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Hosts of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton areas of Punjab, Pakistan
Crop Protection 22 (2003) 715–720
Hosts of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton areas of Punjab, Pakistan M.R. Attique*, Muhammad Rafiq, Abdul Ghaffar, Zahoor Ahmad, A.I. Mohyuddin1 Central Cotton Research Institute, Old Shujabad Road, P.O. Box 572, Multan, Pakistan Received 13 May 2002; accepted 24 January 2003
Abstract A survey for the host plants of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) from the cotton-growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan, during 1996–1999 revealed 160 plant species belonging to 113 genera of 42 families including crops, ornamentals, fruit and forest trees, and weeds were recorded. Among these, 79 plant species were recorded for the first time from this region. Out of these, 36 host plant species have not been reported previously from anywhere. So far, a total of 229 hosts of B. tabaci have been recorded from Pakistan including 69 plants noted by previous workers but not recorded as hosts during the present survey. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cotton whitefly; Bemisia tabaci; Host plants; Cotton agro-ecosystem
1. Introduction Various authors have reported a large number of host plants of Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae:Homoptera). Avidov and Harpaz (1969) reported 52 hosts in Israel, Chang (1969) 87 in Taiwan, Azab et al. (1971) 172 in Egypt and Gameel (1972) 115 in Sudan. However, Mound and Halsey (1978) reported 315 and Greathead (1986) more than 506 plant species worldwide as its hosts. Hussain and Trehan (1933) reported 44 hosts of B. tabaci in India. Later on, Hussain et al. (1936) added two, Rehman (1940) four and Ahmad and Harwood (1973) three more species to this list. Khan et al. (1983) recorded it from 105 and Inayatullah et al. (1985) from 104 plants including crops, ornamentals, fruit and forest trees, and weeds, mainly from hilly areas. The present hosts of B. tabaci were recorded in the cotton belt of Punjab.
2. Materials and methods All the plant species found in the cotton-growing areas of three districts, Multan, Khanewal and *Corresponding author. Tel.:+92-61-9200-340; fax: +92-61-9200342. 1 Pest management (Private) Limited, Islamabad.
Vehari (Punjab), were examined throughout the year from 1996 to 1999 at fortnightly intervals. Sample size varied from 10 to 150 leaves depending on the size and nature of the plant species. Whitefly adults were counted from the sampled leaves in the field. Leaves were brought to the laboratory in polyethylene bags to examine for eggs and nymphs/ pupae under a stereoscopic binocular microscope. To make the sample size uniform, absolute whitefly population per leaf was converted into per 100 cm2 leaf area, irrespective of the size and type of leaves of different plant species. Host plants of B. tabaci were also categorized as abundant, if large number was available in all visited areas, fair in density, if found in small number in all the locations of visited areas or in large number at few places. Plant species found in very small numbers at few places were designated as rare. Plants harbouring adults or eggs or both were not considered as hosts of B. tabaci and were excluded from the list. Plant species carrying all the pest stages were designated as true hosts. Recorded hosts were further divided into two sub-categories, major and minor. Those plants on which B. tabaci infestation was available for more than three months, the population was over 20 nymphs/100 cm2 leaf area and plant density was either abundant or fair, were called major hosts. All
0261-2194/03/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(03)00032-2
M.R. Attique et al. / Crop Protection 22 (2003) 715–720
716
Table 1 Host plants of Bemisia tabaci recorded from cotton areas of Punjab Pakistan during 1996–1999 Sr.No.
Family
Plant species
Host status
Period of pest activity
Maximum nymphs/100 cm2
Pest status
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2l
Acanthaceae Aizoaceae Amaranthaceae
(O) Ruellia tuberosaa (W) Trianthema portulacastruma (W) Achyranthes aspera Amaranthus viridis Digera arvensisb (O)A. atrosanguineusa Celosia argentia var. cristatab Gomphrena globosab (C) Daucus carota (C) Colocasia esculentaa (C) Helianthus annuusb (W) Cnicus arvensisb Conyza boneriensis Eclipta albab Xanthium stramariumb Ageratum conyzoides (O) Chrysanthemum morifoliumb Cineraria hybridaa Gerbera jamesonii Helianthus annuusb Tagetes erectab
Rare Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Rare Rare Rare Abundant Fair Fair Abundant Rare Abundant Abundant Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare
May–Jan. Apr.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Feb. May–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Mar. Jun.–Nov. Sep.–Nov. May–Jan. Feb.–May Sept.–May Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Jan. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Dec.–Apr. May–Dec. Jan.–Dec. May–Mar.
