- Email: [email protected]
Hybrid diesel-wind system with battery storage operating in standalone mode: Control and energy management – Experimental investigation
Accepted Manuscript Hybrid diesel-wind system with battery storage operating in standalone mode: Control and energy management – Experimental investigation
Djohra Saheb Koussa, M. Koussa, A. Rennane, S. Hadji, A. Boufertella, A. Balhouane, S. Bellarbi PII:
S0360-5442(17)30693-X
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.127
Reference:
EGY 10768
To appear in:
Energy
Received Date:
03 January 2017
Revised Date:
11 April 2017
Accepted Date:
23 April 2017
Please cite this article as: Djohra Saheb Koussa, M. Koussa, A. Rennane, S. Hadji, A. Boufertella, A. Balhouane, S. Bellarbi, Hybrid diesel-wind system with battery storage operating in standalone mode: Control and energy management – Experimental investigation, Energy (2017), doi: 10.1016/j. energy.2017.04.127
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ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT -
Standalone windgenerator –diesel-batteries hybrid system supervision Implementation of an experimental manager A diesel engine ensures balance between the generated and the requested powers Realization of an electrical load simulator of a typical house
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1
Hybrid diesel-wind system with battery storage operating in standalone mode: Control
2
and energy management – Experimental investigation
3
Djohra Saheb Koussa*, M.Koussa*, A.Rennane* , S.Hadji** , A.Boufertella* , A.
4
Balhouane* and S.Bellarbi*
5
*Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables BP. 62 Route de l'Observatoire
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Bouzareah 16340, Alger, Algérie
7
** Electronic Laboratory, National Polytechnical school of Algiers, ENP, 10 Hassan Badi
8
Avenue, El Harrach, 16200, Algeria
9
[email protected]
10 11
Abstract
12
In this work, an experimental Hybrid diesel-wind system with battery storage operating in
13
standalone mode, is presented. The system is comprised of a small scale wind turbine based
14
on 1kW PMSG, storage batteries, a charge controller, an inverter, a diesel generator, a
15
weather station, a data logger, an electrical load prototype realized and developed such as to
16
simulate a typical house consumption, the controller and the current and voltage sensor.
17
The main task of the proposed scheme was confirmed under three considered scenarios
18
corresponding respectively to low wind speed and high state of charge of batteries, high wind
19
speed and moderate state of charge of batteries and moderate wind speed and low state of
20
charge of batteries while the extensive measurement results demonstrate the system ability to
21
run as expected each of these modes. On the other hand, the data logger via the realized
22
current and voltage sensor as well as the different software and computer tools used and
23
exploited in the present experimental study allowed the permanent supervision and follow-up
24
of the whole system which enabled also to intervene at any time in order to improve the
25
behavior of the whole system.
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Keywords: Hybrid energy system; Windgenerator; Storage batteries; Diesel Engine; Load
27
simulator; Control system; Data logger.
28
I. Introduction
29
Energy is a critical enabler and is becoming more important to economic growth. Each
30
progressive economy requires safe access to modern sources of energy to fortify its economic
31
growth and development. Hence, ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
32
modern energy is fundamental for jobs, security, climate change and food production,
33
enhancing competitiveness and promoting economic growth. Research proves that there is a
34
significant relationship between socio-economic growth and electricity consumption [1].
35
Electricity is an energy carrier. It is produced by transforming primary energy sources, such
36
as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) or nuclear fission, into electrical power. An
37
important disadvantage of generating electricity by these latter sources is the adverse
38
environmental impact, such as the greenhouse effect due to the CO2 increases and the nuclear
39
wastes problem. Therefore, the interest is to replace these sources by less harmful other ones
40
for producing electricity. It seems that renewable energy sources are among the most efficient
41
and consistent solutions for sustainable and suitable energy [2-4]. However, the fluctuating
42
and stochastic nature of the wind and solar power generation may not be effective in terms of
43
costs, efficiency and reliability. A viable replacement solution is to combine these renewable
44
energy sources to the conventional generator (diesel) to form hybrid energy production
45
systems. Hybrid systems can produce continuous high quality electric power. Therefore, the
46
key design goals for hybrid power generation systems are fossil fuel consumption and diesel
47
run time reduction.
48
Hence, there are many topologies of hybrid power systems. In the literature, several hybrid
49
systems are described, such as: PV/Wind Turbine/Battery [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] ,[10] ,[11], [12]
50
[13] and [14]
51
[18], [19], [20], [21]
PV/Wind only [15], [16], and [17] , PV/Wind Turbine/Battery/Diesel and [22], PV/Battery/Diesel [23], [24], [25], [26], and [27],
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PV/Diesel
generator
power
systems
without
storage
[28], [29],
[30], and
[31],
53
PV/Wind/Diesel without storage [32], PV/Wind/Diesel/Micro hydroelectric turbine [33],
54
[34] and [35] PV/Wind/Fuel cell [36] ,[37] , and [38] .
55
The hybrid energy sources are generally selected for a specific site based on a combination
56
of various factors including the seasonal availability and sustainability of energy sources, the
57
load demand, site topography, the cost of storage and energy distribution, and seasonal energy
58
needs [39].
59
Yang, Hongxing et al. [5] reported that the research and monitoring results of the hybrid
60
project showed good complementary characteristics between the solar and wind energy, and
61
the hybrid system turned out to be able to perform very well as expected throughout the year
62
with the battery over-discharge situations seldom occurred.
63
In ref [6] an optimal sizing method of the configurations of a hybrid solar–wind system
64
employing battery banks based on a genetic algorithm has been applied to the analysis of a
65
hybrid system which supplies power for a telecommunication relay station with good
66
optimization performance obtained.
67
In ref [7] the hybrid system analysis showed that for a small community consuming
68
53,317 kWh/year the cost of energy is 0.47USD/kWh with 10% annual capacity of shortage
69
and produces 89,15 kWh/year of which 53% electricity
70
remaining part from solar energy.
originate from wind and the
71
The work of Nandi, Sanjoy Kumar, and Himangshu Ranjan Ghosh [8] showed that the
72
least cost of energy (COE) is about USD 0.363/kWh for a community using 169 kWh/day
73
with 61 kW peak and having minimum amount of access or unused energy.
74 75
The results published by Ma, Tao et al. [9] demonstrate the techno-economic feasibility of implementing the solar–wind–battery system to supply power to the remote island.
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The Kaabeche, A. et al. [10] paper recommends an optimal sizing model based on an
77
iterative technique, to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of the hybrid
78
photovoltaic/wind power generation system using a battery bank.
79
In ref [11] research it is deducted that the power produced employing PV panels and wind
80
turbine generators is based on weather conditions. As a result, this system is unreliable. The
81
hybridization of this system with another source such as batteries or diesel generator increases
82
significantly the reliability of the whole system.
83
In another study, Kaabache et al. [12] performed technically and economically the optimal
84
size of a PV/wind hybrid energy conversion system using a battery bank designed to supply a
85
small residential household situated in the area of the Center for Renewable Energy
86
Development (CDER) localized in Bouzaréah, Algeria (36°48′N, 3°1′E, 345 m).
87 88
Zaibi, Malek, et al. [13] developed and tested, using a dynamic simulator, an hybrid system with its Power Management System.
89
Ekren, Banu Y., and Orhan Ekren. [14] presented the optimum sizes of PV, wind turbine
90
and battery capacity obtained under various auxiliary energy unit costs and two different
91
loads. The optimal results were confirmed using the Loss of Load Probability (LLP) and
92
autonomy analysis.
93
The paper developed by Nehrir, M. Hashem, et al. [15] reported the development of a
94
computer approach for evaluating the general performance of stand-alone wind/photovoltaic
95
generating systems.
96
The paper [16] aimed to optimally harness the wind resource with the support of solar
97
energy through hybrid technology for a north-east Indian state Tripura (low wind
98
topography).
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Based on the fact that the potential of wind and solar energy is not evenly distributed in
100
Oman, the paper [17] discussed the optimal sizing process of two proposed hybrid PV–Wind
101
plants in Oman.
