- Email: [email protected]
Human ecology, tourism and sustainable development
RESEARCH
NOTES
AND
REPORTS
633
ed attempts to triangulate results through the use of multiple methods and the use of non-traditional data collection techniques. Additional papers of interest in tourism presented in other sections were indicative of the increased recognition of tourism across other disciplines. These papers demonstrated the role of social science research in the planning, development, and management of tourism, and the increasing need to broaden the focus concerning the theoretical issues facing tourism and commercial recreation. The symposium fostered mutual understanding and exchange on conceptual and management issues, reflecting the diversity of international tourism research with presentations from New Zealand, Fiji, East Africa, Germany (FR), Canada, Tunisia, Indonesia, Australia, the Philippines, Mexico, Latin America, and the United States. Copies of the Proceedings are available for $10.00 from James Gramann, Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-2261, USA. The Fourth Symposium on Social Science in Resource Management will be hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Natural Resources, USA (see the calendar in this issue of Annals). 00 Submitted 23 May 1990 Revised 15 June 1990 Accepted 19 June 1990
Human
Ecology,
Tourism and Sustainable
University An international
Development
Geoffrey Wall of Waterloo, Canada
seminar on Human Ecolop~, Tourism and Sustainable DevelopIndonesia, on March 20 to 23, 1990. The meeting was sponsored by the Government of Indonesia, a number of international organizations, including UNDP, UNESCO, WTO, ILO, CHEC, ASITA and PHRI, and some local groups, including the Bali Human Ecology Study Group as the organizers. The conference was attended by approximately 70 participants from 10 different countries. Human ecology was defined in the background documents as “the science of human beings in relationship to other human beings and to both the natural and man-made world around themfl and it was suggested that participants would share expertise and experience with respect to the impacts of tourism, the possibility of achieving sustainable development, and the practical application of human ecology. Bali is a highly appropriate place to examine such issues. Introduction of the wide-bodied jet and the upgrading of Denpasar airport in 1968 resulted in a rapid growth in international tourism in Bali. In 1968, the number of international tourist arrivals was approximately 5,000, but growth has been rapid (current figures are approximately 400,000). However, even these figures may appear small when compared with what may be expected in the future. Faced with a decline in oil revenues and a need for more foreign currency, the Government of Indonesia has set a goal of a 15% annual increase in foreign arrivals for each year of the next five-year plan. Thus, by 1993, there could be as many as 725,000 annual international visitor arrivals in Bali, plus perhaps an additional 371,000 domestic visitors with challenging consequences for Bali. ment was held in Bali,
634
RESEARCH
NOTES
AND REPORTS
Plans are not currently in place to accommodate this rapid growth in numbers. The existing tourism plan was developed in 1971, with a projected 15year lifespan. This plan has run its course. Although terms of reference are currently being drawn up for the creation of a new plan, strategies have yet to be put in place to meet the needs and manage the impacts of the onslaught of visitors. Thus, a conference in Bali on the impacts of tourism was both apposite and timely. The conference was opened by a representative of the Governor of Bali and by members of the sponsoring agencies. The first day was taken up with a series of keynote addresses. The initial presentations were by the Minister of Tourism, Post and Telecommunication and by The Minister of Environment and Population. Soemarwoto (University of Padjadjaran) addressed the topic of tourism and sustainable development and Serge Delpech (ILO, Geneva) discussed the importance of human resource development for tourism. These presentations were followed by invited presentations on tourism and biological diversity (Sastrapradja, Indonesian Institute of Life Sciences), managing tourism impacts (Wall, University of Waterloo), and biological diversity and development (Kartawinata and Vayda, Unesco, Jakarta). International tourism and sustainable development (Jenkins, University of Strathclyde), the Bali Sustainable Development Project (Gertler, University of Waterloo), possible conflicts between sustainable development and tourism (Guppy, London University), and the family planning program as a prototype of sustainable development (Suyono, National Family Planning Coordination Board, Indonesia) were the subjects of subsequent invited addresses. Thus, although there was some discussion of the Balinese situation, on the first day the emphasis was on broad issues, international perspectives and concepts of wide applicability. The morning of the second day was devoted specifically to the case of Bali, with presentations made by Indonesian, predominantly Balinese, academics and officials. Topics included the sociocultural impacts of tourism, private sector participation in tourism development, tourism and regional development, and the role of Balinese traditions, values, and beliefs in contributing to sustainable development. The afternoon of the second day and the morning of the third day were set aside for two concurrent workshops on population and resources, and technology and environment. These sessions included presentations and lively discussion on a diversity of topics, many of which had only a tenuous relationship to tourism, as well as a small number of papers on tourism in such diverse locations as Java and Maine. However, presentations were made on relationships between agriculture and tourism, landscape perception, West Bali National Park, and coastal management issues. The final morning was devoted to a discussion of conference recommendations. Although a series of written resolutions was not drafted, there was general agreement that greater attention should be given to the character and welfare of the communities on which tourism is based, that greater public awareness of and involvement in tourism issues is desirable, and that training of employees and public education are key factors in the development of a sustainable tourism industry. Participants in the workshop were provided with a number of opportunities to experience the attractions and renowned hospitality of Bali. These trips enabled participants to compare and contrast the environments of planned and spontaneous resorts. Manuabe (Udayana University, Bali), who made a number of important presentations at the conference, and his committee deserve recognition for their many contributions to a successful conference, held in a very special part of the world, which is facing the enormous challenges and opportunities of a rapidly growing tourism industry. It is to be hoped that