11.4 9.1 35.6 4.4 29.0 266.4 4.6 24.0 1.2 0.4 3.2 1.2 63.1 62.3 11.3 63.0 53.4 0.2 1.9 60.9 65.0
Minor Minor Major Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor
(O) Impatiens balsamina (O) Campsis undulataa Tecoma stansa (FF) Salmalia malabaricaa (W) Heliotropium europaeumb (FF) Ehretia laevisa (C) Brassica campestris var. Sasonb B. oleraceae var. botrytisb B. rapab Raphanus sativusb Raphanus sp.b (O) Matthiola incanaa (O) Buddleja paniculataa (W) Cassia absusa (FF) Bauhinia purpureab Cassia fistulab Leucaena leucophyllea Parkinsonia aculeata (W) Cleome viscosab Gynandropsis pentaphyllaa (C) Beta vulgaris Spinacea oleracea (W) Chenopodium albumb Chenopodium muraleb (C) Ipomoea batatas (W) Convolvulus arvensisb I. aquatica I. iriocarpaa (O)Argyrela speciosaa I. Cairica I. carneab I purpurea I. tricolora (C) Bennincasa hispida Citrullus lanatusb C. lanatus var. festulosus Cucumis melob C. melo var. flexuosusb C. melo var. phuttb
Rare Rare Rare Fair Fair Rare Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Fair Rare Rare Fair Fair Fair Rare Fair Fair Fair Rare Abundant Abundant Abundant Fair Abundant Rare Abundant Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Fair Fair Abundant Abundant Fair Fair
Aug.–Dec. Jul.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Jul. Oct.–Dec. Sep.–May Jun.–Mar. Aug.–Feb. Aug.–Feb. Oct.–May Sep.–Nov. Aug.–Nov. May.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Mar.–Jan. Jan. –Nov. Jan.–Dec. May–Oct. May–Oct. Sep.–Jan. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. May–Dec. Jul.–Nov. Jul.–Feb. May.–Feb. Apr.–Jan. Mar.–Nov. Jan.–Dec. Mar.–Dec. Mar.–Nov. Apr.–Nov. Mar.–Dec. Mar.–May May–Oct.
5.4 167.3 9.9 0.8 7.0 6.4 15.0 3.8 0.2 17.0 2.5 26.6 0.7 25.0 9.0 0.6 1.1 4.1 6.1 1.9 0.2 0.8 0.6 1.9 14.2 62.5 0.8 8.0 0.13 103.5 3.9 18.2 5.5 11.5 9.9 16.1 46.9 7.4 17.5
Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 51 58 59 60
Apiaceae Araceae Asteraceae
Balsaminaceae Bigoniaceae Bombacaceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae
Buddlejiaceae Caesalpinaceae
Capparidaceae Chenopodiaceae
Convolvulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
M.R. Attique et al. / Crop Protection 22 (2003) 715–720
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Table 1 (continued) Sr.No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
Family
Euphorbiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lythraceae Malvaceae
Meliaceae Mimosaceae Menispermaceae Moraceae
Moringaceae Myrtaceae Nyctaginaceae Oleaceae
Papilionaceae
Plant species
Host status
Period of pest activity
Maximum nymphs/100 cm2
Pest status
C. sativusb Cucurbita pepob C. pepo var. melopepo Lagenaria sicerariab Luffa acutangula Momordica charantiab (W) Citrullus tetragonaa Cucumis trigonusa (W) Euphorbia helioscopiab E. hirtab E. prostratab Phyllanthus niruri Phyllanthus pilulifera (O) E. miliia E. pulcherrima (C) Mentha viridis (W) Leucas cephalotosa Mentha longifoliab (O) Ocimum basilicum (O) Lawsonia inermisa (C) Abelmoschus esculentusb Gossypium hirsutumb G. arboreumb Hibiscus cannabinusb (W) Abutilon bidentatumb Abutilon indicumb Abutilon fruticosum Hibiscus obtusilobusa Malva parviflora Malvastrum tricuspidatumb (O) Althaea roseab Hibiscus mutabilis Hibiscus rosa-sinensisb Malvaviscus arboreusb (C) Ricimus communisb (FF) Acacia niloticab (FF) Albizia lebbekb (O) Tinospora cordiolia (FF) Broussonetia papyriferab Ficus carica Ficus religiosab Morus albab Morus laevigata (FF) Moringa oleifera (FF) Eucalyptus carnadulensisa Psidium guajavab (O) Bougainvillea glabraa (O) Jasminum azoricuma J. multifloruma J. officinaleb J. rigiduma (C) Cyamopsis tetragonolobab Glycine maxb Lens culinaris Pisum sativumb Phaseolus aureusb Phaseolus mungob Sesbania sesbanb Trifolium alexandrinum Trigonella foenum graecum (W) Melilotus indicab Rhynchosia minima
Abundant Fair Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Fair Abundant Abundant Abundant Rare Fair Rare Rare Abundant Rare Fair Fair Rare Abundant Abundant Fair Rare Abundant Abundant Abundant Fair Fair Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Abundant Fair Rare Rare Rare Fair Rare Fair Fair Abundant Fair Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Fair Rare Rare Abundant Abundant Fair Fair Abundant Fair Abundant Fair
Feb.–May Mar.–Dec. Oct.–May May–Oct. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Dec. Apr.–Dec. Jul.–Nov. Oct.–Feb. May–Feb. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Dec. Apr.–Dec. Sep.–Mar. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jul.–Oct. Nov.–Jun. Apr.–Feb. Jan.–Dec. Mar. –Dec. Apr.–Jan. Apr.–Dec. May–Oct Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jul.–Dec. Oct.–May Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Oct. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jul. –Nov. Apr.–Jan. Jan.–Dec. Jul.–Mar. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Dec. Apr.–Feb. Aug.–Mar. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Sep. Jul.–Oct. Jun.–Nov. Mar–May Mar–Apr. Oct.–Jan. Mar.–Dec. Mar.–Oct. Jan –Oct. Oct –Dec. Oct-Feb. Oct.–Feb. Jan.–Dec.