102
Chen, Yaow-Ming, et al. [18] proposed a novel multi-input inverter for the grid-connected
103
hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/wind power system in order to simplify the power system and
104
reduce the costs.
105 106
Saheb-Koussa, D. et al. [19] revealed that the energy cost of photovoltaic/wind/batteries/ diesel hybrid system depends largely on the renewable energy potential quality.
107
The obtained results by Al-Badi, A. H., et al. [20] showed that the PV energy utilization
108
is an attractive option with an energy cost of the selected PV ranging between 0.128 and
109
0.144 $/kWh at 7.55% discount rate compared to an operating cost of 0.128–0.558 $\kWh for
110
diesel generation.
111
Khelif, A., et al. [21] in their paper investigated the feasibility of hybridization of AFRA
112
diesel power plant with a photovoltaic (PV) system whereby the performances of each part
113
were simulated. The simulation results confirmed that the hybrid configuration is truly
114
feasible even though the levelized electricity cost is very sensible to fossil fuel cost.
115
Abidi, Mohamed Ghaieth et al. [22] presented a new control strategy for optimal energy
116
consumption in microgrids based on forecasting and load shedding method. The obtained
117
results showed clearly a high improvement of degree of availability of electrical power
118
distribution in microgrids.
119
Shaahid, S. M., and M. A. Elhadidy [23] showed in their paper that for photovoltaic–diesel–
120
battery hybrid system configurations, the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with
121
the increase in PV capacity.
122
In the paper [24], the economic analysis of utilization of hybrid PV–diesel-battery power
123
systems to meet the load of a typical residential building in different provinces/zones of
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K.S.A. was performed by analyzing long-term solar radiation data. For a given hybrid
125
system, the obtained results showed that the PV penetration is higher in Southern and
126
Northern Province as compared to other provinces.
127
Park, Jae-Shik, et al [25] proposed an operation control of a photovoltaic/diesel hybrid
128
generating system for a small ship in consideration of the fluctuating photovoltaic power due
129
to solar radiation. The validity of the proposed control method is shown by the numerical
130
simulation based on the experimental data of a photovoltaic system.
131
In Schmid, Aloı́sio et al. [26] paper the simulations showed that PV systems with energy
132
storage connected to existing diesel generators, allowing for them to be turned off during day
133
time, provide the lowest energy costs.
134
In the paper [27] Ashari, Mochamad, and C. V. Nayar presented dispatch strategies for the
135
operation of a solar photovoltaic (PV)–diesel–battery hybrid power system using ‘set points’.
136
A computer program for a typical dispatch strategy was developed to predict the long-term
137
energy performance and the lifecycle cost of the system.
138
Ruther, R., et al. [28] demonstrated that hybrid diesel/PV systems without storage can be the
139
most competitive option, if the introduction of PV in this sector is intended.
140
In the paper [29] the authors presented the results of an experimental study of a PV/diesel
141
hybrid system without storage. Experimental results have showed that the sizing of a
142
PV/diesel hybrid system by taking into account the solar radiation and the load/demand
143
profile of a typical area may lead the diesel generator to operate near its optimal point (70–
144
80% of its nominal power).
145
Dufo-López, Rodolfo, and José L. Bernal-Agustín. [30] showed the economic advantages of
146
the PV-hybrid system. On the other hand, Lau, KYMFM Yousof, et al. [31] showed that the
147
suitability of utilizing the hybrid PV/diesel energy system over the standalone diesel system
148
was based on different solar irradiances and diesel prices.
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In the study [31] the authors found that a wind- PV–diesel hybrid power system with 35%
150
renewable energy penetration (26% wind and 9% solar PV) is a feasible system with a cost of
151
energy of 0.212 US$/kWh.
152
Rehman, Shafiqur, et al. [32] concluded that a wind–PV–diesel hybrid power system with
153
35% renewable energy penetration (26% wind and 9% solar PV) is also a feasible system with
154
a cost of energy of 0.212 US$/kWh in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
155
In the paper [33] the authors deduced that the micro-hydro-wind systems constitute an optimal
156
combination for the electrification of the rural villages in Western Ghats (Kerala) India, based
157
on case study. The optimal operation shows a unit cost of Rs. 6.5/kW h with the selected
158
hybrid energy system with 100% renewable energy contribution eliminating the need for
159
conventional diesel generator.
160
Bhandari, Binayak, et al. [34] summarized the mathematical modeling of various renewable
161
energy systems, particularly PV, wind, hydro and storage devices and the mathematical
162
modeling of various MPPT techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems.
163
Based on simulation results, in ref [35], it was found that renewable/alternative energy
164
sources will replace the conventional energy sources and would be a feasible solution for
165
distribution of electric power for standalone applications at remote and distant locations.
166
The study developed by Dursun, Erkan, and Osman Kilic. [36] evaluated the battery energy
167
efficiency with three different power management strategies.
168
Eid, Ahmad [37] presented various control algorithms to harness the maximum power from
169
the renewable energy sources at different operating modes. In addition, voltage stability and
170
smooth power transfer between the micro-grid and utility are maintained.
171
In the paper [38] Saravanan, S., and S. Thangavel described the simulation results of a
172
specific power management system with real-time solar radiation and wind velocity data
173
collected from solar centre, KEC, and experimental results for a sporadically varying load
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demand were also presented while the reported results are encouraging from reliability and
175
stability perspectives.
176
Saheb-Koussa, Djohra, et al. [39] showed the significant capability of the Fuzzy Logic
177
Energy Management Controller (FLEMC) in controlling the Wind-Diesel-Battery Hybrid
178
energy System.
179
In the present study, the experimental system is based on a controller designed and built
180
for managing a system consisting of a wind turbine of Whisper 200 type rated at 1 kilowatt
181
with 12m/s average wind speed, a battery storage system and a generator supplying a load
182
designed and built for representing a typical house consumption including lighting and
183
equipment [39] (daily consumption of 3.2kWh and a peak of 1.3 kW), the data logger Agilent
184
34972A as well as the different software and computer tools used and exploited to ensure the
185
permanent supervision and follow-up of the whole system, as shown in Fig.1.
186
So, the principal aim of this study is to show clearly the role of each sub-system part
187
realized or installed especially the controller designed and realized in order to ensure proper
188
management such as the Load supply off the wind turbine which has a higher priority than the
189
geneset generator which is started only when the battery state hits the lower charge limit. To
190
this purpose , three scenarios will be considered corresponding respectively to low wind
191
speed and high state of charge of batteries, high wind speed and moderate state of charge of
192
batteries and moderate wind speed and low state of charge of batteries.
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193
Fig. 1 The CDER experimental hybrid Wind/Batteries/diesel System Project
194 195
II. Site geographical information
196
Bouzaréah is a district in Algiers Province, Algeria. It is a coastal site, and according to the
197
Koppen-Geiger climate classification [40] it can be considered as a temperate climate with a
198
hot and arid summer (CSA climate). The site characteristics are shown in Table 1,
199
Table 1: Site description: Bouzareah; position: 3, 04°N 36, 8°E;
200
anemometer height: 10m[41] Mean wind speed Mean power density
Unit
Measured
Weibullfit
Discrepancy
m/s
3,49
3,47
0,70%
W/m2
51,42
51,88
0,89%
201 202 203
III. Hardware of Hybrid Power Systems and experimental details III.1
The weather station and Meteorological data
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The weather data was developed and realized by The Weather Center, equipped with a touch-
205
panel interface for quick and convenient information access, the WMR200 captures over 10
206
weather measurements, from up to 100 m away. It is dotted with the precise Atomic time,
207
current indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction, wind chill,
208
dew point, heat index, barometric pressure and rainfall data, as shown in Fig. 2.
209 210
Fig. 2 The weather Station WMR200
211
So, XNET_METEO software was used to recover data and GRAPH WEATHER software to
212
shape and build graphs from weather data.
213
III.2 Current and voltage sensor card
214
Realized by wind generators and Engineering team at the CDER, this measurement tool is
215
based on the achievement of a card to measure the electrical parameters (current and voltage)
216
for use in the installed hybrid Wind/Batteries/diesel System.
