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Housing as a Cause of Bovine Tuberculosis
ABSTRACTS AND REPORTS.
HOUSING AS A CAUSE OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. IN the Canton Freiburg in the year 1890 14,142 head of cattle were insured in 21 Societies, the estimated value of these animals being 4,759,97 5 francs, and the sum insured for 3,822,980 francs. Among these 14,142 insured animals there were 239 deaths = 1'69 0/0; and 21, or 8'7 0/0' of the deaths were due to tuberculosis. In the district in which the cattle were largely fed out of doors on grass and hay and received few roots the deaths from tuberculosis amounted to only 3 of the total losses, whereas in the district in which the animals were almost constantly housed and fed unnaturally the proportion of deaths from tuberculosis was 2~ times greater.-Sch-weizer Archil!. f Thierheilk. %
CULTURE OF ANTHRAX BACILLI IN THE MAMMARY GLAND OF A GOAT PROTECTED AGAINST ANTHRAX. IT is now known that there is a contagious form of mammitis in cows caused by a streptococcus which is strictly localised to the udder. When this streptococcus is sown in cow's or goat's milk it rapidly dies, hut in the mammary gland of the cow or goat it preserves its virulence for many months. It occurred to Professor Nocard to try what would happen to anthrax bacilli when injected into the mammary gland during lactation. He accordingly vaccinated a young goat that was giving milk, and subsequentlyascertained by inoculating it with strong anthrax virus that it had been solidly protected. He then injected into the left teat 1 cubic centimetre of a culture of anthrax bacilli that was virulent enough to kill in thirty hours rabbits, sheep, and goats inoculated with a single drop of it. For more than a month afterwards the milk secreted by the gland into which the injection had been practised contained in great numbers the filaments of anthrax, and neither the vegetative power nor the virulence of these organisms was modified. The goat never showed the least disturbance, the mammary gland experienced no alteration, and the milk secreted by it did not differ in quantity or appearance from that secreted by the other gland.-ReZ'ue VCterillaire, No,'. 189I.
PECULIAR DISEASE OF THE PIG. KARL describes in the Woclzenscltrijt fur Thierlleilkzt7lde ltlld Viehzucht (October 1891) a peculiar disease observed by him in pigs. The animals attacked were all sows at various stages of pregnancy. They lay in their styes, refused food, and had occasional cough and quickened respiration. In none of the animals examined (over 20) was there any fever, the rectal temperature averaging 38'6° C. The heart-beats numbered from 90 to 120 per minute. The owners called attention to the fact that the pigs passed neither dung nor urine. The administration of irritant enemata did not bring about attempts at def~cation, and the rectum was always found to contam a large quantity of firm dry f~cal matter. By means of the catheter a large but not immoderate quantity of apparently normal urine could be drawn off. \Yhen forced to move, the pigs did so with an unsteady gait in the hind quarters. The dIsease lasted for 2-12 days, and during that time the symptoms remained pretty uniform. It was specially noted that there were no spots or discoloration of the skin. There were few recoveries. At the post - mortem there was found in many cases in the thorax, and
HOUSING AS A CAUSE OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. IN the Canton Freiburg in the year 1890 14,142 head of cattle were insured in 21 Societies, the estimated value of these animals being 4,759,97 5 francs, and the sum insured for 3,822,980 francs. Among these 14,142 insured animals there were 239 deaths = 1'69 0/0; and 21, or 8'7 0/0' of the deaths were due to tuberculosis. In the district in which the cattle were largely fed out of doors on grass and hay and received few roots the deaths from tuberculosis amounted to only 3 of the total losses, whereas in the district in which the animals were almost constantly housed and fed unnaturally the proportion of deaths from tuberculosis was 2~ times greater.-Sch-weizer Archil!. f Thierheilk. %
CULTURE OF ANTHRAX BACILLI IN THE MAMMARY GLAND OF A GOAT PROTECTED AGAINST ANTHRAX. IT is now known that there is a contagious form of mammitis in cows caused by a streptococcus which is strictly localised to the udder. When this streptococcus is sown in cow's or goat's milk it rapidly dies, hut in the mammary gland of the cow or goat it preserves its virulence for many months. It occurred to Professor Nocard to try what would happen to anthrax bacilli when injected into the mammary gland during lactation. He accordingly vaccinated a young goat that was giving milk, and subsequentlyascertained by inoculating it with strong anthrax virus that it had been solidly protected. He then injected into the left teat 1 cubic centimetre of a culture of anthrax bacilli that was virulent enough to kill in thirty hours rabbits, sheep, and goats inoculated with a single drop of it. For more than a month afterwards the milk secreted by the gland into which the injection had been practised contained in great numbers the filaments of anthrax, and neither the vegetative power nor the virulence of these organisms was modified. The goat never showed the least disturbance, the mammary gland experienced no alteration, and the milk secreted by it did not differ in quantity or appearance from that secreted by the other gland.-ReZ'ue VCterillaire, No,'. 189I.
PECULIAR DISEASE OF THE PIG. KARL describes in the Woclzenscltrijt fur Thierlleilkzt7lde ltlld Viehzucht (October 1891) a peculiar disease observed by him in pigs. The animals attacked were all sows at various stages of pregnancy. They lay in their styes, refused food, and had occasional cough and quickened respiration. In none of the animals examined (over 20) was there any fever, the rectal temperature averaging 38'6° C. The heart-beats numbered from 90 to 120 per minute. The owners called attention to the fact that the pigs passed neither dung nor urine. The administration of irritant enemata did not bring about attempts at def~cation, and the rectum was always found to contam a large quantity of firm dry f~cal matter. By means of the catheter a large but not immoderate quantity of apparently normal urine could be drawn off. \Yhen forced to move, the pigs did so with an unsteady gait in the hind quarters. The dIsease lasted for 2-12 days, and during that time the symptoms remained pretty uniform. It was specially noted that there were no spots or discoloration of the skin. There were few recoveries. At the post - mortem there was found in many cases in the thorax, and