5.3 0.2 20.6 0.6 1.9 1.1 20.6 19.2 30.4 87.2 6.7 6.0 74.5 6.4 17.3 236.5 8.1 3.5 1.9 3.1 5.6 103.3 4.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.5 1.0 43.3 39.3 3.8 41.0 5.2 6.8 1.4 6.1 1.1 80.0 1.0 2.1 59.6 16.0 0.8 5.2 2.6 0.4 0.3 2.6 4.4 0.5 2.4 100.4 0.1 1.5 9.0 1.5 12.0 5.9 9.0 1.2 9.0
Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Major Major Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor
M.R. Attique et al. / Crop Protection 22 (2003) 715–720
718 Table 1 (continued) Sr.No. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 a b
Family
Pedaliaceae Polygonaceae
Punicaceae Rhamnaceae Rubiaceae Solanaceae
Tiliaceae
Tropaeolaceae Verbenaceae
Vitaceae Zingiberaceae Zygophyllaceae
Plant species
Host status
Period of pest activity
Maximum nymphs/100 cm2
Pest status
(O) Erythrina suberosab Lathyrus odoratus (FF) Dalbergia sissoob Pongamia pinnataa (C) Sesamum indicumb (W) Polygonum sp. Rumex dentatusa (O) Antigonon leptopusb (FF) Punica granatum (FF) Zizyphus mauritianab (O) Hamelia patensb (C) Capsicum frutescensb Lycopersicon esculentumb Solanum incanumb S. melongenab S. tuberosumb (W) Datura metelb Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Physalis alkakengia Solanum nigrumb Solanum surratenseb Withania somniferab (O) Cestrum diurnum Cestrum nocturnumb Solanum melongenab (C) Corchorus capsularis (W) Corchorus Olitorius C. trilocularis (FF) Grewia asiaticab (O) Tropaeolum majusa (W) Verbena oflicianalis (O) Clerodendrum inermea Lantana camarab Verbena hybridaa Vitex agnus-costus (FF) Vitis viniferaa (O) Alpinia speciosaa (W) Tribulus terrestris
Rare Rare Abundant Fair Abundant Abundant Abundant Rare Rare Abundant Rare Abundant Abundant Rare Abundant Abundant Rare Fair Abundant Abundant Fair Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Fair Abundant Fair Rare Fair Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Abundant
Jan.–Dec. May–Feb. Jun.-Nov. Apr.–Jan. Jun –Oct. Apr.–Feb. Jan.–Dec. May–Nov. May–Jan. Jan.–Dec. Mar.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Oct.–May Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Feb. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Jan. Sep.–Oct. Apr.–Feb. May–Nov. Jul.–Oct. May–Nov. Mar.–Jan. Oct.–Dec. Mar.–Jan. Aug.–Apr. Jan.–Dec. Feb. –May Aug.–Nov. Apr.–Feb. May–Nov. Apr.–Nov.
9.1 9.9 4.0 0.8 12.8 19.4 0.5 6.9 22.0 15.1 2.5 6.0 2.0 18.5 75.8 5.5 28.0 5.2 9.3 4.9 38.7 8.0 8.9 0.7 20.8 27.3 1.0 92.0 3.8 13.8 14.3 17.4 39.6 0.6 3.2 0.5 1.8 8.0
Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor
New host plants in Pakistan with no previous world record. Host plants common in present as well as previous record in Pakistan. C=Crops, (W)=Weeds, (O)=Ornamentals, (FF)=Fruit & forest plants
others not meeting the requirement of this criteria were regarded as minor hosts.