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The built measurement board is based upon Hall Effect sensors, and the other components
218
have been chosen according to a suitable sizing (Fig.3).
219
Fig.3 current and voltage sensor card
220 221
III.3
Storage system
222
In the present study, we used the Banner Energy Bull Batteries, which are recommended for
223
their heavy-duty construction and heavy deep cycle ability for a number of caravan clubs and
224
associations [42].
225
parameters:
Furthermore, Table 2 summarizes the main batteries characteristics
Table 2: Banner Energy Bull 110Ah/12V Battery characteristics
226 227 228
Parameters
Values
Nominal voltage
12V
Battery capacity
110Ah
Cycle durability Self-discharge rate
3 to 5 years at 50% of discharge Surroundings 9% per month
Discharge voltage
22.2 V
End-of-charge voltage of a battery
27.4V
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229 230
Maximal temperature
+50°C
minimal temperature
-10°C
recommended temperature
+20°C
III.4
The inverter
231
The AJ series sine wave inverters have been designed to meet industrial and domestic needs.
232
They meet the highest requirements in terms of comfort, safety and reliability. Any device
233
designed for the public electrical grid of 230 V 50 Hz can be connected to them (up to the
234
nominal power of the inverter) [43].
235
III.5
Management system (controller)
236 237
Fig.4 Management system
238
This prototype built by the Wind Generators and Engineering Team at the CDER, as shown in
239
Fig. 4, consists of an energy management strategy of a Hybrid diesel-wind generator system
240
with battery storage intended for domestic burdens supply.
241
The developed controller ensures mainly the following functions:
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- Automatically start and stop the emergency generator (diesel genset) as needed;
243
- Instant control of the battery charge state and cut-off and connecting of the battery as well
244
as inverter connection if needed. III. 6
245
The Diesel generator
246
The diesel generator used in the present study is:
247
- Kipor diesel generator 6.5 kVA with 186F air cooled, single cylinder;
248
- Rare-earth permanent magnet generator;
249
- Control panel: with voltmeter, ampermeter, frequency meter, ground terminal etc;
250
-
Voltage (optional): 220 V -380 V III.7
251
Windgenerator
252
The considered wind turbine is the Whisper200 type designed to operate in sites with
253
moderate wind speeds from 3.5 m / s to 24 m/s. The corresponding characteristics are given in
254
Table 3 Table 3 Whisper 200 wind turbine parameters [4], [5] and [6]
255 256
257 258
Parameters
Values
Rated Power
1kW at. 11.6m/s
Monthly Energy
200 kWh/mo at. 5.4 m/s
Start up Wind Speed Rotor Diameter
3.1 m/s 2.7 m
Voltage
12, 24, 48 V DC
Turbine Controller
Whisper controller
Blades number
3
Weight
30 kg
Shipping Dimensions
1295mm x 508 mm x 330 mm
Warranty
5-year limited warranty III.8
Electrical load Simulator of a typical house
259
This system represents an electrical load simulator of a typical house designed and realized at
260
the CDER. This system allows imitating the behavior of the electric energy consumption of
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all the equipment installed in a typical home. It is used as an experimental base member in
262
real time simulation of the production systems of electrical energy from wind power (see Fig.
263
5)
264
Fig.5 Eelectrical load Simulator of a typical house
265 266
The system operation
267
-
The daily energy of this charge is 3.5 kWh/day ;
268
-
The considered house is the F4 type endowed with all the equipment to ensure comfort for its occupants.
269
-
270
For the simulation of the energy consumption, the system operation is set according to a pre-established flowchart for each month of the year.
271 272
Objective
273
The principal objective of the simulator is the evaluation of the installed wind generator
274
performances by employing real-time simulations.
275
III.9 Data acquisition
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The system is equipped with the data acquisition Agilent 34972A, allowing us to obtain the
277
electrical parameters. The measured parameters are as follows:
278
The batteries Temperatures measurement is ensured by using thermocouples of type k.
279
Three units are considered respectively for:
280
-The ambient temperature inside the enclosure containing the batteries,
281
-The temperature of the first pair of batteries “connection with the controller”;
282
-The temperature of the last pair of batteries “connection with the load via the
283
inverter”;
284
Three phase voltage at the output of the wind turbine Whisper 200;
285
The input voltage of the first series pair of batteries;
286
The output voltage of the last series pair of batteries;
287
The load voltage ;
288
Current flowing from the batteries to the inverter;
289
Current flowing from the controller to the batteries.
290
These data are recorded thanks to Agilent 34972A datalogger which performs signal
291
conditioning, amplification and contains a digital processor.
292
All data are transferred and stored in the computer using the provided “Benchlink” software
293
[44]. The Agilent BenchLink Data Logger is a Windows-based application designed to make
294
easy the use of the 34972A with a PC for gathering and analyzing measurements. The
295
software is used to set up the test, acquire and archive measurement data, and perform real-
296
time display and analysis of the incoming measurements.
297
IV. Experimental Results and Discussions
298
The experimental results are obtained, on the basis of a five-minute time interval sampling, by
299
using the hybrid system described above, which is designed to supply the household as
300
indicated in section II.9.The obtained results are as follows:
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a- Fig.6 shows the daily load power distribution in winter season;
302
b- Fig.7 shows the daily load power distribution in summer season.
303 304 305
Fig.6 Daily load power distribution in winter
Fig.7 Daily load power distribution in summer
306
From Figs. 6 and 7, it is observed respectively that the daily household electricity
307
consumption is 3.3 kWh /day in winter and 4.9 kWh/day in summer, which allows also
308
obtaining an Annual household electricity consumption of 39.77 kWh/year in winter and
309
58.507 kWh/year in summer.
310
From these figures, it is also seen that the maximum winter and summer powers are
311
respectively equal to 463.34W and 464.75W at 20:00 pm, while the minimum ones are about
312
8.09W in winter and about 8.54W in summer.
313
Considering the measured mean hourly values over a whole day, firstly, from the results
314
presented in Fig. 8, it is observed that the evolution of the mean hourly measured values of the
315
current at the batteries output as well as those measured at the inverter output is in the same
316
direction, on the one hand. On the other hand, it can be seen that the measured current at the
317
batteries output is ten times that measured at the inverter output. Secondly in Fig.9 are
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represented the mean hourly input and output inverter powers from which it is observed that
319
the inverter efficiency is about 81% .
320
321 322 323
Fig. 8 The mean hourly measured Batteries –inverter and Inverter- load Currents
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324 325
Fig. 9 The mean hourly input and output inverter voltages
326
Scenario 1 : Low wind speed and high state of charge
327
The data from Bouzareah site and corresponding to the 27 October 2016 were used in the first
328
case study. The data include the mean hourly wind speed (WS) with the mean value equal to
329
2.9 m/s, see Fig.10, and an initial high voltage value of the battery (VB) of 27.28 V, see
330
Fig.11. Hence, the WS is low which implies that the output WG power would also be low
331
(see Fig.12 ). Therefore, the load is supplied off the batteries only with a little contribution of
332
the WG form 1 AM to 5 AM , 9 AM to 19 PM and 21 PM to 23 PM which leads to a distinct
333
voltage drop from 27.28 V to 23 V, as shown in Fig. 11. Furthermore, from the mean hourly
334
batteries –regulator current measured on the 27 October 2016 presented in Fig.13 , it is shown
335
that this current is weak, which is related to the low values of the wind speeds.
