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How protective is protective clothing?
scribes the new hardware and the motivation behind its development.
Occupant Protection Device Effectiveness in Preventing Fatalities. L. Euans, Research P~b~~ca~~~nG~R-58~9, ~~e~~~in~ Sciences Department, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Michigan, April 14, 1987. This paper summarizes the findings of a number of studies performed by General Motors Research Laboratories in which the double-pair comparison method was used to determine the effectiveness of protection devices in preventing occupant fatalities. All the estimates use data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, a data file maintained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. This data file gives information on all fatal traffic crashes in the United States which occurred since January 1, 1975. It is found that lap/shoulder belts are (43 f 3) % effective in preventing fatalities to car front seat occupants, lap belts are (18 zt 9) % effective in preventing rider fatalities to car rear seat occupants, and motorcycle helmets are (27 f 9) % effective in preventing fatalities. The errors are one standard error, and effectiveness means the fraction of a present population of fatally injured occupants not using the occupant protection device who would not have been killed had they been using the device, all other factors being equal.
Occupational
Safety
How Protective is Protective Clothing? N. W. Hemy, III, in Performance of Protective Clothing, ASTM STP 900, R. L. Barker and G. C. Coletta, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1986, pp. 51-58. A standard method to evaluate the permeation resistance of protective clothing has been developed. This method has generated numerous data on the resistance of various clothing materials to specific chemicals. Summer 1988~~l~rne 19~~~rnber 2
Three chemicals for which little data were available are formaldehyde, chlorine, and hydrogen cyanide. Experience with the method in evaluating materials for their resistance to these chemicals is presented as well as a review of current methods for determining protective clothing performance, Results from the tests show that nitrile-butadiene, neoprene, and butyl rubber offer the best resistance to formaldehyde, chlorine, and hydrogen cyanide, respectively, and that both breakthrough time and permeation rate data are needed to determine performance.
Occupation-Related Bums: Five-Year Experience of an Urban Bum Center. W. Inancsi, and T. L. Guidott~, ~o~rnul of U~~pfftionaE Medicine, 1987, 29(9), 730-733. Mortality from burns in the United States has not improved appreciably since 1955 among men, and the rate of decline among women appears to be slowing. Although one quarter of all serious burns result from occupational accidents, few systematic epidemiologic studies of occupational burns have been conducted. Mie reviewed 232 cases of occupations burns among the 1,076 civilians seen as outpatients or admitted to the Regional Burn Treatment Center of the University of California Medical Center in San Diego from 1977 to 1982. Scalds were the most common type of burn overall and in women, but flame-related burns resulted in the highest average percent body surface area burned and were more common in men; tar-related, flame-related chemical, and electrical burns affected men almost exclusively. Electrical burns were disproportionately severe, as measured by time lost from work, fatalities, and permanent disability, in relation to their frequency and amount of body surface area involved. Contact burns were more frequent in younger persons. Hispanics were overrepresented compared with their representation in the general population. Occupational associations included scalds due to hot grease among restaurant workers, tar burns among roofing workers, electrical burns among farm workers, and injuries reflecting hazards to firefighters
101
Occupant Protection Device Effectiveness in Preventing Fatalities. L. Euans, Research P~b~~ca~~~nG~R-58~9, ~~e~~~in~ Sciences Department, General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Michigan, April 14, 1987. This paper summarizes the findings of a number of studies performed by General Motors Research Laboratories in which the double-pair comparison method was used to determine the effectiveness of protection devices in preventing occupant fatalities. All the estimates use data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System, a data file maintained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. This data file gives information on all fatal traffic crashes in the United States which occurred since January 1, 1975. It is found that lap/shoulder belts are (43 f 3) % effective in preventing fatalities to car front seat occupants, lap belts are (18 zt 9) % effective in preventing rider fatalities to car rear seat occupants, and motorcycle helmets are (27 f 9) % effective in preventing fatalities. The errors are one standard error, and effectiveness means the fraction of a present population of fatally injured occupants not using the occupant protection device who would not have been killed had they been using the device, all other factors being equal.
Occupational
Safety
How Protective is Protective Clothing? N. W. Hemy, III, in Performance of Protective Clothing, ASTM STP 900, R. L. Barker and G. C. Coletta, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1986, pp. 51-58. A standard method to evaluate the permeation resistance of protective clothing has been developed. This method has generated numerous data on the resistance of various clothing materials to specific chemicals. Summer 1988~~l~rne 19~~~rnber 2
Three chemicals for which little data were available are formaldehyde, chlorine, and hydrogen cyanide. Experience with the method in evaluating materials for their resistance to these chemicals is presented as well as a review of current methods for determining protective clothing performance, Results from the tests show that nitrile-butadiene, neoprene, and butyl rubber offer the best resistance to formaldehyde, chlorine, and hydrogen cyanide, respectively, and that both breakthrough time and permeation rate data are needed to determine performance.
Occupation-Related Bums: Five-Year Experience of an Urban Bum Center. W. Inancsi, and T. L. Guidott~, ~o~rnul of U~~pfftionaE Medicine, 1987, 29(9), 730-733. Mortality from burns in the United States has not improved appreciably since 1955 among men, and the rate of decline among women appears to be slowing. Although one quarter of all serious burns result from occupational accidents, few systematic epidemiologic studies of occupational burns have been conducted. Mie reviewed 232 cases of occupations burns among the 1,076 civilians seen as outpatients or admitted to the Regional Burn Treatment Center of the University of California Medical Center in San Diego from 1977 to 1982. Scalds were the most common type of burn overall and in women, but flame-related burns resulted in the highest average percent body surface area burned and were more common in men; tar-related, flame-related chemical, and electrical burns affected men almost exclusively. Electrical burns were disproportionately severe, as measured by time lost from work, fatalities, and permanent disability, in relation to their frequency and amount of body surface area involved. Contact burns were more frequent in younger persons. Hispanics were overrepresented compared with their representation in the general population. Occupational associations included scalds due to hot grease among restaurant workers, tar burns among roofing workers, electrical burns among farm workers, and injuries reflecting hazards to firefighters
101