3. Results Cotton whitefly, B. tabaci, was recorded from 160 plant species, belonging to 113 genera and 42 families during the present survey. A comprehensive review of the available literature revealed that 79 were new hosts from this region (Table 1). Out of these, 36 have not been reported as hosts of this pest before from any part of the world. The remaining 81 plants recorded during this survey have also been reported by previous workers like Hussain and Trehan (1933), Hussain et al. (1936), Rehman (1940), Ahmad and Harwood (1973), Khan et al. (1985) and Inayatullah et al. (1985). Although all
the recorded hosts contribute in the continuation of the’ life cycle of B. tabaci in this area, their share in the biological phenomenon depends on the pest population and density of the host during different parts of the year. As cotton is the major crop of Punjab, therefore, role of the alternate hosts of B. tabaci is determined with respect to this crop. From the total recorded hosts during the present survey, 18 plant species, five crops including cotton and 13 weeds, were identified as major and remaining 142 as minor hosts. Among the major hosts, Achyranthes aspera, Ageratum conyzoides, Convolvulus arvensis, Eclipta alba, Malvastrum tricuspidatum, Mentha viridis, Solanum melongena and Solanum surratense were present and carry whitefly population all the year round, while Cassia absus, Citrullus tetragona, Corchorus trilocularis, Digera arvensis, Euphorbia helioscopia, E. hirta and
M.R. Attique et al. / Crop Protection 22 (2003) 715–720
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Table 2 Host plants of Bemisia tabaci other than the present record from Pakistan Family
Plant species
Acanthaceae Amaranthaceae Apiaceae Aristolochiaceae Asteraceae
Adhatoda Visicaa Celosia sp.a Coriandrum sativumb Aristolochia punjabensisa Carthamus oxyacanthaa, C. tinctoriusa,Chrysanthemum indicuma, Chrysanthemum spa, Conyza crispusa, Eclipta erectaa, E. prostratab, Sonchus asperaa, S. oleraceusa Brassica campestrisb, B. campestris var, Toriab, B. Junceab, B. napobrassicab, B. napobrassica var. diholomab, B. oleraceab, B. oleracea var. capitatab, Brassica sppa Crotalaria junceab Cannabis sativaa Ipomoea sp.b Citrullus vulgarisb, C. vulgaris var. fistulosusb, Cucumis maderaspatanaa Lagenaria vulgarisb Chrozophora tinctoriaa, Euphorbia falcataa, E. indicab, E. parviflorab, E. pibediferab, Phyllanthus spb Linum usitatissimuma Abutilon grandifoliumb, A. pannosuma, A. theophrastib, Gossypium herbaceumb, Gossypium sppa, Hibiscus subdariffaa, Malvestrum coromandelianuma, Sida albab, S. cordifoliab, S. grewiodesa, Urena lobataa Ficus palmataa Musa sepientuma Boerhavia coccinieab Jasminum humilea, J. pubigeruma Lablab purpureusa Medicago polymorphab, Medicago sativaa, Phaseolus acontifoliusa, Vigna. radiatab, V. sinensisb, V. unguiculataa, Vicia fabaa, Campsis tetragon lobaa Pyrus communisa, Rosa indicaa Gardenia jasminoidesa Datura albaa, Nicotiana tabacuma, Petunia sp.a, Physalis minimaa, Solanum miniatumb Vitex negundo
Brassicaceae Caesalpinaceae Cannabidaceae Convolvulaceae Cucurbitaccace Euphorbiaceae Linaceae Malvaceae Moraceae Musaceae Nyctaginaceae Oleaceae Papilionatae Papilionoceac Rosaceae Rubiaceae Solanaceae Verbenaceae a b
Plants recorded as hosts of cotton whitefly by Khan et al. (1985). Plants recorded as hosts of cotton whitefly by Inayatullah et al. (1985).
Phyllanthus pilulifera were available for 4–10 months. These host plants play a pivotal role in the winter survival, population build up before cotton is planted and carryover of the pest to this crop. However, Cucurbita pepo var melopepo and Solanum melongena are also important hosts but are sprayed regularly and their contribution becomes limited. However, Cucumis melo is widely cultivated and spraying on this crop is terminated at the end of April. Infestation developed thereafter shifts from this crop to cotton. It is therefore concluded that management of whitefly on these hosts during the non-cotton period may reduce the pressure of this pest on cotton. Data presented in Table 2 included 69 host plants, which had been reported by previous workers but not came across during present investigations. Hence B .tabaci has been recorded from a total of 229 plant species belonging to 135 genera and 48 families from Pakistan (Tables 1 and 2).
and Agriculture and Pak-kazakh Research Funds through the Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of Pakistan, is cordially acknowledged. We are also highly thankful to Dr. Mumtaz Hussain Bukhari, Professor of Botany and Chairman, Institute of Pure and Applied Biological sciences, Dr. Altaf Ahmad Dasti, Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan and Mr. Muhammad Zafarullah, Lecturer (Botany), Government College, Kabirwala, Khanewal for the identification of plants. Identification of whitefly adults emerged from different host plants by Dr. A C. Bartlett, Entomologist, USDA ARS Western Cotton Research Laboratory, East Broadway, Phoenix, Arizona, USA is also gratefully acknowledged.
References Acknowledgements Financial support of the Asian Development Bank under the CLCV Project through the Ministry of Food
Ahmad, M., Harwood, RF., 1973. Studies on a whitefly transmitted yellow mosaic of urd bean (Phaseolus mungo). Plant Disease Report 57, 800–802. Avidov, Z., Harpaz, I., 1969. Plant Pests of Israel. University Press, Jerusalem, pp. 76–84.
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Azab, A.K., Megahed, M.M., EI-Mirsawi, H.D., 1971. On the range of host-plants of Bemisia tabaci (Genn. ). Bulletin of Entomolgical Society Egypt 54, 319–326. Chang, Y.C., 1969. Host plants and morphological variations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Taiwan. Plant Protection Bulletin, Taiwan 11, 23–32. Gameel, O.I., 1972. A new description, distribution and hosts of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 86, 50–64. Greathead, A.H., 1986. Host plants. In: Cock, M.J.W. (Ed.), Bemisia tabaci. A Literature Survey on the Cotton Whitefly with an Annotated Bibliography. CAB International, UK, pp. 17–25. Hussain, M.A., Trehan, K.N., 1933. The life-history, bionomics and control of the whitefly of cotton (Bemisia gossypiperda M. & L.). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 3, 701–753.
