to 6 ft. 8 in.) a n d p e r h a p s p r o n e to excessive ache. T h e s t r e n g t h of l i b i d o is w i t h i n n o r m a l r a n g e . Sexu a l b e h a v i o r m a y b e diversified a n d e v e n bizarre, a p p a r e n t l y d u e to the insutficiencv of i , n p u l s e c o n t r o l that scorns to 1)o t y p i c a l of o t h e r aspee, tS of Imhavior. as in t h i e v i n g a n d aggression. T r a n s e x u a l i n d i v i d u a l s , like transvtrstitcs a n d hornoscxtmls, t y p i c a l l y s h o w no morl)hoh~gic" or horrnorml de-
A BS'IqTACI'S
v i a t i o l / t h a t c a n be d e t e c t e d b y curr e n t m e t h o d s of m e a s u r e m e n t f r o m n o r m a l controls. T h e i r a d o l e s c e n c e is t o r t u r e d b y the p s y c h i c a n d social seq u e l a e of t h e i r g e n d e r i d e n t i t y dist u r b a n c e , w h i c h u s u a l l y h a d its o n s e t e a r l y in c h i l d h o o d . T i m f o r e g o i n g s p e c i a l s y n d r o m e s ind i c a t e that, w h e r e a s t h e d y n a m i c s of f a m i l y a n d social i n t e r a c t i o n will det e r m i n e a g r e a t d e a l of the p s y c h o l o g y of a d o l e s c e n c e , the r a w m a t e r i a l of t h e p e r s o n a l i t y u n d e r g o i n g adolesc e n c e will also c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y to t h e o u t c o m e . Long-tenn Complications of Adolescent D r u g Use: A F o l l o w - u p S t u d y of N e g r o 3len W h o Began D r u g Use Before Age 20
LEr: N. ROBINS, PH.D. a n d GEOI~CE 1~.
~{laTll'tIg,
~"1. D . .
Washington
Uniuersity School of ~I