336
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Wind speed (m/s)
5
4
3
2
1
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (h)
337 338
Fig. 10 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 27 October 2016
339
340 341 342
Fig. 11 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 27 October 2016
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343 344
Fig. 12 The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 27 October 2016
345 346
347 348 349
Fig. 13 the mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 27 October 2016
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Scenario 2 : high wind speed and moderate state of charge
351
The data from Bouzareah site and corresponding to the 05 November 2016 were used in the
352
second case study. The data include the mean hourly wind speed (WS) with the mean value
353
equal to 7.20 m/s, see Fig. 14, and an initial moderate voltage value of the battery (VB) of
354
24.6 V, see Fig. 15. Hence, the WS is high which implies that the output WG power would
355
also be high (see Fig. 16). Therefore, the load supply is covered by the WG via the batteries
356
all the daytime period due to state of charge of the batteries of which the voltage is above 24.4
357
V for each hour of the day, as shown in Fig. 15. However, a contribution of the DG is not
358
necessary. Furthermore, from the mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on the 5
359
November 2016 and presented in Fig. 17 it is shown that this current is suitable with a
360
maximum value equal to 5A at 6:00Am, which is related to the high values of the wind
361
speeds.
362 363
Fig. 14 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 05 November 2016
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364 365 366 367 368 369
Fig. 15 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 05 November 2016
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370 371 372
Fig. 16 The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 05 November 2016
373 374 375
Fig. 17 The mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 05 November 2016 Scenario 3 : moderate wind speed and low state of charge
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 376
The data from Bouzareah site and corresponding to the 08 November 2016 were used in the
377
third case study. The data include the mean hourly wind speed (WS) with the mean value
378
equal to 6m/s, see Fig.18 , and an initial low voltage value of the battery (VB) of 23.1 V, see
379
Fig. 19 . Hence, the WS is moderate which implies that the output WG power would also be
380
moderate (see Fig. 20 ). Therefore, the load supply is covered by the WG via the batteries but
381
this is not sufficient due to the low state of charge of the batteries. Furthermore, a contribution
382
of the DG is necessary at 18:00pm and from 21 PM to 24 PM because the batteries voltages
383
reach their minimum value of 22V, as shown in Fig. 19. Furthermore, from the mean hourly
384
batteries –regulator current measured on the 8 November 2016 presented in Fig. 21, it is
385
shown that this current is moderate with a maximum value equal to 4A at 11:00Am, which is
386
related to the moderate values of the wind speeds.
387 388 389
Fig. 18 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 08 November 2016
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390 391
Fig.19 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 08 November 2016
392
393 394 395 396 397
Fig. 20 The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 08 November 2016
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398 399
Fig. 21 The mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 08 November 2016
400 401
V. Conclusions
402 403
This study elaborated an experimental concept for integration of wind energy into a diesel
404
power plant implemented in Bouzareah site which is a coastal Algerian site, considered as a
405
temperate climate with a hot and arid summer (CSA climate) according to the Koppen-Geiger
406
climate classification [40] . So, each of the two sources are managed by the developed
407
controller which ensures mainly the automatic start and stop of the emergency generator
408
(diesel genset) as needed and instant control of the battery charge state. The principal role of
409
the developed controller is to continuously supervise the input power and load demand and to
410
optimize the diesel operation under all working conditions.
411
So, the obtained results from the present research work are as follows:
412
-
The realized and developed prototypes, such as the electrical load Simulator of
413
a typical house, the controller and the current and voltage sensor cards, present
414
satisfactory and significant results ;
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415
The behavior of the developed systems meets our expectations. This was
416
confirmed under three considered scenarios respectively corresponding to low
417
wind speed and high state of charge of batteries, high wind speed and moderate
418
state of charge of batteries and moderate wind speed and low state of charge of
419
batteries. -
420
The data logger Agilent 34972A as well as the different software and computer
421
tools used and exploited in the present experimental study allowed the
422
permanent supervision and follow-up of the whole system which also enabled
423
to intervene at any time in order to improve the behavior of the whole system.
424
The developed prototype, within the frame of The CDER Project, will serve as an ideal
425
platform for initial testing before moving on to rural microgrids.
426
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[24] Shaahid, S. M., L. M. Al-Hadhrami, and M. K. Rahman. "Review of economic
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[25] Park, Jae-Shik, et al. "Operation control of photovoltaic/diesel hybrid generating system
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535-542.
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[26] Schmid, Aloı́sio Leoni, and Carlos Augusto Amaral Hoffmann. "Replacing diesel by
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[28] Ruther, R., et al. "Cutting on diesel, boosting PV: the potential of hybrid diesel/PV
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1780-1787.
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[30] Dufo-López, Rodolfo, and José L. Bernal-Agustín. "Design and control strategies of PV-
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Diesel systems using genetic algorithms." Solar energy 79.1 (2005): 33-46.
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[31] Lau, KYMFM Yousof, et al. "Performance analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/diesel energy
508
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[32] Rehman, Shafiqur, et al. "Feasibility study of a wind–pv–diesel hybrid power system for
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a village." Renewable Energy 38.1 (2012): 258-268.
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[33] Ashok, S. "Optimised model for community-based hybrid energy system." Renewable
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energy 32.7 (2007): 1155-1164.
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[34] Bhandari, Binayak, et al. "Mathematical modeling of hybrid renewable energy system:
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A review on small hydro-solar-wind power generation." international journal of precision
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engineering and manufacturing-green technology 1.2 (2014): 157-173.
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[35] Lal, Deepak Kumar, Bibhuti Bhusan Dash, and A. K. Akella. "Optimization of
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PV/wind/micro-hydro/diesel hybrid power system in HOMER for the study area."
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International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics 3.3 (2011): 307-325.
519
[36] Dursun, Erkan, and Osman Kilic. "Comparative evaluation of different power
520
management
521
system." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 34.1 (2012): 81-89.
522
[37] Eid, Ahmad. "Utility integration of PV-wind-fuel cell hybrid distributed generation
523
systems under variable load demands." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
524
Systems 62 (2014): 689-699.
525
[38] Saravanan, S., and S. Thangavel. "A simple power management scheme with enhanced
526
stability for a solar PV/wind/fuel cell/grid fed hybrid power supply designed for industrial
527
loads." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering2014 (2014).
528
[39] Saheb-Koussa, Djohra, et al. "Fuzzy Logic Management Supervisor for Wind-Diesel-
529
Battery Hybrid energy System." 2016 7th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC).
530
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531
[40] Peel, Murray C., Brian L. Finlayson, and Thomas A. McMahon. "Updated world map of
532
the
533
discussions 4.2 (2007): 439-473.
534
[41] Saheb-Koussa, Djohra, Mustapha Koussa, and Nourredine Said. "Prospects of wind-
535
diesel generator-battery hybrid power system: a feasibility study in Algeria." Journal of Wind
536
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537
[42] http://www.denkapower.com/bannerenergybull
strategies
Köppen-Geiger
of
climate
a
stand-alone
PV/Wind/PEMFC
classification." Hydrology
and
earth
hybrid
system
power
sciences
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 538
[43] Studer INNOTEC; SINE WAVE INVERTER; User’s and installer’s manual.
539
http://www.studer-innotec.com/media/document/0/_en.pdf
540
[44]Abdeladim, Kamel, et al. "Processing Radiometric & Meteorological Data of the
541
Photovoltaic System Connected To The Grid Using Data Logger." International Conference
542
on energy.17- 19 November 2013, Bechar University.