Hussain, M.A., Puri, A.N., Trehan, K.N., 1936. Cell sap acidity and the incidence of whitefly (Bemisia gossypiperda) on cottons. Current Sciences 4, 486–487. InayatUllah, C., Ghani, M.A., Ghaffar, A., 1985. Cotton whitefly. Bemisia tabaci and its control. Agricultural Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 90pp. Khan, A.G., Goraya, A.A., Mohyuddin, A.I., Inayatullah, C., 1985. The whiteflies (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 17 (1), 29–33. Mound, L.A., Halsey, S.H., 1978. Whitefly of the World. A Systematic Catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) with Host Plant and Natural Enemy Data. British Museum (Natural History) and Chichester. Wiley, London, UK, 340pp. Rehman, K.A., 1940. Some more hosts of the cotton whitefly. Indian Journal of Entomology 2, 243.
Hosts of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton areas of Punjab, Pakistan M.R. Attique*, Muhammad Rafiq, Abdul Ghaffar, Zahoor Ahmad, A.I. Mohyuddin1 Central Cotton Research Institute, Old Shujabad Road, P.O. Box 572, Multan, Pakistan Received 13 May 2002; accepted 24 January 2003
Abstract A survey for the host plants of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) from the cotton-growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan, during 1996–1999 revealed 160 plant species belonging to 113 genera of 42 families including crops, ornamentals, fruit and forest trees, and weeds were recorded. Among these, 79 plant species were recorded for the first time from this region. Out of these, 36 host plant species have not been reported previously from anywhere. So far, a total of 229 hosts of B. tabaci have been recorded from Pakistan including 69 plants noted by previous workers but not recorded as hosts during the present survey. r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cotton whitefly; Bemisia tabaci; Host plants; Cotton agro-ecosystem
1. Introduction Various authors have reported a large number of host plants of Bemisia tabaci (Aleyrodidae:Homoptera). Avidov and Harpaz (1969) reported 52 hosts in Israel, Chang (1969) 87 in Taiwan, Azab et al. (1971) 172 in Egypt and Gameel (1972) 115 in Sudan. However, Mound and Halsey (1978) reported 315 and Greathead (1986) more than 506 plant species worldwide as its hosts. Hussain and Trehan (1933) reported 44 hosts of B. tabaci in India. Later on, Hussain et al. (1936) added two, Rehman (1940) four and Ahmad and Harwood (1973) three more species to this list. Khan et al. (1983) recorded it from 105 and Inayatullah et al. (1985) from 104 plants including crops, ornamentals, fruit and forest trees, and weeds, mainly from hilly areas. The present hosts of B. tabaci were recorded in the cotton belt of Punjab.
2. Materials and methods All the plant species found in the cotton-growing areas of three districts, Multan, Khanewal and *Corresponding author. Tel.:+92-61-9200-340; fax: +92-61-9200342. 1 Pest management (Private) Limited, Islamabad.
Vehari (Punjab), were examined throughout the year from 1996 to 1999 at fortnightly intervals. Sample size varied from 10 to 150 leaves depending on the size and nature of the plant species. Whitefly adults were counted from the sampled leaves in the field. Leaves were brought to the laboratory in polyethylene bags to examine for eggs and nymphs/ pupae under a stereoscopic binocular microscope. To make the sample size uniform, absolute whitefly population per leaf was converted into per 100 cm2 leaf area, irrespective of the size and type of leaves of different plant species. Host plants of B. tabaci were also categorized as abundant, if large number was available in all visited areas, fair in density, if found in small number in all the locations of visited areas or in large number at few places. Plant species found in very small numbers at few places were designated as rare. Plants harbouring adults or eggs or both were not considered as hosts of B. tabaci and were excluded from the list. Plant species carrying all the pest stages were designated as true hosts. Recorded hosts were further divided into two sub-categories, major and minor. Those plants on which B. tabaci infestation was available for more than three months, the population was over 20 nymphs/100 cm2 leaf area and plant density was either abundant or fair, were called major hosts. All
0261-2194/03/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/S0261-2194(03)00032-2
M.R. Attique et al. / Crop Protection 22 (2003) 715–720
716
Table 1 Host plants of Bemisia tabaci recorded from cotton areas of Punjab Pakistan during 1996–1999 Sr.No.
Family
Plant species
Host status
Period of pest activity
Maximum nymphs/100 cm2
Pest status
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2l
Acanthaceae Aizoaceae Amaranthaceae
(O) Ruellia tuberosaa (W) Trianthema portulacastruma (W) Achyranthes aspera Amaranthus viridis Digera arvensisb (O)A. atrosanguineusa Celosia argentia var. cristatab Gomphrena globosab (C) Daucus carota (C) Colocasia esculentaa (C) Helianthus annuusb (W) Cnicus arvensisb Conyza boneriensis Eclipta albab Xanthium stramariumb Ageratum conyzoides (O) Chrysanthemum morifoliumb Cineraria hybridaa Gerbera jamesonii Helianthus annuusb Tagetes erectab
Rare Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Rare Rare Rare Abundant Fair Fair Abundant Rare Abundant Abundant Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare
May–Jan. Apr.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Feb. May–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Mar. Jun.–Nov. Sep.–Nov. May–Jan. Feb.–May Sept.–May Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Jan. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Dec.–Apr. May–Dec. Jan.–Dec. May–Mar.
