- Email: [email protected]
Hybrid Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Ad Hoc Networks 58 (2017) 1–5
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ad Hoc Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/adhoc
Editorial
Hybrid Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Hybrid Wireless Ad Hoc network is formed by wireless Ad Hoc Networks and base stations. Due to the lack of infrastructure, wireless ad hoc network data is forwarded to the destination via a multi-hop fashion. In other scenarios, a set of base stations are connected by wired links and placed within the ad-hoc networks to form a wired infrastructure, aiming to enhance the whole network performance. This resulting network is referred to hybrid wireless ad hoc networks. This special issue contains 31 papers selected from submissions to the open call for papers on hybrid wireless ad hoc networks. These papers highlight some of the current research interests and achievements in this area. The explosion of mobile traffic and highly dynamic property often make it increasingly stressful for a cellular service provider to provide sufficient cellular spectrum resources to support the dynamic change of traffic demand in a day. The paper, “Reverse spectrum auction algorithm for cellular network offloading,” by F. Zhao et al considers the dynamic characteristics of the cellular network traffic demands, and proposes an optimal, truthful reverse auction incentive framework, which can minimize the leasing costs sustained by the mobile network operator at the premise of meeting the traffic demand of each time period. The paper, “Approaching the capacity of K-user MIMO interference channel with interference counteraction scheme,” by Z. Li et al studies the general K-user MIMO interference channel with M antennas at each transmitter and N antennas at the corresponding receiver. Interference counteraction scheme is proposed to improve the entire achievable rate of such channel under the assumption that the global channel state information (CSI) is available to the receivers. Distribute antenna system (DAS) can provide high date rate transmission to satisfy the service requirements for the rapid growing wireless applications. Besides, the increasing deployment of wireless applications make the demand for spectrum resource grow rapidly, thus cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as a promising technology to improve spectrum utilization, and spectrum auction is a promising approach to allocate spectrum bands in CR. A few existing works considered the combination of DAS and CR to get better system performance, but they have never studied the spectrum auction in these systems. The paper, “A spectrum auction algorithm for cognitive distributed antenna systems,” by F. Zhao et al studies the spectrum auction problem for cognitive DAS to improve spectrum utilization. As the future Internet architecture, information centric networking(ICN) can also offer superior architectural support for mobile ad hoc networking. Therefore, information-centric mobile ad http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2017.02.005 1570-8705/© 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.
hoc networks (ICMANET), a new cross-cutting research area, is gradually forming. The paper, “Information-centric mobile ad hoc networks and content routing: A survey,” by X. Liu et al introduces the current advances in ICN and analyze its development trends, and interprets the formation of ICMANET and sketch an overview of it. Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) can not only coordinate intercell interference (ICI), but also improve communication quality of cell-edge users, whose key idea is to make a tradeoff between frequency utilization efficiency improvement and ICI suppression. In terms of the fact that conventional spectrum auction neglects the inter-cell and intra-cell interference and wireless spectrum has become scarce resources in cognitive radio networks, the paper, “Group buying spectrum auction algorithm for fractional frequency reuse cognitive cellular systems,” by F. Zhao et al introduces FFR technology into the field of spectrum auction and a group reuse spectrum auction mechanism for FFR (GRSAF) is proposed in cognitive cellular systems to achieve higher spectrum allocation and usage efficiency. A Lagrangian relaxation (LR) algorithm is developed to solve the optimal sum utility maximization spectrum allocation problem. Full-duplex relaying (FDR), which can receive and transmit simultaneously over the same frequency band, enables a significant enhancement of spectral efficiency and has attracted much attention. The paper, “Performance analysis of multi-hop full-duplex decode-and-forward relaying,” by L. Han et al investigates the performance of multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) FDR systems, in which the relay nodes suffer not only from self-interference but also from inter-relay interference (IRI). Satellite communication networks composed of various satellites with different heights can be regarded as cooperative primary users in the space segment. Cooperative spectrum sensing as the key techniques of cognitive radio has been paid more attention to the application of satellite communications. To fully explore the potentials of the mobile satellite communication networks based on the concept of satellite cluster in supporting of heterogeneous applications, a trust-weighted cooperative spectrum sensing to primary satellite system is proposed in the paper, “Joint cooperative spectrum sensing and spectrum opportunity for satellite cluster communication networks,” by M. Jia et al. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have drawn great attention in wireless communications. Prompt and reliable vehicular communication is a must to provide a good service. Routing is the key problem in information transmission of VANETs. The paper, “A micro-artificial bee colony based multicast routing in
2
Editorial / Ad Hoc Networks 58 (2017) 1–5
vehicular ad hoc networks,” by X. Zhang et al studies quality of service (QoS) constrained multicast routing problem. This problem has been proved to be NP-complete problem, and swarm intelligence algorithms are more suitable than classical algorithms. A micro artificial bee colony (MABC) algorithm is proposed to deal with the problem. The paper, “Local connectivity for heterogeneous overlaid wireless networks,” by Y. Liu et al studies the local connectivity, i.e., the node isolation probability of two coexisting wireless ad hoc networks (a primary network vs. a secondary network), where two users can communicate if the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) at the receiver is larger than a threshold. Assuming the primary users are distributed as a Poisson point process (PPP) and the secondary users are distributed as a Matern cluster process (MCP), it investigates the impact of network parameters on the node isolation probability. Upper and lower bounds for the node isolation probability of the heterogeneous overlaid networks are presented. Human target characteristic parameter extraction is an important approach of behavior monitoring. The extraction of the characteristic can be applied in various backgrounds, such as sanatorium and hospital. Therefore, this technology is widely studied. Towards extracting physiological characteristic parameters and motion characteristic features of human target, a novel human parameter extraction algorithm is proposed in the paper, “A novel method of micro-Doppler parameter extraction for human monitoring terahertz radar network,” by K. Tian et al. Aiming at the user quality of experience (QoE) problem in the LTE-A heterogeneous network integrating IEEE802.11ad, a layered admission control strategy is proposed for heterogeneous network based on QoE in the paper, “Layered admission control algorithms with QoE in heterogeneous network,” by Z. Zhang and Y. Zhang. The core of the strategy is vertically layering the access categories priority and horizontally layering the resource allocation based on the layered access categories priority. A dynamic access categories priority scheme is introduced centering on the admission control strategy to build the power allocation model for minimizing the transmit power of base station as well as maximizing the overall QoE. It has been well recognized that coordinated multi-point transmission (CoMP) is a promising technique to achieve high spectral efficiency. However, few works have considered the system utility maximization problem for spectrum allocation in CoMP systems. Motivated by optimizing the system utility, the paper, “Joint beamforming and power control for auction-based spectrum allocation in CoMP systems,” by F. Zhao et al combines auction theory with joint beamforming and power control techniques for spectrum allocation in CoMP systems. Since the system utility maximization problem can be formulated as a non-cooperative game, Nash equilibrium is considered as the solution of this game. To accomplish reliable and efficient information routing, strong paths connecting all nodes are required in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Classical algorithms in graphic theory could find only one minimum spanning tree (MST) in VANETs. Swarm intelligence paradigms are able to obtain several alternatives to MST, which is useful for improving reliability of VANETs. The paper, “A binary artificial bee colony algorithm for constructing spanning trees in vehicular ad hoc networks,” by X. Zhang and X. Zhang proposes a binary coded artificial bee colony (BABC) algorithm for tackling the spanning tree construction problem. A two-element variation technique is designed to keep the consistence of binary coded solutions. In the paper, “HRRP recognition in radar sensor network,” by C. Mao and J. Liang, several high-resolution range profile (HRRP) recognition approaches in radar sensor network (RSN) are investigated. First, it studies HRRP target recognition in a radar. A decision rule based on the minimum resistor-average (MRA) distance
