- Email: [email protected]
Human spatial orientation
theory. After giving the description of (S), the Eilenbcrg-Blakers homology groups are introduced. Then the homotopy addition theorem and the Hurewicz isomorphism theorem are proved by intermediating the Eilenberg-Blakers groups. The second half of this chapter concerns homotopical properties of CW-complexes. Obstruction theorem, extension and classification theorems are stated for CW-complexes. Eilenberg-MacLane spaces are discussed. The oxposition is clearIy written and self-contained. The third chapter concerns fibre spaces. The covering homotopy theorem for the space of paths is proved and the spectral aequcnce due to Serre is discussed in detail. As applications, homotopy groups of &3PZ8 and cohomology rings of an EilonbergMacLane space are given. This introductory text will help oonsidcrably to smooth the pathway for students wishing to learn algebraic topology. YUKIHIRO KOOAMA
OCEANOGIR~PHY, Vol. II, edited by J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow. 508 pages, diagrams, illustr., 6x9 in, New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1966. Price $18.50.
CHEMICAL
The obvious need for a text hook in chemical oceanography has been recognized for a long time. Harvey’s book on “Chemistry and Fertility of Seawater” is out of date because of the rapid advances during the last years. The only other existing text book, K. KalIe’s 1942 ‘(I)er Stoffhaushalt de8 Meeres”, is even more out of date. However, in this review&s opinion, the latter is still the only textbook covering the field of chcmioal oceanography from a unified point of view and remarkably it is not even mentioned in this volume. The writing of a textbook by twenty authors is a rather impossible task; only serious editing and re-writing of the many chaptcr8 can create a unified text. Unfortunately, this is not the case with this volume. Furthermore, some authors use the opportunity to add their own scienti6a work in a rather uncritical way, work which would have been better published ~1sa scientific paper. There is certainly not a single other field in oceanography where physical, geological and biological processes play such an important
266
role as in chemical oceanography. In this book only the physioal processes are not discussed in detail, all other relations are well covered. An excellent reviow article by Ph. Kuenen introduces a series of chapters on the geochemistry of Bedim&B. The thorough treatment by R. Chester of the distribution of dOmCntB in sediments includes also a comprehennsive list of analysis of deep sea sediments. K. Turekian gives a summary of sediment components and their distribution. I’. Cloud, Jr. treats precipitation and solution of carbonate, and describes in a masterly way all chemical and geological implications. The two articles by H. Boohert thoroughly discuss the formation of iron ores from sea water and the principle processes of oceanic salt deposition. The most important article with complete coverage of the subject is written by ono of the editors, J. P. Riley. With the exception of determination of the major anion and cation, he discussea all analytical methods used in oceanography. Special attention is given to the important problems of precision of determination and sampling, filtration and storage of samples. Comprehensive tables of methods and a complete list of references are given. A chapter by J. U. Burton is devoted to the distribution and geochemistry of radioactive elements. The application of these element8 to other oceanographic processes, other than geochemical ones, is dealt with only shortly but concisely. A short article by G. D. Nicholls gives the history of water accumulation in the ocean and the development of its anion and cation content since the first water accumulation could proceed on the surface of the earth. This volume brings together valuable information which until recently was Bcattered throughorit the literature. The quality of the articles is high although somewhat uneven. F. P. KOCZY
Imtitute of Marine Science University of Miami Miami, FEwida HUMAN SPATIAL ORIENTATION,by I. P. aoward and W. B. Templeton. 533 pages, diagrams, illustr., 6X9 in. New York, John Wiley, Inc., 1966. Price, $13.50. Here is a valiant attempt to put between two covers what the authors regard as a
Journal of The
Franklin Institute
Book Reviews comprehensive coverage of the subject of human spatial orientation. Utilizing data and viewpoints of fields as diverse as physiology, psychology, neurology, education and space medicine, they present such topics as visual localization through the retina and through eye movements, vestibular and auditory localization, egocentric orientation, intersensory effects, sensori-motor coordination, and orientation in the weightless state. Even though over 1500 rcferenccs are contained in the bibliography, the enormcm scope of the book makes it more a starting point for a literature survey than a full bibliography. Within the widening gamut of researchers, working in what are now called the biomedical sciences, are those for whom this book will fill a definite need. In it they will find some of the facts (or at least leads) they could never quito locate. Hopefully they will not share the experience of this reviewer who often had difficulty following the authors’ treatment, although words or diagrams were not spared. Nevertheless, the book can be recommended as a scholarly presentation of an area of science not adequately covered elsewhere. GIORAI,DWESTHEIMER Neukwmzsor2/Laboratory University of Culifornia Berkeley, Cali.farnia DIAMACWBTISM AND TUB CHEMICAL BOND, by (English trans. by Ya. G. Dorfman,