11.4 9.1 35.6 4.4 29.0 266.4 4.6 24.0 1.2 0.4 3.2 1.2 63.1 62.3 11.3 63.0 53.4 0.2 1.9 60.9 65.0
Minor Minor Major Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor
(O) Impatiens balsamina (O) Campsis undulataa Tecoma stansa (FF) Salmalia malabaricaa (W) Heliotropium europaeumb (FF) Ehretia laevisa (C) Brassica campestris var. Sasonb B. oleraceae var. botrytisb B. rapab Raphanus sativusb Raphanus sp.b (O) Matthiola incanaa (O) Buddleja paniculataa (W) Cassia absusa (FF) Bauhinia purpureab Cassia fistulab Leucaena leucophyllea Parkinsonia aculeata (W) Cleome viscosab Gynandropsis pentaphyllaa (C) Beta vulgaris Spinacea oleracea (W) Chenopodium albumb Chenopodium muraleb (C) Ipomoea batatas (W) Convolvulus arvensisb I. aquatica I. iriocarpaa (O)Argyrela speciosaa I. Cairica I. carneab I purpurea I. tricolora (C) Bennincasa hispida Citrullus lanatusb C. lanatus var. festulosus Cucumis melob C. melo var. flexuosusb C. melo var. phuttb
Rare Rare Rare Fair Fair Rare Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Fair Rare Rare Fair Fair Fair Rare Fair Fair Fair Rare Abundant Abundant Abundant Fair Abundant Rare Abundant Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Fair Fair Abundant Abundant Fair Fair
Aug.–Dec. Jul.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Jul. Oct.–Dec. Sep.–May Jun.–Mar. Aug.–Feb. Aug.–Feb. Oct.–May Sep.–Nov. Aug.–Nov. May.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Mar.–Jan. Jan. –Nov. Jan.–Dec. May–Oct. May–Oct. Sep.–Jan. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. May–Dec. Jul.–Nov. Jul.–Feb. May.–Feb. Apr.–Jan. Mar.–Nov. Jan.–Dec. Mar.–Dec. Mar.–Nov. Apr.–Nov. Mar.–Dec. Mar.–May May–Oct.
5.4 167.3 9.9 0.8 7.0 6.4 15.0 3.8 0.2 17.0 2.5 26.6 0.7 25.0 9.0 0.6 1.1 4.1 6.1 1.9 0.2 0.8 0.6 1.9 14.2 62.5 0.8 8.0 0.13 103.5 3.9 18.2 5.5 11.5 9.9 16.1 46.9 7.4 17.5
Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 51 58 59 60
Apiaceae Araceae Asteraceae
Balsaminaceae Bigoniaceae Bombacaceae Boraginaceae Brassicaceae
Buddlejiaceae Caesalpinaceae
Capparidaceae Chenopodiaceae
Convolvulaceae
Cucurbitaceae
M.R. Attique et al. / Crop Protection 22 (2003) 715–720
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Table 1 (continued) Sr.No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122
Family
Euphorbiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lythraceae Malvaceae
Meliaceae Mimosaceae Menispermaceae Moraceae
Moringaceae Myrtaceae Nyctaginaceae Oleaceae
Papilionaceae
Plant species
Host status
Period of pest activity
Maximum nymphs/100 cm2
Pest status
C. sativusb Cucurbita pepob C. pepo var. melopepo Lagenaria sicerariab Luffa acutangula Momordica charantiab (W) Citrullus tetragonaa Cucumis trigonusa (W) Euphorbia helioscopiab E. hirtab E. prostratab Phyllanthus niruri Phyllanthus pilulifera (O) E. miliia E. pulcherrima (C) Mentha viridis (W) Leucas cephalotosa Mentha longifoliab (O) Ocimum basilicum (O) Lawsonia inermisa (C) Abelmoschus esculentusb Gossypium hirsutumb G. arboreumb Hibiscus cannabinusb (W) Abutilon bidentatumb Abutilon indicumb Abutilon fruticosum Hibiscus obtusilobusa Malva parviflora Malvastrum tricuspidatumb (O) Althaea roseab Hibiscus mutabilis Hibiscus rosa-sinensisb Malvaviscus arboreusb (C) Ricimus communisb (FF) Acacia niloticab (FF) Albizia lebbekb (O) Tinospora cordiolia (FF) Broussonetia papyriferab Ficus carica Ficus religiosab Morus albab Morus laevigata (FF) Moringa oleifera (FF) Eucalyptus carnadulensisa Psidium guajavab (O) Bougainvillea glabraa (O) Jasminum azoricuma J. multifloruma J. officinaleb J. rigiduma (C) Cyamopsis tetragonolobab Glycine maxb Lens culinaris Pisum sativumb Phaseolus aureusb Phaseolus mungob Sesbania sesbanb Trifolium alexandrinum Trigonella foenum graecum (W) Melilotus indicab Rhynchosia minima
Abundant Fair Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Abundant Fair Abundant Abundant Abundant Rare Fair Rare Rare Abundant Rare Fair Fair Rare Abundant Abundant Fair Rare Abundant Abundant Abundant Fair Fair Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Abundant Fair Rare Rare Rare Fair Rare Fair Fair Abundant Fair Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Fair Rare Rare Abundant Abundant Fair Fair Abundant Fair Abundant Fair
Feb.–May Mar.–Dec. Oct.–May May–Oct. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Dec. Apr.–Dec. Jul.–Nov. Oct.–Feb. May–Feb. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Dec. Apr.–Dec. Sep.–Mar. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jul.–Oct. Nov.–Jun. Apr.–Feb. Jan.–Dec. Mar. –Dec. Apr.–Jan. Apr.–Dec. May–Oct Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jul.–Dec. Oct.–May Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Oct. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jul. –Nov. Apr.–Jan. Jan.–Dec. Jul.–Mar. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Dec. Apr.–Feb. Aug.–Mar. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Sep. Jul.–Oct. Jun.–Nov. Mar–May Mar–Apr. Oct.–Jan. Mar.–Dec. Mar.–Oct. Jan –Oct. Oct –Dec. Oct-Feb. Oct.–Feb. Jan.–Dec.
