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Hunger and fullness ratings in response to meals based on whole grains vs. refined grains.
ARTICLE IN PRESS 302
Abstracts / Appetite 49 (2007) 272–341
Interoceptive signals and postingestive consequences produced by regulatory peptides S. KANOSKI, E.K. WALLS, J.J. FIELDS,
T.L. DAVIDSON. Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Regulatory peptides may influence food intake via a variety of mechanisms. For instance, such peptides may produce interoceptive stimulus consequences similar to ‘‘hunger’’ or ‘‘satiety’’. They may also alter the rewarding after-affects of eating. We examined the first possibility by training rats to use internal cues produced by either 24 h or 1 h food deprivation as discriminative stimuli. After training was completed, we tested the rats for generalization between deprivation-induced cues and cues produced by ghrelin (i3vt and ip), leptin (i3vt and ip), and CCK (ip), respectively. We found that ghrelin (both i3vt and ip) produced cues similar to 24 h food deprivation, whereas leptin (ip, but not i3vt) and CCK produced cues that generalized to 1 h food deprivation. Previous research showed that rats must consume food when food deprived to learn that deprivation enhances the reward value of food; similarly food must be consumed when sated for rats to learn that the value of food reward has been reduced. We examined the extent to which administration of (a) ghrelin in sated rats and (b) leptin in food deprived rats had effects on food reward value like those produced by eating under respective food deprivation and satiation. We found that ghrelin had effects like food deprivation and leptin had effects like food satiation on the rewarding consequences of eating. Collectively, these studies indicate that peptides involved with intake regulation may produce interoceptive cues and postingestive consequences similar to those produced by food-deprivation manipulations.
regions thought to modulate higher-order appetitive function. In addition, they have altered reward processing in ventral striatum/ dopamine pathways. Moreover, PET studies show increased binding of dopamine D2/D3 receptors in these regions, supporting a disturbance of ‘‘reward’’-related function. In contrast, fMRI studies show that there is exaggerated activation of caudate and related cortical regions which may constitute an attempt at ‘strategic’ (as opposed to hedonic) means of responding to stimuli, and/or exaggerated anxiety, perhaps reflecting oversensitivity to uncertainty. In summary, individuals with AN may have a bias in information processing, with less ability to attend to the here and now, but increased traffic in neurocircuits concerned with planning and consequences. This knowledge is important to clinicians because it provides new insights into the reason for the puzzling symptoms in AN, which in turn improves the ability to understand and empathize with the struggles inherent in this disorder. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.103
10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.102
Hunger and fullness ratings in response to meals based on whole grains vs. refined grains N.L. KEIM, W.F. HORN. Western
Human Nutriton Research Center, ARS, USDA, Davis, CA, USA
Brain imaging studies: New insights into puzzling symptoms in anorexia nervosa W.H. KAYE, U.F. BAILER, A. WAGNER,
G.K. FRANK. University of Pittsburgh, Medical University of Vienna, J.W.-Goethe University of Frankfurt, University of California, San Diego, USA People with anorexia nervosa (AN) have many puzzling symptoms. For example, restricted eating but an obsessive interest in food, anxiety and harm avoidance, relentless exercise, denial of illness, and resistance to treatment. In addition, little in life is rewarding, aside from the pursuit of weight loss. New brain imaging studies in AN, using fMRI and PET, are making substantial progress on understanding mechanisms that may contribute to altered reward, anxiety, and appetite modulation. For example, fMRI studies show that individuals with AN have altered response to the taste of sugar or water in insula and related
The purpose of this study was to determine if postprandial hunger or fullness VAS ratings were affected differentially by the level of unrefined grain products in the diet. In a cross-over design, 22 overweight women (age 22–40; BMI=2771 kg/m2; body fat=3973%) consumed a run-in diet rich in whole grains (WG) or refined grains (RG) for 3 d. After an 8-week washout period, each volunteer repeated the 3 d consumption of the alternate diet. All VAS ratings were performed by subjects in their usual home and work environments. Hunger ratings responded similarly under WG and RG conditions. Fullness ratings for each complete postprandial period were not different for the WG and RG, but specific intervals were noteworthy. Fullness ratings after the WG breakfasts were greater during the 2nd and 3rd hours postprandial. Fullness ratings after the WG lunches were greater during the 2nd hour postprandial. Fullness ratings after the WG dinners were greater during the 1 h postprandial. These data suggest that meals based on whole grains promote greater fullness in the postprandial period. Longer-term studies are needed to determine if this shift in perception of fullness is sustained with habitual consumption of a diet enriched in whole grains. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.104