543 544 545 546
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Fig. 1 The CDER experimental hybrid Wind/Batteries/diesel System Project
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Fig. 2 The weather Station WMR200
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Fig.3 current and voltage sensor card
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Fig.4 Management system
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Fig.5 Eelectrical load Simulator of a typical house
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Fig.6 Daily load power distribution in winter
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Fig.7 Daily load power distribution in summer
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Fig. 8 The mean hourly measured Batteries –inverter and Inverter- load Currents
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Fig. 9 The mean hourly input and output inverter voltages
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Fig. 10 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 27 October 2016
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Fig. 11 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 27 October 2016
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Fig. 12 . The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 27 October 2016
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Fig. 13 the mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 27 October 2016
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Fig. 14 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 05 November 2016
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Fig. 15 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 05 November 2016
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Fig. 16 . The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 05 November 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Fig. 17 The mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 05 November 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Fig. 18 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 08 November 2016
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Fig. 19 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 08 November 2016
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Fig. 20 . The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 08 November 2016
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Fig. 21 The mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 08 November 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 1: Site description: Bouzareah; position: 3, 04°N 36, 8°E; anemometer height: 10m[44]. Mean wind speed Mean power density
Unit
Measured
Weibullfit
Discrepancy
m/s
3,49
3,47
0,70%
W/m2
51,42
51,88
0,89%
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 2 : Banner Energy Bull 110Ah/12V Battery characteristics Parameters
Values
Nominal voltage
12V
Battery capacity
110Ah
Cycle durability Self-discharge rate
3 to 5 years at 50% of discharge Surroundings 9% per month
Discharge voltage
22.2 V
End-of-charge voltage of a battery
27.4V
Maximal temperature
+50°C
minimal temperature
-10°C
recommended temperature
+20°C
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
Table 3 Whisper 200 wind turbine parameters [4], [5] and [6] Parameters
Values
Rated Power
1kW at. 11.6m/s
Monthly Energy
200 kWh/mo at. 5.4 m/s
Start up Wind Speed Rotor Diameter
3.1 m/s 2.7 m
Voltage
12, 24, 48 V DC
Turbine Controller
Whisper controller
Blades number
3
Weight
30 kg
Shipping Dimensions
1295mm x 508 mm x 330 mm
Warranty
5-year limited warranty
Djohra Saheb Koussa, M. Koussa, A. Rennane, S. Hadji, A. Boufertella, A. Balhouane, S. Bellarbi PII:
S0360-5442(17)30693-X
DOI:
10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.127
Reference:
EGY 10768
To appear in:
Energy
Received Date:
03 January 2017
Revised Date:
11 April 2017
Accepted Date:
23 April 2017
Please cite this article as: Djohra Saheb Koussa, M. Koussa, A. Rennane, S. Hadji, A. Boufertella, A. Balhouane, S. Bellarbi, Hybrid diesel-wind system with battery storage operating in standalone mode: Control and energy management – Experimental investigation, Energy (2017), doi: 10.1016/j. energy.2017.04.127
This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT -
Standalone windgenerator –diesel-batteries hybrid system supervision Implementation of an experimental manager A diesel engine ensures balance between the generated and the requested powers Realization of an electrical load simulator of a typical house
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1
Hybrid diesel-wind system with battery storage operating in standalone mode: Control
2
and energy management – Experimental investigation
3
Djohra Saheb Koussa*, M.Koussa*, A.Rennane* , S.Hadji** , A.Boufertella* , A.
4
Balhouane* and S.Bellarbi*
5
*Centre de Développement des Energies Renouvelables BP. 62 Route de l'Observatoire
6
Bouzareah 16340, Alger, Algérie
7
** Electronic Laboratory, National Polytechnical school of Algiers, ENP, 10 Hassan Badi
8
Avenue, El Harrach, 16200, Algeria
9
[email protected]
10 11
Abstract
12
In this work, an experimental Hybrid diesel-wind system with battery storage operating in
13
standalone mode, is presented. The system is comprised of a small scale wind turbine based
14
on 1kW PMSG, storage batteries, a charge controller, an inverter, a diesel generator, a
15
weather station, a data logger, an electrical load prototype realized and developed such as to
16
simulate a typical house consumption, the controller and the current and voltage sensor.
17
The main task of the proposed scheme was confirmed under three considered scenarios
18
corresponding respectively to low wind speed and high state of charge of batteries, high wind
19
speed and moderate state of charge of batteries and moderate wind speed and low state of
20
charge of batteries while the extensive measurement results demonstrate the system ability to
21
run as expected each of these modes. On the other hand, the data logger via the realized
22
current and voltage sensor as well as the different software and computer tools used and
23
exploited in the present experimental study allowed the permanent supervision and follow-up
24
of the whole system which enabled also to intervene at any time in order to improve the
25
behavior of the whole system.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 26
Keywords: Hybrid energy system; Windgenerator; Storage batteries; Diesel Engine; Load
27
simulator; Control system; Data logger.
28
I. Introduction
29
Energy is a critical enabler and is becoming more important to economic growth. Each
30
progressive economy requires safe access to modern sources of energy to fortify its economic
31
growth and development. Hence, ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
32
modern energy is fundamental for jobs, security, climate change and food production,
33
enhancing competitiveness and promoting economic growth. Research proves that there is a
34
significant relationship between socio-economic growth and electricity consumption [1].
35
Electricity is an energy carrier. It is produced by transforming primary energy sources, such
36
as fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) or nuclear fission, into electrical power. An
37
important disadvantage of generating electricity by these latter sources is the adverse
38
environmental impact, such as the greenhouse effect due to the CO2 increases and the nuclear
39
wastes problem. Therefore, the interest is to replace these sources by less harmful other ones
40
for producing electricity. It seems that renewable energy sources are among the most efficient
41
and consistent solutions for sustainable and suitable energy [2-4]. However, the fluctuating
42
and stochastic nature of the wind and solar power generation may not be effective in terms of
43
costs, efficiency and reliability. A viable replacement solution is to combine these renewable
44
energy sources to the conventional generator (diesel) to form hybrid energy production
45
systems. Hybrid systems can produce continuous high quality electric power. Therefore, the
46
key design goals for hybrid power generation systems are fossil fuel consumption and diesel
47
run time reduction.
48
Hence, there are many topologies of hybrid power systems. In the literature, several hybrid
49
systems are described, such as: PV/Wind Turbine/Battery [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] ,[10] ,[11], [12]
50
[13] and [14]
51
[18], [19], [20], [21]
PV/Wind only [15], [16], and [17] , PV/Wind Turbine/Battery/Diesel and [22], PV/Battery/Diesel [23], [24], [25], [26], and [27],
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 52
PV/Diesel
generator
power
systems
without
storage
[28], [29],
[30], and
[31],
53
PV/Wind/Diesel without storage [32], PV/Wind/Diesel/Micro hydroelectric turbine [33],
54
[34] and [35] PV/Wind/Fuel cell [36] ,[37] , and [38] .
55
The hybrid energy sources are generally selected for a specific site based on a combination
56
of various factors including the seasonal availability and sustainability of energy sources, the
57
load demand, site topography, the cost of storage and energy distribution, and seasonal energy
58
needs [39].
59
Yang, Hongxing et al. [5] reported that the research and monitoring results of the hybrid
60
project showed good complementary characteristics between the solar and wind energy, and
61
the hybrid system turned out to be able to perform very well as expected throughout the year
62
with the battery over-discharge situations seldom occurred.
63
In ref [6] an optimal sizing method of the configurations of a hybrid solar–wind system
64
employing battery banks based on a genetic algorithm has been applied to the analysis of a
65
hybrid system which supplies power for a telecommunication relay station with good
66
optimization performance obtained.
67
In ref [7] the hybrid system analysis showed that for a small community consuming
68
53,317 kWh/year the cost of energy is 0.47USD/kWh with 10% annual capacity of shortage
69
and produces 89,15 kWh/year of which 53% electricity
70
remaining part from solar energy.
originate from wind and the
71
The work of Nandi, Sanjoy Kumar, and Himangshu Ranjan Ghosh [8] showed that the
72
least cost of energy (COE) is about USD 0.363/kWh for a community using 169 kWh/day
73
with 61 kW peak and having minimum amount of access or unused energy.
74 75
The results published by Ma, Tao et al. [9] demonstrate the techno-economic feasibility of implementing the solar–wind–battery system to supply power to the remote island.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 76
The Kaabeche, A. et al. [10] paper recommends an optimal sizing model based on an
77
iterative technique, to optimize the capacity sizes of different components of the hybrid
78
photovoltaic/wind power generation system using a battery bank.
79
In ref [11] research it is deducted that the power produced employing PV panels and wind
80
turbine generators is based on weather conditions. As a result, this system is unreliable. The
81
hybridization of this system with another source such as batteries or diesel generator increases
82
significantly the reliability of the whole system.
83
In another study, Kaabache et al. [12] performed technically and economically the optimal
84
size of a PV/wind hybrid energy conversion system using a battery bank designed to supply a
85
small residential household situated in the area of the Center for Renewable Energy
86
Development (CDER) localized in Bouzaréah, Algeria (36°48′N, 3°1′E, 345 m).
