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Human health risk assessment of Pb, Cd and PAHs of bread consumption in Nigeria
Abstracts / Toxicology Letters 258S (2016) S62–S324
predictivity with substances that were not used to develop the IATA/DIP using a highly curated set of human and LLNA reference values. Through this programme and the collaboration, Cosmetics Europe plans to evaluate the available testing strategies for skin sensitisation risk assessment and develop new approaches tailored for cosmetic ingredients where necessary. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1757 P12-012 Human health risk assessment of Pb, Cd and PAHs of bread consumption in Nigeria N.A. Udowelle ∗ , O.E. Orisakwe Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria This is a risk assessment of lead, cadmium and polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in bread, a common food consumed by Nigerians daily. Chemical contamination of bread is thus likely to affect a large proportion of the population. Determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in bread samples was performed using gas chromatography (Gas Chromatograph (GC-FID) with GC recorder interfaced with a HP. Pb and Cd in bread were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Non-carcinogenic PAHs pyrene (13.72 g/kg) and genotoxic PAHs (PAH8), benzo[a]Anthracene (9.13 g/kg) had the highest concentrations. Total Benzo[a]Pyrene concentration of 6.7 g/kg was detected in 100% of the samples. Dietary intake of total PAHs ranged between 0.004–0.063 g/kg day−1 (Children), 0.002–0.028 g/kg day−1 (Adolescent), 0.01–0.017 g/kg day−1 (Male), 0.002–0.027 g/kg day−1 (Female), and 0.002–0.025 g/kg day−1 (seniors). The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) for Pb and Cd were below 1. Lead ranged from 0.01 to 0.071 mg/kg with 10, 85 and 100% of bread samples violating the permissible limit set by USEPA, WHO and EU respectively. Cadmium ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 mg/kg, with all bread samples below the permissible limits as set by US EPA, JECFA and EU. The daily intake of Pb and Cd ranged from 0.00003 to 0.00023 mg/kg bw day−1 and 0.000033 to 0.00036 mg/kg bw day−1 respectively. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment was 3.8 × 10−7 . The levels of these contaminants in bread if not checked taking together might present a possible route of heavy metals and PAHs exposure among the exposed population and thereby adding to the body burden of Pb, Cd and PAHs. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1758 P12-013 The impact of isomerization on overall human dermal exposure to ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate ˇ K. Bányiová ∗ , A. Sharma, P. Cupr RECETOX – Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is a UV filter widely used in various personal care products (PCPs). Its use is not limited only to sun protection products, it is found in day and night creams, perfumes, aftershaves and others. Therefore, many people are exposed to this compound on a daily basis. However, information on the
S209
risks of the exposure and dermal absorption of EHMC is limited. Moreover, trans-EHMC is changed to its cis-isomer by UV radiation effect. Therefore, dermal absorption kinetic parameters on both isomers must be measured to correspondingly assess the risks due to the exposure to EHMC that can have toxic effects on human health. In this study, dermal absorption of both isomers was measured using pilot experiment with the use of Franz cell and non-physiologic receptor fluid. Consequently, dermal absorption was measured modelling the real exposure scenario. Both EHMC isomers were applied on the skin in a commercial day cream formulation in 6 replicates. After 30 min, the redundant formulation was wiped away with a cotton swab. After 8 h, 20 strips of stratum corneum were sampled and analyzed for the concentration of both EHMC isomers using HPLC-DAD. Our data show, that the dermal absorption of EHMC can contribute to overall exposure to EHMC. Other research study showed the presence of EHMC in mother milk and blood and toxic effects of EHMC on humans. The dermal absorption of both EHMC isomers should be studied from different formulations and the use of EHMC in cosmetic products should be reassessed. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1759 P12-014 DNA damage of ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate: Cis-EHMC can cause more significant effect in comparison with trans-EHMC ˇ A. Sharma, K. Bányiová ∗ , J. Literák, P. Cupr RECETOX – Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC, CAS: 5466-77-3) is a widely used UV filter characterized by good UV light absorbing capacity; however, it shows photoinstability, and toxicity effects such as estrogenicity. We are exposed daily to high doses of EHMC used in several personal care products (PCPs) of everyday use, such as sunscreens, lipsticks, day and night cream, hand cream, perfumes, etc. Under normal conditions, EHMC occurs in a mixture of two isomers trans-EHMC and cis-EHMC in a ratio of 99:1. When the substance is exposed to sunlight, the trans-isomer is transformed to the cis-isomer. There are data gaps regarding to DNA damage potential of emerging isomer cis-EHMC. Because cis-EHMC is not commercially available, we developed the new method to prepare and isolate cis-EHMC from isomers mixture in purity more than 98%. Isolated cis-EHMC and chemical standard of trans-EHMC were used to detect DNA damage on bacterial strain and human cell lines. DNA damage potential of both isomers was compared and results were converted using QIVIVE approach and used to calculate human risks. Probabilistic risk assessment was conducted using Monte Carlo simulation. The risk of cis-EHMC was found to be ∼1.7 times greater than trans-EHMC. In the case of cis-EHMC, a hazard index of 1 was exceeded in the 92nd percentile. Based on the observed differences between the isomers, EHMC application in PCPs requires detailed reassessment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1760