RESEARCH
NOTES AND REPORTS
635
strategies can be put in place to ensure that the tourism industry in Bali is a sustainable activity for, should this not be the case, not only the Balinese, but the world, will be a much poorer place. For more information contact Adnyana Manuabe, University of Udayana, Jalan Serma Gede 18, Denpasar 80114, Bali, Indonesia. 00 Submitted 16 May 1990 Accepted 28 May 1990
l
Other Reports
Competencies
and Knowledge Required of Graduates in Recreation, Parks and Tourism
Black
Hills
Oklahoma
State
Jeffrey B. Zeiger University, USA
State
Lowell Caneday University, USA
At a time when tourism is identified as a major economic force both in private industry and through government, and the recreation and park profession is increasingly allied with tourism, educators in recreation, parks, and tourism curricula must assess the competencies and knowledge required of graduates. Such assessment will aid in curricular design and professional preparation of those graduates. To move in this direction, 56 state and territorial tourism officials were surveyed. These offices were selected from listings produced by the United States Travel and Tourism Administration. The mail questionnaire, designed to determine the attitude and opinions of tourism agency officials in their expectations of entry level applicants, produced a response rate of 60%. The survey was conducted in the Fall of 1987. Individuals responded to statements concerning their requirements within the individual agency, ranking the criterion items as “Required,” “Observed but not Required,” and “Neither Observed nor Required.” Questions also addressed recruitment procedures to generate a pool of qualified applicants and selection procedures following actual application. Respondents were asked to provide information regarding the number of persons holding degrees within their agency. Findings. Only one in two of the employees identified by the respondents have at least a baccalaureate degree, but only three individuals were identified as having a Recreation, Parks, and Tourism titled degree. Graduation from a college or university accredited by the National Recreation and Park Association was considered unnecessary in the employment selection process. Nearly one-half of all respondents (44.1%) indicated that they never use newspapers for recruitment. Furthermore, almost three-quarters of all respondents (73.5 %) indicated that they never use campus recruitment for filling
NOTES
AND
REPORTS
633
ed attempts to triangulate results through the use of multiple methods and the use of non-traditional data collection techniques. Additional papers of interest in tourism presented in other sections were indicative of the increased recognition of tourism across other disciplines. These papers demonstrated the role of social science research in the planning, development, and management of tourism, and the increasing need to broaden the focus concerning the theoretical issues facing tourism and commercial recreation. The symposium fostered mutual understanding and exchange on conceptual and management issues, reflecting the diversity of international tourism research with presentations from New Zealand, Fiji, East Africa, Germany (FR), Canada, Tunisia, Indonesia, Australia, the Philippines, Mexico, Latin America, and the United States. Copies of the Proceedings are available for $10.00 from James Gramann, Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station TX 77843-2261, USA. The Fourth Symposium on Social Science in Resource Management will be hosted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Natural Resources, USA (see the calendar in this issue of Annals). 00 Submitted 23 May 1990 Revised 15 June 1990 Accepted 19 June 1990
Human
Ecology,
Tourism and Sustainable
University An international
Development
Geoffrey Wall of Waterloo, Canada
seminar on Human Ecolop~, Tourism and Sustainable DevelopIndonesia, on March 20 to 23, 1990. The meeting was sponsored by the Government of Indonesia, a number of international organizations, including UNDP, UNESCO, WTO, ILO, CHEC, ASITA and PHRI, and some local groups, including the Bali Human Ecology Study Group as the organizers. The conference was attended by approximately 70 participants from 10 different countries. Human ecology was defined in the background documents as “the science of human beings in relationship to other human beings and to both the natural and man-made world around themfl and it was suggested that participants would share expertise and experience with respect to the impacts of tourism, the possibility of achieving sustainable development, and the practical application of human ecology. Bali is a highly appropriate place to examine such issues. Introduction of the wide-bodied jet and the upgrading of Denpasar airport in 1968 resulted in a rapid growth in international tourism in Bali. In 1968, the number of international tourist arrivals was approximately 5,000, but growth has been rapid (current figures are approximately 400,000). However, even these figures may appear small when compared with what may be expected in the future. Faced with a decline in oil revenues and a need for more foreign currency, the Government of Indonesia has set a goal of a 15% annual increase in foreign arrivals for each year of the next five-year plan. Thus, by 1993, there could be as many as 725,000 annual international visitor arrivals in Bali, plus perhaps an additional 371,000 domestic visitors with challenging consequences for Bali. ment was held in Bali,
634
RESEARCH
NOTES
AND REPORTS