87 88
Zaibi, Malek, et al. [13] developed and tested, using a dynamic simulator, an hybrid system with its Power Management System.
89
Ekren, Banu Y., and Orhan Ekren. [14] presented the optimum sizes of PV, wind turbine
90
and battery capacity obtained under various auxiliary energy unit costs and two different
91
loads. The optimal results were confirmed using the Loss of Load Probability (LLP) and
92
autonomy analysis.
93
The paper developed by Nehrir, M. Hashem, et al. [15] reported the development of a
94
computer approach for evaluating the general performance of stand-alone wind/photovoltaic
95
generating systems.
96
The paper [16] aimed to optimally harness the wind resource with the support of solar
97
energy through hybrid technology for a north-east Indian state Tripura (low wind
98
topography).
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 99
Based on the fact that the potential of wind and solar energy is not evenly distributed in
100
Oman, the paper [17] discussed the optimal sizing process of two proposed hybrid PV–Wind
101
plants in Oman.
102
Chen, Yaow-Ming, et al. [18] proposed a novel multi-input inverter for the grid-connected
103
hybrid photovoltaic (PV)/wind power system in order to simplify the power system and
104
reduce the costs.
105 106
Saheb-Koussa, D. et al. [19] revealed that the energy cost of photovoltaic/wind/batteries/ diesel hybrid system depends largely on the renewable energy potential quality.
107
The obtained results by Al-Badi, A. H., et al. [20] showed that the PV energy utilization
108
is an attractive option with an energy cost of the selected PV ranging between 0.128 and
109
0.144 $/kWh at 7.55% discount rate compared to an operating cost of 0.128–0.558 $\kWh for
110
diesel generation.
111
Khelif, A., et al. [21] in their paper investigated the feasibility of hybridization of AFRA
112
diesel power plant with a photovoltaic (PV) system whereby the performances of each part
113
were simulated. The simulation results confirmed that the hybrid configuration is truly
114
feasible even though the levelized electricity cost is very sensible to fossil fuel cost.
115
Abidi, Mohamed Ghaieth et al. [22] presented a new control strategy for optimal energy
116
consumption in microgrids based on forecasting and load shedding method. The obtained
117
results showed clearly a high improvement of degree of availability of electrical power
118
distribution in microgrids.
119
Shaahid, S. M., and M. A. Elhadidy [23] showed in their paper that for photovoltaic–diesel–
120
battery hybrid system configurations, the operational hours of diesel generators decrease with
121
the increase in PV capacity.
122
In the paper [24], the economic analysis of utilization of hybrid PV–diesel-battery power
123
systems to meet the load of a typical residential building in different provinces/zones of
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 124
K.S.A. was performed by analyzing long-term solar radiation data. For a given hybrid
125
system, the obtained results showed that the PV penetration is higher in Southern and
126
Northern Province as compared to other provinces.
127
Park, Jae-Shik, et al [25] proposed an operation control of a photovoltaic/diesel hybrid
128
generating system for a small ship in consideration of the fluctuating photovoltaic power due
129
to solar radiation. The validity of the proposed control method is shown by the numerical
130
simulation based on the experimental data of a photovoltaic system.
131
In Schmid, Aloı́sio et al. [26] paper the simulations showed that PV systems with energy
132
storage connected to existing diesel generators, allowing for them to be turned off during day
133
time, provide the lowest energy costs.
134
In the paper [27] Ashari, Mochamad, and C. V. Nayar presented dispatch strategies for the
135
operation of a solar photovoltaic (PV)–diesel–battery hybrid power system using ‘set points’.
136
A computer program for a typical dispatch strategy was developed to predict the long-term
137
energy performance and the lifecycle cost of the system.
138
Ruther, R., et al. [28] demonstrated that hybrid diesel/PV systems without storage can be the
139
most competitive option, if the introduction of PV in this sector is intended.
140
In the paper [29] the authors presented the results of an experimental study of a PV/diesel
141
hybrid system without storage. Experimental results have showed that the sizing of a
142
PV/diesel hybrid system by taking into account the solar radiation and the load/demand
143
profile of a typical area may lead the diesel generator to operate near its optimal point (70–
144
80% of its nominal power).
145
Dufo-López, Rodolfo, and José L. Bernal-Agustín. [30] showed the economic advantages of
146
the PV-hybrid system. On the other hand, Lau, KYMFM Yousof, et al. [31] showed that the
147
suitability of utilizing the hybrid PV/diesel energy system over the standalone diesel system
148
was based on different solar irradiances and diesel prices.
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 149
In the study [31] the authors found that a wind- PV–diesel hybrid power system with 35%
150
renewable energy penetration (26% wind and 9% solar PV) is a feasible system with a cost of
151
energy of 0.212 US$/kWh.
152
Rehman, Shafiqur, et al. [32] concluded that a wind–PV–diesel hybrid power system with
153
35% renewable energy penetration (26% wind and 9% solar PV) is also a feasible system with
154
a cost of energy of 0.212 US$/kWh in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
155
In the paper [33] the authors deduced that the micro-hydro-wind systems constitute an optimal
156
combination for the electrification of the rural villages in Western Ghats (Kerala) India, based
157
on case study. The optimal operation shows a unit cost of Rs. 6.5/kW h with the selected
158
hybrid energy system with 100% renewable energy contribution eliminating the need for
159
conventional diesel generator.
160
Bhandari, Binayak, et al. [34] summarized the mathematical modeling of various renewable
161
energy systems, particularly PV, wind, hydro and storage devices and the mathematical
162
modeling of various MPPT techniques for hybrid renewable energy systems.
163
Based on simulation results, in ref [35], it was found that renewable/alternative energy
164
sources will replace the conventional energy sources and would be a feasible solution for
165
distribution of electric power for standalone applications at remote and distant locations.
166
The study developed by Dursun, Erkan, and Osman Kilic. [36] evaluated the battery energy
167
efficiency with three different power management strategies.
168
Eid, Ahmad [37] presented various control algorithms to harness the maximum power from
169
the renewable energy sources at different operating modes. In addition, voltage stability and
170
smooth power transfer between the micro-grid and utility are maintained.
171
In the paper [38] Saravanan, S., and S. Thangavel described the simulation results of a
172
specific power management system with real-time solar radiation and wind velocity data
173
collected from solar centre, KEC, and experimental results for a sporadically varying load
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 174
demand were also presented while the reported results are encouraging from reliability and
175
stability perspectives.
176
Saheb-Koussa, Djohra, et al. [39] showed the significant capability of the Fuzzy Logic
177
Energy Management Controller (FLEMC) in controlling the Wind-Diesel-Battery Hybrid
178
energy System.
179
In the present study, the experimental system is based on a controller designed and built
180
for managing a system consisting of a wind turbine of Whisper 200 type rated at 1 kilowatt
181
with 12m/s average wind speed, a battery storage system and a generator supplying a load
182
designed and built for representing a typical house consumption including lighting and
183
equipment [39] (daily consumption of 3.2kWh and a peak of 1.3 kW), the data logger Agilent
184
34972A as well as the different software and computer tools used and exploited to ensure the
185
permanent supervision and follow-up of the whole system, as shown in Fig.1.
186
So, the principal aim of this study is to show clearly the role of each sub-system part
187
realized or installed especially the controller designed and realized in order to ensure proper
188
management such as the Load supply off the wind turbine which has a higher priority than the
189
geneset generator which is started only when the battery state hits the lower charge limit. To
190
this purpose , three scenarios will be considered corresponding respectively to low wind
191
speed and high state of charge of batteries, high wind speed and moderate state of charge of
192
batteries and moderate wind speed and low state of charge of batteries.