predictivity with substances that were not used to develop the IATA/DIP using a highly curated set of human and LLNA reference values. Through this programme and the collaboration, Cosmetics Europe plans to evaluate the available testing strategies for skin sensitisation risk assessment and develop new approaches tailored for cosmetic ingredients where necessary. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1757 P12-012 Human health risk assessment of Pb, Cd and PAHs of bread consumption in Nigeria N.A. Udowelle ∗ , O.E. Orisakwe Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria This is a risk assessment of lead, cadmium and polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in bread, a common food consumed by Nigerians daily. Chemical contamination of bread is thus likely to affect a large proportion of the population. Determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons PAHs in bread samples was performed using gas chromatography (Gas Chromatograph (GC-FID) with GC recorder interfaced with a HP. Pb and Cd in bread were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Non-carcinogenic PAHs pyrene (13.72 g/kg) and genotoxic PAHs (PAH8), benzo[a]Anthracene (9.13 g/kg) had the highest concentrations. Total Benzo[a]Pyrene concentration of 6.7 g/kg was detected in 100% of the samples. Dietary intake of total PAHs ranged between 0.004–0.063 g/kg day−1 (Children), 0.002–0.028 g/kg day−1 (Adolescent), 0.01–0.017 g/kg day−1 (Male), 0.002–0.027 g/kg day−1 (Female), and 0.002–0.025 g/kg day−1 (seniors). The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) for Pb and Cd were below 1. Lead ranged from 0.01 to 0.071 mg/kg with 10, 85 and 100% of bread samples violating the permissible limit set by USEPA, WHO and EU respectively. Cadmium ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 mg/kg, with all bread samples below the permissible limits as set by US EPA, JECFA and EU. The daily intake of Pb and Cd ranged from 0.00003 to 0.00023 mg/kg bw day−1 and 0.000033 to 0.00036 mg/kg bw day−1 respectively. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment was 3.8 × 10−7 . The levels of these contaminants in bread if not checked taking together might present a possible route of heavy metals and PAHs exposure among the exposed population and thereby adding to the body burden of Pb, Cd and PAHs. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1758 P12-013 The impact of isomerization on overall human dermal exposure to ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate ˇ K. Bányiová ∗ , A. Sharma, P. Cupr RECETOX – Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is a UV filter widely used in various personal care products (PCPs). Its use is not limited only to sun protection products, it is found in day and night creams, perfumes, aftershaves and others. Therefore, many people are exposed to this compound on a daily basis. However, information on the
S209
risks of the exposure and dermal absorption of EHMC is limited. Moreover, trans-EHMC is changed to its cis-isomer by UV radiation effect. Therefore, dermal absorption kinetic parameters on both isomers must be measured to correspondingly assess the risks due to the exposure to EHMC that can have toxic effects on human health. In this study, dermal absorption of both isomers was measured using pilot experiment with the use of Franz cell and non-physiologic receptor fluid. Consequently, dermal absorption was measured modelling the real exposure scenario. Both EHMC isomers were applied on the skin in a commercial day cream formulation in 6 replicates. After 30 min, the redundant formulation was wiped away with a cotton swab. After 8 h, 20 strips of stratum corneum were sampled and analyzed for the concentration of both EHMC isomers using HPLC-DAD. Our data show, that the dermal absorption of EHMC can contribute to overall exposure to EHMC. Other research study showed the presence of EHMC in mother milk and blood and toxic effects of EHMC on humans. The dermal absorption of both EHMC isomers should be studied from different formulations and the use of EHMC in cosmetic products should be reassessed. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1759 P12-014 DNA damage of ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate: Cis-EHMC can cause more significant effect in comparison with trans-EHMC ˇ A. Sharma, K. Bányiová ∗ , J. Literák, P. Cupr RECETOX – Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC, CAS: 5466-77-3) is a widely used UV filter characterized by good UV light absorbing capacity; however, it shows photoinstability, and toxicity effects such as estrogenicity. We are exposed daily to high doses of EHMC used in several personal care products (PCPs) of everyday use, such as sunscreens, lipsticks, day and night cream, hand cream, perfumes, etc. Under normal conditions, EHMC occurs in a mixture of two isomers trans-EHMC and cis-EHMC in a ratio of 99:1. When the substance is exposed to sunlight, the trans-isomer is transformed to the cis-isomer. There are data gaps regarding to DNA damage potential of emerging isomer cis-EHMC. Because cis-EHMC is not commercially available, we developed the new method to prepare and isolate cis-EHMC from isomers mixture in purity more than 98%. Isolated cis-EHMC and chemical standard of trans-EHMC were used to detect DNA damage on bacterial strain and human cell lines. DNA damage potential of both isomers was compared and results were converted using QIVIVE approach and used to calculate human risks. Probabilistic risk assessment was conducted using Monte Carlo simulation. The risk of cis-EHMC was found to be ∼1.7 times greater than trans-EHMC. In the case of cis-EHMC, a hazard index of 1 was exceeded in the 92nd percentile. Based on the observed differences between the isomers, EHMC application in PCPs requires detailed reassessment. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1760