Plans are not currently in place to accommodate this rapid growth in numbers. The existing tourism plan was developed in 1971, with a projected 15year lifespan. This plan has run its course. Although terms of reference are currently being drawn up for the creation of a new plan, strategies have yet to be put in place to meet the needs and manage the impacts of the onslaught of visitors. Thus, a conference in Bali on the impacts of tourism was both apposite and timely. The conference was opened by a representative of the Governor of Bali and by members of the sponsoring agencies. The first day was taken up with a series of keynote addresses. The initial presentations were by the Minister of Tourism, Post and Telecommunication and by The Minister of Environment and Population. Soemarwoto (University of Padjadjaran) addressed the topic of tourism and sustainable development and Serge Delpech (ILO, Geneva) discussed the importance of human resource development for tourism. These presentations were followed by invited presentations on tourism and biological diversity (Sastrapradja, Indonesian Institute of Life Sciences), managing tourism impacts (Wall, University of Waterloo), and biological diversity and development (Kartawinata and Vayda, Unesco, Jakarta). International tourism and sustainable development (Jenkins, University of Strathclyde), the Bali Sustainable Development Project (Gertler, University of Waterloo), possible conflicts between sustainable development and tourism (Guppy, London University), and the family planning program as a prototype of sustainable development (Suyono, National Family Planning Coordination Board, Indonesia) were the subjects of subsequent invited addresses. Thus, although there was some discussion of the Balinese situation, on the first day the emphasis was on broad issues, international perspectives and concepts of wide applicability. The morning of the second day was devoted specifically to the case of Bali, with presentations made by Indonesian, predominantly Balinese, academics and officials. Topics included the sociocultural impacts of tourism, private sector participation in tourism development, tourism and regional development, and the role of Balinese traditions, values, and beliefs in contributing to sustainable development. The afternoon of the second day and the morning of the third day were set aside for two concurrent workshops on population and resources, and technology and environment. These sessions included presentations and lively discussion on a diversity of topics, many of which had only a tenuous relationship to tourism, as well as a small number of papers on tourism in such diverse locations as Java and Maine. However, presentations were made on relationships between agriculture and tourism, landscape perception, West Bali National Park, and coastal management issues. The final morning was devoted to a discussion of conference recommendations. Although a series of written resolutions was not drafted, there was general agreement that greater attention should be given to the character and welfare of the communities on which tourism is based, that greater public awareness of and involvement in tourism issues is desirable, and that training of employees and public education are key factors in the development of a sustainable tourism industry. Participants in the workshop were provided with a number of opportunities to experience the attractions and renowned hospitality of Bali. These trips enabled participants to compare and contrast the environments of planned and spontaneous resorts. Manuabe (Udayana University, Bali), who made a number of important presentations at the conference, and his committee deserve recognition for their many contributions to a successful conference, held in a very special part of the world, which is facing the enormous challenges and opportunities of a rapidly growing tourism industry. It is to be hoped that
RESEARCH
NOTES AND REPORTS
635
strategies can be put in place to ensure that the tourism industry in Bali is a sustainable activity for, should this not be the case, not only the Balinese, but the world, will be a much poorer place. For more information contact Adnyana Manuabe, University of Udayana, Jalan Serma Gede 18, Denpasar 80114, Bali, Indonesia. 00 Submitted 16 May 1990 Accepted 28 May 1990
l
Other Reports
Competencies
and Knowledge Required of Graduates in Recreation, Parks and Tourism
Black
Hills
Oklahoma
State
Jeffrey B. Zeiger University, USA
State
Lowell Caneday University, USA
At a time when tourism is identified as a major economic force both in private industry and through government, and the recreation and park profession is increasingly allied with tourism, educators in recreation, parks, and tourism curricula must assess the competencies and knowledge required of graduates. Such assessment will aid in curricular design and professional preparation of those graduates. To move in this direction, 56 state and territorial tourism officials were surveyed. These offices were selected from listings produced by the United States Travel and Tourism Administration. The mail questionnaire, designed to determine the attitude and opinions of tourism agency officials in their expectations of entry level applicants, produced a response rate of 60%. The survey was conducted in the Fall of 1987. Individuals responded to statements concerning their requirements within the individual agency, ranking the criterion items as “Required,” “Observed but not Required,” and “Neither Observed nor Required.” Questions also addressed recruitment procedures to generate a pool of qualified applicants and selection procedures following actual application. Respondents were asked to provide information regarding the number of persons holding degrees within their agency. Findings. Only one in two of the employees identified by the respondents have at least a baccalaureate degree, but only three individuals were identified as having a Recreation, Parks, and Tourism titled degree. Graduation from a college or university accredited by the National Recreation and Park Association was considered unnecessary in the employment selection process. Nearly one-half of all respondents (44.1%) indicated that they never use newspapers for recruitment. Furthermore, almost three-quarters of all respondents (73.5 %) indicated that they never use campus recruitment for filling