Scripta Tcchnica, Inc.). 182 pages, dia grams, 5+x8+ in. New York, American Elaevier Pub. Co., Inc., 1965. Price $10.00. The diamagnetic susceptibility of a molecule reflects the spatial extension of the molecule’s electron cloud, Moat of the susceptibility arises from the electron cloud’s outer regions. These regions are important for an understanding of interatomic distances in molecules and crystals. Unfortunately, except for simple, two-electron systems, they are not well described by current theoretical calculations. Additionally, for polyatomic sy& ternsthe measured susceptibility contains an even more difficult to calculate, and not easily measured, paramagnetic term. In view of these dificultics, and in an effort “to move the magnetochemistry of diamagnetic substances off dead center, and to show some new, still imperfect, but promising
Val. 283,No. 3, March 1967
methods of analyzing the experimental dsta of magnetic investigations . . . [which] should shed some new light on the structural characteristics of chemical bonds”, wherein (it is thought) lies “the fundamental role of magnetochemistry at this stage of its history”, author Dorfman relics heavily upon a relation developed in 1932 by Kirkwood and Vinti, according to which the diamagnetic susceptibility of a manatomic s@em is proportional to the squareroot of its static electric polariaability. The difforcnce between the measured susceptibility and the XirkwoodVinti term, Dorfman takes to bc the parsmagnetic term for a polyatomic system. Most of the monograph is devoted to a qualitative discussion of the numbers obtained by this simple, empirical procedure. At its present stage of development, Dorfman’s treatment is rather more provocative than convincing. Critical data too frequently appear to be poorly known. At times, the discussion reads rather like that of a market analyst: other conditions equal, very colltraclictwy, unfortunately, it turns out that . . Disturbing, also, is the fact that, in a field where such considerations are important, limits of error on experimental data are seldom indicated. Some tables contain mutually contradictory data. In the balance, however, the book gives a forward-looking, critical discussion of both classical and modern aspects of magnctochemistry, including a detailed treatment of Pascal’e constants, though generally without consideration of the effects of magnetic anisotropy (although such effects are considered elsewhere in the monograph). It closes with a discussion of shielding effects in nueloar magnetic resonance spectroseop,y and with some applications of the author’s “new method” to several diamagnetic and weakly complexes of inorganic paramagnetic chemistry. The English translation seems adequate. The 141~item bibliography, howcvcr, which includes references to the foreign literature through 199 and to the Russian literature (33 items) through 1963, is carelessly done: the Hirkwood referenae is incorrectly given; the reference to Selwood’s book is to the Russian edition; and the two references to Brindley are identical. There is no index. Experts in the field, while perhaps disagreeing with the author’s approximations and conclusions, will find here a number of
267
OCEANOGIR~PHY, Vol. II, edited by J. P. Riley and G. Skirrow. 508 pages, diagrams, illustr., 6x9 in, New York, Academic Press, Inc., 1966. Price $18.50.
CHEMICAL
The obvious need for a text hook in chemical oceanography has been recognized for a long time. Harvey’s book on “Chemistry and Fertility of Seawater” is out of date because of the rapid advances during the last years. The only other existing text book, K. KalIe’s 1942 ‘(I)er Stoffhaushalt de8 Meeres”, is even more out of date. However, in this review&s opinion, the latter is still the only textbook covering the field of chcmioal oceanography from a unified point of view and remarkably it is not even mentioned in this volume. The writing of a textbook by twenty authors is a rather impossible task; only serious editing and re-writing of the many chaptcr8 can create a unified text. Unfortunately, this is not the case with this volume. Furthermore, some authors use the opportunity to add their own scienti6a work in a rather uncritical way, work which would have been better published ~1sa scientific paper. There is certainly not a single other field in oceanography where physical, geological and biological processes play such an important
266
role as in chemical oceanography. In this book only the physioal processes are not discussed in detail, all other relations are well covered. An excellent reviow article by Ph. Kuenen introduces a series of chapters on the geochemistry of Bedim&B. The thorough treatment by R. Chester of the distribution of dOmCntB in sediments includes also a comprehennsive list of analysis of deep sea sediments. K. Turekian gives a summary of sediment components and their distribution. I’. Cloud, Jr. treats precipitation and solution of carbonate, and describes in a masterly way all chemical and geological implications. The two articles by H. Boohert thoroughly discuss the formation of iron ores from sea water and the principle processes of oceanic salt deposition. The most important article with complete coverage of the subject is written by ono of the editors, J. P. Riley. With the exception of determination of the major anion and cation, he discussea all analytical methods used in oceanography. Special attention is given to the important problems of precision of determination and sampling, filtration and storage of samples. Comprehensive tables of methods and a complete list of references are given. A chapter by J. U. Burton is devoted to the distribution and geochemistry of radioactive elements. The application of these element8 to other oceanographic processes, other than geochemical ones, is dealt with only shortly but concisely. A short article by G. D. Nicholls gives the history of water accumulation in the ocean and the development of its anion and cation content since the first water accumulation could proceed on the surface of the earth. This volume brings together valuable information which until recently was Bcattered throughorit the literature. The quality of the articles is high although somewhat uneven. F. P. KOCZY