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193
Fig. 1 The CDER experimental hybrid Wind/Batteries/diesel System Project
194 195
II. Site geographical information
196
Bouzaréah is a district in Algiers Province, Algeria. It is a coastal site, and according to the
197
Koppen-Geiger climate classification [40] it can be considered as a temperate climate with a
198
hot and arid summer (CSA climate). The site characteristics are shown in Table 1,
199
Table 1: Site description: Bouzareah; position: 3, 04°N 36, 8°E;
200
anemometer height: 10m[41] Mean wind speed Mean power density
Unit
Measured
Weibullfit
Discrepancy
m/s
3,49
3,47
0,70%
W/m2
51,42
51,88
0,89%
201 202 203
III. Hardware of Hybrid Power Systems and experimental details III.1
The weather station and Meteorological data
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The weather data was developed and realized by The Weather Center, equipped with a touch-
205
panel interface for quick and convenient information access, the WMR200 captures over 10
206
weather measurements, from up to 100 m away. It is dotted with the precise Atomic time,
207
current indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction, wind chill,
208
dew point, heat index, barometric pressure and rainfall data, as shown in Fig. 2.
209 210
Fig. 2 The weather Station WMR200
211
So, XNET_METEO software was used to recover data and GRAPH WEATHER software to
212
shape and build graphs from weather data.
213
III.2 Current and voltage sensor card
214
Realized by wind generators and Engineering team at the CDER, this measurement tool is
215
based on the achievement of a card to measure the electrical parameters (current and voltage)
216
for use in the installed hybrid Wind/Batteries/diesel System.
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The built measurement board is based upon Hall Effect sensors, and the other components
218
have been chosen according to a suitable sizing (Fig.3).
219
Fig.3 current and voltage sensor card
220 221
III.3
Storage system
222
In the present study, we used the Banner Energy Bull Batteries, which are recommended for
223
their heavy-duty construction and heavy deep cycle ability for a number of caravan clubs and
224
associations [42].
225
parameters:
Furthermore, Table 2 summarizes the main batteries characteristics
Table 2: Banner Energy Bull 110Ah/12V Battery characteristics
226 227 228
Parameters
Values
Nominal voltage
12V
Battery capacity
110Ah
Cycle durability Self-discharge rate
3 to 5 years at 50% of discharge Surroundings 9% per month
Discharge voltage
22.2 V
End-of-charge voltage of a battery
27.4V
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229 230
Maximal temperature
+50°C
minimal temperature
-10°C
recommended temperature
+20°C
III.4
The inverter
231
The AJ series sine wave inverters have been designed to meet industrial and domestic needs.
232
They meet the highest requirements in terms of comfort, safety and reliability. Any device
233
designed for the public electrical grid of 230 V 50 Hz can be connected to them (up to the
234
nominal power of the inverter) [43].
235
III.5
Management system (controller)
236 237
Fig.4 Management system
238
This prototype built by the Wind Generators and Engineering Team at the CDER, as shown in
239
Fig. 4, consists of an energy management strategy of a Hybrid diesel-wind generator system
240
with battery storage intended for domestic burdens supply.
241
The developed controller ensures mainly the following functions:
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 242
- Automatically start and stop the emergency generator (diesel genset) as needed;
243
- Instant control of the battery charge state and cut-off and connecting of the battery as well
244
as inverter connection if needed. III. 6
245
The Diesel generator
246
The diesel generator used in the present study is:
247
- Kipor diesel generator 6.5 kVA with 186F air cooled, single cylinder;
248
- Rare-earth permanent magnet generator;
249
- Control panel: with voltmeter, ampermeter, frequency meter, ground terminal etc;
250
-
Voltage (optional): 220 V -380 V III.7
251
Windgenerator
252
The considered wind turbine is the Whisper200 type designed to operate in sites with
253
moderate wind speeds from 3.5 m / s to 24 m/s. The corresponding characteristics are given in
254
Table 3 Table 3 Whisper 200 wind turbine parameters [4], [5] and [6]
255 256
257 258
Parameters
Values
Rated Power
1kW at. 11.6m/s
Monthly Energy
200 kWh/mo at. 5.4 m/s
Start up Wind Speed Rotor Diameter
3.1 m/s 2.7 m
Voltage
12, 24, 48 V DC
Turbine Controller
Whisper controller
Blades number
3
Weight
30 kg
Shipping Dimensions
1295mm x 508 mm x 330 mm
Warranty
5-year limited warranty III.8
Electrical load Simulator of a typical house
259
This system represents an electrical load simulator of a typical house designed and realized at
260
the CDER. This system allows imitating the behavior of the electric energy consumption of
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 261
all the equipment installed in a typical home. It is used as an experimental base member in
262
real time simulation of the production systems of electrical energy from wind power (see Fig.
263
5)
264
Fig.5 Eelectrical load Simulator of a typical house
265 266
The system operation
267
-
The daily energy of this charge is 3.5 kWh/day ;
268
-
The considered house is the F4 type endowed with all the equipment to ensure comfort for its occupants.
269
-
270
For the simulation of the energy consumption, the system operation is set according to a pre-established flowchart for each month of the year.
271 272
Objective
273
The principal objective of the simulator is the evaluation of the installed wind generator
274
performances by employing real-time simulations.
275
III.9 Data acquisition
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 276
The system is equipped with the data acquisition Agilent 34972A, allowing us to obtain the
277
electrical parameters. The measured parameters are as follows:
278
The batteries Temperatures measurement is ensured by using thermocouples of type k.
279
Three units are considered respectively for:
280
-The ambient temperature inside the enclosure containing the batteries,
281
-The temperature of the first pair of batteries “connection with the controller”;
282
-The temperature of the last pair of batteries “connection with the load via the
283
inverter”;
284
Three phase voltage at the output of the wind turbine Whisper 200;
285
The input voltage of the first series pair of batteries;
286
The output voltage of the last series pair of batteries;
287
The load voltage ;
288
Current flowing from the batteries to the inverter;
289
Current flowing from the controller to the batteries.
290
These data are recorded thanks to Agilent 34972A datalogger which performs signal
291
conditioning, amplification and contains a digital processor.
292
All data are transferred and stored in the computer using the provided “Benchlink” software
293
[44]. The Agilent BenchLink Data Logger is a Windows-based application designed to make
294
easy the use of the 34972A with a PC for gathering and analyzing measurements. The
295
software is used to set up the test, acquire and archive measurement data, and perform real-
296
time display and analysis of the incoming measurements.
297
IV. Experimental Results and Discussions
298
The experimental results are obtained, on the basis of a five-minute time interval sampling, by
299
using the hybrid system described above, which is designed to supply the household as
300
indicated in section II.9.The obtained results are as follows:
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 301
a- Fig.6 shows the daily load power distribution in winter season;
302
b- Fig.7 shows the daily load power distribution in summer season.
303 304 305
Fig.6 Daily load power distribution in winter
Fig.7 Daily load power distribution in summer
306
From Figs. 6 and 7, it is observed respectively that the daily household electricity
307
consumption is 3.3 kWh /day in winter and 4.9 kWh/day in summer, which allows also
308
obtaining an Annual household electricity consumption of 39.77 kWh/year in winter and
309
58.507 kWh/year in summer.
310
From these figures, it is also seen that the maximum winter and summer powers are
311
respectively equal to 463.34W and 464.75W at 20:00 pm, while the minimum ones are about
312
8.09W in winter and about 8.54W in summer.
313
Considering the measured mean hourly values over a whole day, firstly, from the results
314
presented in Fig. 8, it is observed that the evolution of the mean hourly measured values of the
315
current at the batteries output as well as those measured at the inverter output is in the same
316
direction, on the one hand. On the other hand, it can be seen that the measured current at the
317
batteries output is ten times that measured at the inverter output. Secondly in Fig.9 are
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 318
represented the mean hourly input and output inverter powers from which it is observed that
319
the inverter efficiency is about 81% .