5.3 0.2 20.6 0.6 1.9 1.1 20.6 19.2 30.4 87.2 6.7 6.0 74.5 6.4 17.3 236.5 8.1 3.5 1.9 3.1 5.6 103.3 4.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.5 1.0 43.3 39.3 3.8 41.0 5.2 6.8 1.4 6.1 1.1 80.0 1.0 2.1 59.6 16.0 0.8 5.2 2.6 0.4 0.3 2.6 4.4 0.5 2.4 100.4 0.1 1.5 9.0 1.5 12.0 5.9 9.0 1.2 9.0
Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Major Major Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor
M.R. Attique et al. / Crop Protection 22 (2003) 715–720
718 Table 1 (continued) Sr.No. 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 a b
Family
Pedaliaceae Polygonaceae
Punicaceae Rhamnaceae Rubiaceae Solanaceae
Tiliaceae
Tropaeolaceae Verbenaceae
Vitaceae Zingiberaceae Zygophyllaceae
Plant species
Host status
Period of pest activity
Maximum nymphs/100 cm2
Pest status
(O) Erythrina suberosab Lathyrus odoratus (FF) Dalbergia sissoob Pongamia pinnataa (C) Sesamum indicumb (W) Polygonum sp. Rumex dentatusa (O) Antigonon leptopusb (FF) Punica granatum (FF) Zizyphus mauritianab (O) Hamelia patensb (C) Capsicum frutescensb Lycopersicon esculentumb Solanum incanumb S. melongenab S. tuberosumb (W) Datura metelb Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Physalis alkakengia Solanum nigrumb Solanum surratenseb Withania somniferab (O) Cestrum diurnum Cestrum nocturnumb Solanum melongenab (C) Corchorus capsularis (W) Corchorus Olitorius C. trilocularis (FF) Grewia asiaticab (O) Tropaeolum majusa (W) Verbena oflicianalis (O) Clerodendrum inermea Lantana camarab Verbena hybridaa Vitex agnus-costus (FF) Vitis viniferaa (O) Alpinia speciosaa (W) Tribulus terrestris
Rare Rare Abundant Fair Abundant Abundant Abundant Rare Rare Abundant Rare Abundant Abundant Rare Abundant Abundant Rare Fair Abundant Abundant Fair Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Fair Abundant Fair Rare Fair Fair Rare Rare Rare Rare Rare Abundant
Jan.–Dec. May–Feb. Jun.-Nov. Apr.–Jan. Jun –Oct. Apr.–Feb. Jan.–Dec. May–Nov. May–Jan. Jan.–Dec. Mar.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Oct.–May Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Apr.–Feb. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jan.–Dec. Jun.–Jan. Sep.–Oct. Apr.–Feb. May–Nov. Jul.–Oct. May–Nov. Mar.–Jan. Oct.–Dec. Mar.–Jan. Aug.–Apr. Jan.–Dec. Feb. –May Aug.–Nov. Apr.–Feb. May–Nov. Apr.–Nov.
9.1 9.9 4.0 0.8 12.8 19.4 0.5 6.9 22.0 15.1 2.5 6.0 2.0 18.5 75.8 5.5 28.0 5.2 9.3 4.9 38.7 8.0 8.9 0.7 20.8 27.3 1.0 92.0 3.8 13.8 14.3 17.4 39.6 0.6 3.2 0.5 1.8 8.0
Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Major Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor Minor
New host plants in Pakistan with no previous world record. Host plants common in present as well as previous record in Pakistan. C=Crops, (W)=Weeds, (O)=Ornamentals, (FF)=Fruit & forest plants
others not meeting the requirement of this criteria were regarded as minor hosts.