Imtitute of Marine Science University of Miami Miami, FEwida HUMAN SPATIAL ORIENTATION,by I. P. aoward and W. B. Templeton. 533 pages, diagrams, illustr., 6X9 in. New York, John Wiley, Inc., 1966. Price, $13.50. Here is a valiant attempt to put between two covers what the authors regard as a
Journal of The
Franklin Institute
Book Reviews comprehensive coverage of the subject of human spatial orientation. Utilizing data and viewpoints of fields as diverse as physiology, psychology, neurology, education and space medicine, they present such topics as visual localization through the retina and through eye movements, vestibular and auditory localization, egocentric orientation, intersensory effects, sensori-motor coordination, and orientation in the weightless state. Even though over 1500 rcferenccs are contained in the bibliography, the enormcm scope of the book makes it more a starting point for a literature survey than a full bibliography. Within the widening gamut of researchers, working in what are now called the biomedical sciences, are those for whom this book will fill a definite need. In it they will find some of the facts (or at least leads) they could never quito locate. Hopefully they will not share the experience of this reviewer who often had difficulty following the authors’ treatment, although words or diagrams were not spared. Nevertheless, the book can be recommended as a scholarly presentation of an area of science not adequately covered elsewhere. GIORAI,DWESTHEIMER Neukwmzsor2/Laboratory University of Culifornia Berkeley, Cali.farnia DIAMACWBTISM AND TUB CHEMICAL BOND, by (English trans. by Ya. G. Dorfman,
Scripta Tcchnica, Inc.). 182 pages, dia grams, 5+x8+ in. New York, American Elaevier Pub. Co., Inc., 1965. Price $10.00. The diamagnetic susceptibility of a molecule reflects the spatial extension of the molecule’s electron cloud, Moat of the susceptibility arises from the electron cloud’s outer regions. These regions are important for an understanding of interatomic distances in molecules and crystals. Unfortunately, except for simple, two-electron systems, they are not well described by current theoretical calculations. Additionally, for polyatomic sy& ternsthe measured susceptibility contains an even more difficult to calculate, and not easily measured, paramagnetic term. In view of these dificultics, and in an effort “to move the magnetochemistry of diamagnetic substances off dead center, and to show some new, still imperfect, but promising
Val. 283,No. 3, March 1967
methods of analyzing the experimental dsta of magnetic investigations . . . [which] should shed some new light on the structural characteristics of chemical bonds”, wherein (it is thought) lies “the fundamental role of magnetochemistry at this stage of its history”, author Dorfman relics heavily upon a relation developed in 1932 by Kirkwood and Vinti, according to which the diamagnetic susceptibility of a manatomic s@em is proportional to the squareroot of its static electric polariaability. The difforcnce between the measured susceptibility and the XirkwoodVinti term, Dorfman takes to bc the parsmagnetic term for a polyatomic system. Most of the monograph is devoted to a qualitative discussion of the numbers obtained by this simple, empirical procedure. At its present stage of development, Dorfman’s treatment is rather more provocative than convincing. Critical data too frequently appear to be poorly known. At times, the discussion reads rather like that of a market analyst: other conditions equal, very colltraclictwy, unfortunately, it turns out that . . Disturbing, also, is the fact that, in a field where such considerations are important, limits of error on experimental data are seldom indicated. Some tables contain mutually contradictory data. In the balance, however, the book gives a forward-looking, critical discussion of both classical and modern aspects of magnctochemistry, including a detailed treatment of Pascal’e constants, though generally without consideration of the effects of magnetic anisotropy (although such effects are considered elsewhere in the monograph). It closes with a discussion of shielding effects in nueloar magnetic resonance spectroseop,y and with some applications of the author’s “new method” to several diamagnetic and weakly complexes of inorganic paramagnetic chemistry. The English translation seems adequate. The 141~item bibliography, howcvcr, which includes references to the foreign literature through 199 and to the Russian literature (33 items) through 1963, is carelessly done: the Hirkwood referenae is incorrectly given; the reference to Selwood’s book is to the Russian edition; and the two references to Brindley are identical. There is no index. Experts in the field, while perhaps disagreeing with the author’s approximations and conclusions, will find here a number of
267