320
321 322 323
Fig. 8 The mean hourly measured Batteries –inverter and Inverter- load Currents
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324 325
Fig. 9 The mean hourly input and output inverter voltages
326
Scenario 1 : Low wind speed and high state of charge
327
The data from Bouzareah site and corresponding to the 27 October 2016 were used in the first
328
case study. The data include the mean hourly wind speed (WS) with the mean value equal to
329
2.9 m/s, see Fig.10, and an initial high voltage value of the battery (VB) of 27.28 V, see
330
Fig.11. Hence, the WS is low which implies that the output WG power would also be low
331
(see Fig.12 ). Therefore, the load is supplied off the batteries only with a little contribution of
332
the WG form 1 AM to 5 AM , 9 AM to 19 PM and 21 PM to 23 PM which leads to a distinct
333
voltage drop from 27.28 V to 23 V, as shown in Fig. 11. Furthermore, from the mean hourly
334
batteries –regulator current measured on the 27 October 2016 presented in Fig.13 , it is shown
335
that this current is weak, which is related to the low values of the wind speeds.
336
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 6
Wind speed (m/s)
5
4
3
2
1
0 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (h)
337 338
Fig. 10 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 27 October 2016
339
340 341 342
Fig. 11 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 27 October 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
343 344
Fig. 12 The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 27 October 2016
345 346
347 348 349
Fig. 13 the mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 27 October 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 350
Scenario 2 : high wind speed and moderate state of charge
351
The data from Bouzareah site and corresponding to the 05 November 2016 were used in the
352
second case study. The data include the mean hourly wind speed (WS) with the mean value
353
equal to 7.20 m/s, see Fig. 14, and an initial moderate voltage value of the battery (VB) of
354
24.6 V, see Fig. 15. Hence, the WS is high which implies that the output WG power would
355
also be high (see Fig. 16). Therefore, the load supply is covered by the WG via the batteries
356
all the daytime period due to state of charge of the batteries of which the voltage is above 24.4
357
V for each hour of the day, as shown in Fig. 15. However, a contribution of the DG is not
358
necessary. Furthermore, from the mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on the 5
359
November 2016 and presented in Fig. 17 it is shown that this current is suitable with a
360
maximum value equal to 5A at 6:00Am, which is related to the high values of the wind
361
speeds.
362 363
Fig. 14 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 05 November 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
364 365 366 367 368 369
Fig. 15 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 05 November 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
370 371 372
Fig. 16 The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 05 November 2016
373 374 375
Fig. 17 The mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 05 November 2016 Scenario 3 : moderate wind speed and low state of charge
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 376
The data from Bouzareah site and corresponding to the 08 November 2016 were used in the
377
third case study. The data include the mean hourly wind speed (WS) with the mean value
378
equal to 6m/s, see Fig.18 , and an initial low voltage value of the battery (VB) of 23.1 V, see
379
Fig. 19 . Hence, the WS is moderate which implies that the output WG power would also be
380
moderate (see Fig. 20 ). Therefore, the load supply is covered by the WG via the batteries but
381
this is not sufficient due to the low state of charge of the batteries. Furthermore, a contribution
382
of the DG is necessary at 18:00pm and from 21 PM to 24 PM because the batteries voltages
383
reach their minimum value of 22V, as shown in Fig. 19. Furthermore, from the mean hourly
384
batteries –regulator current measured on the 8 November 2016 presented in Fig. 21, it is
385
shown that this current is moderate with a maximum value equal to 4A at 11:00Am, which is
386
related to the moderate values of the wind speeds.
387 388 389
Fig. 18 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 08 November 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
390 391
Fig.19 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 08 November 2016
392
393 394 395 396 397
Fig. 20 The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 08 November 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
398 399
Fig. 21 The mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 08 November 2016
400 401
V. Conclusions
402 403
This study elaborated an experimental concept for integration of wind energy into a diesel
404
power plant implemented in Bouzareah site which is a coastal Algerian site, considered as a
405
temperate climate with a hot and arid summer (CSA climate) according to the Koppen-Geiger
406
climate classification [40] . So, each of the two sources are managed by the developed
407
controller which ensures mainly the automatic start and stop of the emergency generator
408
(diesel genset) as needed and instant control of the battery charge state. The principal role of
409
the developed controller is to continuously supervise the input power and load demand and to
410
optimize the diesel operation under all working conditions.
411
So, the obtained results from the present research work are as follows:
412
-
The realized and developed prototypes, such as the electrical load Simulator of
413
a typical house, the controller and the current and voltage sensor cards, present
414
satisfactory and significant results ;
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT -
415
The behavior of the developed systems meets our expectations. This was
416
confirmed under three considered scenarios respectively corresponding to low
417
wind speed and high state of charge of batteries, high wind speed and moderate
418
state of charge of batteries and moderate wind speed and low state of charge of
419
batteries. -
420
The data logger Agilent 34972A as well as the different software and computer
421
tools used and exploited in the present experimental study allowed the
422
permanent supervision and follow-up of the whole system which also enabled
423
to intervene at any time in order to improve the behavior of the whole system.
424
The developed prototype, within the frame of The CDER Project, will serve as an ideal
425
platform for initial testing before moving on to rural microgrids.
426
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[38] Saravanan, S., and S. Thangavel. "A simple power management scheme with enhanced
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stability for a solar PV/wind/fuel cell/grid fed hybrid power supply designed for industrial
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[39] Saheb-Koussa, Djohra, et al. "Fuzzy Logic Management Supervisor for Wind-Diesel-
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[42] http://www.denkapower.com/bannerenergybull
strategies
Köppen-Geiger
of
climate
a
stand-alone
PV/Wind/PEMFC
classification." Hydrology
and
earth
hybrid
system
power
sciences
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[43] Studer INNOTEC; SINE WAVE INVERTER; User’s and installer’s manual.
539
http://www.studer-innotec.com/media/document/0/_en.pdf
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[44]Abdeladim, Kamel, et al. "Processing Radiometric & Meteorological Data of the
541
Photovoltaic System Connected To The Grid Using Data Logger." International Conference
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on energy.17- 19 November 2013, Bechar University.
543 544 545 546
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Fig. 1 The CDER experimental hybrid Wind/Batteries/diesel System Project
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Fig. 2 The weather Station WMR200
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Fig.3 current and voltage sensor card
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Fig.4 Management system
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Fig.5 Eelectrical load Simulator of a typical house
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Fig.6 Daily load power distribution in winter
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Fig.7 Daily load power distribution in summer
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Fig. 8 The mean hourly measured Batteries –inverter and Inverter- load Currents
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Fig. 9 The mean hourly input and output inverter voltages
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Fig. 10 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 27 October 2016
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Fig. 11 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 27 October 2016
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Fig. 12 . The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 27 October 2016
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Fig. 13 the mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 27 October 2016
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Fig. 14 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 05 November 2016
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Fig. 15 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 05 November 2016
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Fig. 16 . The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 05 November 2016
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Fig. 17 The mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 05 November 2016
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Fig. 18 The mean hourly wind speed measured on 08 November 2016
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Fig. 19 The mean hourly batteries voltages measured on 08 November 2016
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Fig. 20 . The mean hourly three phase voltages of Whisper 200 measured on 08 November 2016
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Fig. 21 The mean hourly batteries –regulator current measured on 08 November 2016
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 1: Site description: Bouzareah; position: 3, 04°N 36, 8°E; anemometer height: 10m[44]. Mean wind speed Mean power density
Unit
Measured
Weibullfit
Discrepancy
m/s
3,49
3,47
0,70%
W/m2
51,42
51,88
0,89%
ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Table 2 : Banner Energy Bull 110Ah/12V Battery characteristics Parameters
Values
Nominal voltage
12V
Battery capacity
110Ah
Cycle durability Self-discharge rate
3 to 5 years at 50% of discharge Surroundings 9% per month
Discharge voltage
22.2 V
End-of-charge voltage of a battery
27.4V
Maximal temperature
+50°C
minimal temperature
-10°C
recommended temperature
+20°C
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Table 3 Whisper 200 wind turbine parameters [4], [5] and [6] Parameters
Values
Rated Power
1kW at. 11.6m/s
Monthly Energy
200 kWh/mo at. 5.4 m/s
Start up Wind Speed Rotor Diameter
3.1 m/s 2.7 m
Voltage
12, 24, 48 V DC
Turbine Controller
Whisper controller
Blades number
3
Weight
30 kg
Shipping Dimensions
1295mm x 508 mm x 330 mm
Warranty
5-year limited warranty