Abstracts / Appetite 49 (2007) 272–341
Interoceptive signals and postingestive consequences produced by regulatory peptides S. KANOSKI, E.K. WALLS, J.J. FIELDS,
T.L. DAVIDSON. Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Regulatory peptides may influence food intake via a variety of mechanisms. For instance, such peptides may produce interoceptive stimulus consequences similar to ‘‘hunger’’ or ‘‘satiety’’. They may also alter the rewarding after-affects of eating. We examined the first possibility by training rats to use internal cues produced by either 24 h or 1 h food deprivation as discriminative stimuli. After training was completed, we tested the rats for generalization between deprivation-induced cues and cues produced by ghrelin (i3vt and ip), leptin (i3vt and ip), and CCK (ip), respectively. We found that ghrelin (both i3vt and ip) produced cues similar to 24 h food deprivation, whereas leptin (ip, but not i3vt) and CCK produced cues that generalized to 1 h food deprivation. Previous research showed that rats must consume food when food deprived to learn that deprivation enhances the reward value of food; similarly food must be consumed when sated for rats to learn that the value of food reward has been reduced. We examined the extent to which administration of (a) ghrelin in sated rats and (b) leptin in food deprived rats had effects on food reward value like those produced by eating under respective food deprivation and satiation. We found that ghrelin had effects like food deprivation and leptin had effects like food satiation on the rewarding consequences of eating. Collectively, these studies indicate that peptides involved with intake regulation may produce interoceptive cues and postingestive consequences similar to those produced by food-deprivation manipulations.
regions thought to modulate higher-order appetitive function. In addition, they have altered reward processing in ventral striatum/ dopamine pathways. Moreover, PET studies show increased binding of dopamine D2/D3 receptors in these regions, supporting a disturbance of ‘‘reward’’-related function. In contrast, fMRI studies show that there is exaggerated activation of caudate and related cortical regions which may constitute an attempt at ‘strategic’ (as opposed to hedonic) means of responding to stimuli, and/or exaggerated anxiety, perhaps reflecting oversensitivity to uncertainty. In summary, individuals with AN may have a bias in information processing, with less ability to attend to the here and now, but increased traffic in neurocircuits concerned with planning and consequences. This knowledge is important to clinicians because it provides new insights into the reason for the puzzling symptoms in AN, which in turn improves the ability to understand and empathize with the struggles inherent in this disorder. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.103
10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.102
Hunger and fullness ratings in response to meals based on whole grains vs. refined grains N.L. KEIM, W.F. HORN. Western
Human Nutriton Research Center, ARS, USDA, Davis, CA, USA
Brain imaging studies: New insights into puzzling symptoms in anorexia nervosa W.H. KAYE, U.F. BAILER, A. WAGNER,
G.K. FRANK. University of Pittsburgh, Medical University of Vienna, J.W.-Goethe University of Frankfurt, University of California, San Diego, USA People with anorexia nervosa (AN) have many puzzling symptoms. For example, restricted eating but an obsessive interest in food, anxiety and harm avoidance, relentless exercise, denial of illness, and resistance to treatment. In addition, little in life is rewarding, aside from the pursuit of weight loss. New brain imaging studies in AN, using fMRI and PET, are making substantial progress on understanding mechanisms that may contribute to altered reward, anxiety, and appetite modulation. For example, fMRI studies show that individuals with AN have altered response to the taste of sugar or water in insula and related
The purpose of this study was to determine if postprandial hunger or fullness VAS ratings were affected differentially by the level of unrefined grain products in the diet. In a cross-over design, 22 overweight women (age 22–40; BMI=2771 kg/m2; body fat=3973%) consumed a run-in diet rich in whole grains (WG) or refined grains (RG) for 3 d. After an 8-week washout period, each volunteer repeated the 3 d consumption of the alternate diet. All VAS ratings were performed by subjects in their usual home and work environments. Hunger ratings responded similarly under WG and RG conditions. Fullness ratings for each complete postprandial period were not different for the WG and RG, but specific intervals were noteworthy. Fullness ratings after the WG breakfasts were greater during the 2nd and 3rd hours postprandial. Fullness ratings after the WG lunches were greater during the 2nd hour postprandial. Fullness ratings after the WG dinners were greater during the 1 h postprandial. These data suggest that meals based on whole grains promote greater fullness in the postprandial period. Longer-term studies are needed to determine if this shift in perception of fullness is sustained with habitual consumption of a diet enriched in whole grains. 10.1016/j.appet.2007.03.104