3. Results Cotton whitefly, B. tabaci, was recorded from 160 plant species, belonging to 113 genera and 42 families during the present survey. A comprehensive review of the available literature revealed that 79 were new hosts from this region (Table 1). Out of these, 36 have not been reported as hosts of this pest before from any part of the world. The remaining 81 plants recorded during this survey have also been reported by previous workers like Hussain and Trehan (1933), Hussain et al. (1936), Rehman (1940), Ahmad and Harwood (1973), Khan et al. (1985) and Inayatullah et al. (1985). Although all
the recorded hosts contribute in the continuation of the’ life cycle of B. tabaci in this area, their share in the biological phenomenon depends on the pest population and density of the host during different parts of the year. As cotton is the major crop of Punjab, therefore, role of the alternate hosts of B. tabaci is determined with respect to this crop. From the total recorded hosts during the present survey, 18 plant species, five crops including cotton and 13 weeds, were identified as major and remaining 142 as minor hosts. Among the major hosts, Achyranthes aspera, Ageratum conyzoides, Convolvulus arvensis, Eclipta alba, Malvastrum tricuspidatum, Mentha viridis, Solanum melongena and Solanum surratense were present and carry whitefly population all the year round, while Cassia absus, Citrullus tetragona, Corchorus trilocularis, Digera arvensis, Euphorbia helioscopia, E. hirta and
M.R. Attique et al. / Crop Protection 22 (2003) 715–720
719
Table 2 Host plants of Bemisia tabaci other than the present record from Pakistan Family
Plant species
Acanthaceae Amaranthaceae Apiaceae Aristolochiaceae Asteraceae
Adhatoda Visicaa Celosia sp.a Coriandrum sativumb Aristolochia punjabensisa Carthamus oxyacanthaa, C. tinctoriusa,Chrysanthemum indicuma, Chrysanthemum spa, Conyza crispusa, Eclipta erectaa, E. prostratab, Sonchus asperaa, S. oleraceusa Brassica campestrisb, B. campestris var, Toriab, B. Junceab, B. napobrassicab, B. napobrassica var. diholomab, B. oleraceab, B. oleracea var. capitatab, Brassica sppa Crotalaria junceab Cannabis sativaa Ipomoea sp.b Citrullus vulgarisb, C. vulgaris var. fistulosusb, Cucumis maderaspatanaa Lagenaria vulgarisb Chrozophora tinctoriaa, Euphorbia falcataa, E. indicab, E. parviflorab, E. pibediferab, Phyllanthus spb Linum usitatissimuma Abutilon grandifoliumb, A. pannosuma, A. theophrastib, Gossypium herbaceumb, Gossypium sppa, Hibiscus subdariffaa, Malvestrum coromandelianuma, Sida albab, S. cordifoliab, S. grewiodesa, Urena lobataa Ficus palmataa Musa sepientuma Boerhavia coccinieab Jasminum humilea, J. pubigeruma Lablab purpureusa Medicago polymorphab, Medicago sativaa, Phaseolus acontifoliusa, Vigna. radiatab, V. sinensisb, V. unguiculataa, Vicia fabaa, Campsis tetragon lobaa Pyrus communisa, Rosa indicaa Gardenia jasminoidesa Datura albaa, Nicotiana tabacuma, Petunia sp.a, Physalis minimaa, Solanum miniatumb Vitex negundo
Brassicaceae Caesalpinaceae Cannabidaceae Convolvulaceae Cucurbitaccace Euphorbiaceae Linaceae Malvaceae Moraceae Musaceae Nyctaginaceae Oleaceae Papilionatae Papilionoceac Rosaceae Rubiaceae Solanaceae Verbenaceae a b
Plants recorded as hosts of cotton whitefly by Khan et al. (1985). Plants recorded as hosts of cotton whitefly by Inayatullah et al. (1985).
Phyllanthus pilulifera were available for 4–10 months. These host plants play a pivotal role in the winter survival, population build up before cotton is planted and carryover of the pest to this crop. However, Cucurbita pepo var melopepo and Solanum melongena are also important hosts but are sprayed regularly and their contribution becomes limited. However, Cucumis melo is widely cultivated and spraying on this crop is terminated at the end of April. Infestation developed thereafter shifts from this crop to cotton. It is therefore concluded that management of whitefly on these hosts during the non-cotton period may reduce the pressure of this pest on cotton. Data presented in Table 2 included 69 host plants, which had been reported by previous workers but not came across during present investigations. Hence B .tabaci has been recorded from a total of 229 plant species belonging to 135 genera and 48 families from Pakistan (Tables 1 and 2).
and Agriculture and Pak-kazakh Research Funds through the Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of Pakistan, is cordially acknowledged. We are also highly thankful to Dr. Mumtaz Hussain Bukhari, Professor of Botany and Chairman, Institute of Pure and Applied Biological sciences, Dr. Altaf Ahmad Dasti, Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan and Mr. Muhammad Zafarullah, Lecturer (Botany), Government College, Kabirwala, Khanewal for the identification of plants. Identification of whitefly adults emerged from different host plants by Dr. A C. Bartlett, Entomologist, USDA ARS Western Cotton Research Laboratory, East Broadway, Phoenix, Arizona, USA is also gratefully acknowledged.
References Acknowledgements Financial support of the Asian Development Bank under the CLCV Project through the Ministry of Food
Ahmad, M., Harwood, RF., 1973. Studies on a whitefly transmitted yellow mosaic of urd bean (Phaseolus mungo). Plant Disease Report 57, 800–802. Avidov, Z., Harpaz, I., 1969. Plant Pests of Israel. University Press, Jerusalem, pp. 76–84.
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