criterion is established for HRRP sequence recognition. Simulation results show that comparing with the maximum correlation coefficient-template matching method (MCC-TMM) and the minimum Kullback-Leibler (MKL) distance criterion, the proposed MRA distance criterion can provide higher recognition ratio for different flight targets. Fuzzy clustering has been an efficient tool for data science. In the paper, “Fuzzy clustering in radar sensor networks for target detection,” by J. Liang et al, two fuzzy clustering schemes in radar sensor networks (RSN) data processing for target detection are presented. It designs cluster-head (CH) election for both intra-cluster single-hop and multi-hop data transmission on a basis of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) under fading environment. Small scale fading is considered in our fuzzy logic system (FLS) design (FLS with three-antecedents, F3) to compute the likelihood to be a CH for each radar sensor (RS) at the first stage. With the advances in information and communication technology, the unstructured mobile peer-to-peer (MP2P) system based on a hybrid mobile ad-hoc network (hybrid MANETs), where the membership between mobile nodes is more dynamic and the energy on each node is limited, becomes a trend. Since different mobile nodes may store copies of shared information, data synchronization on an MP2P system is crucial for providing the latest information. Nevertheless, the node mobility makes the communication links disconnected and the network topology changed frequently. The maintenance on data consistency in an MP2P system thus becomes challenging. In the paper, “A heuristic data update mechanism in unstructured mobile P2P systems,” by C. Liu, and C. Lai, a heuristic data update mechanism (HDUM) is proposed to effectively maintain the data consistency in an MP2P system with less overhead. The maintainability of connectivity in multi-hop mobile wireless networks is a complex task to achieve, for which various factors must be taken into account in order to avoid link failures. In addition to the bandwidth limitation, node mobility and interference are two aspects that impact directly the reliability of the communication link, leading generally to loss of wireless link connectivity. In the paper, “Analytical framework for the characterization of the link properties in multi-hop mobile wireless networks,” by N. Mesbahi and H. Dahmouni, an analytical framework is developed which determines the link and path lifetime in multi-hop mobile wireless networks. With the wide deployment of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), the WLAN Received Signal Strength (RSS) based indoor mapping has attracted significant attention for various of Locationbased Services (LBSs). In the paper, “Simultaneous pathway mapping and behavior understanding with crowdsourced sensing in WLAN environment,” by M. Zhou et al, a new simultaneous pathway mapping and behavior understanding approach was proposed by crowdsourced sensing of WLAN RSS. Future wireless system meets the requirements of high network capacity but is suffering from the problems of high interference and resource shortage. In the paper, “Hybrid precoding for heterogeneous cloud radio access network based on nested array,” by N. Chen and S. Sun, a hybrid precoding solution was proposed by applying the heterogeneous cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) with remote radio heads (RRHs) equipped with nested arrays for a better system control and higher efficiency. With advances in sensing technologies and wireless sensor networks, energy consumption is a key factor for data collection in sensor network. Compressive sensing has attracted more attention for reducing energy cost due to its enabled sub-Nyquist sampling rate. In the paper, “Energy efficient distributed compressed data gathering for sensor networks,” by W. Wang et al, the JSM-2 model was introduced for data compressed collection for sensor network based on distribution compressive sensing theory.
Editorial / Ad Hoc Networks 58 (2017) 1–5
The ZigBee network is widely studied and deployed recently because of its low cost and simplicity features. However, the power consumption issue needs a further improvement since the application requirements are not fully satisfied. The emerging 5G communication technology is characterized by the smarter devices and the native support for the M2M communication. On that basis, the 5G terminals are capable of joining the existing ZigBee networks and have the potential to improve the data transmission. In the paper, “Performance analysis of the ZigBee networks in 5G environment and the nearest access routing for improvement,” by J. Mu and L. Han, the performance of the ZigBee networks was studied in the 5G environment for different scenarios. For the beam search algorithms proposed by some existing literatures cannot always find the global optimal beam in multipath channel and the single communication link may easily be broken, the node at the edge of a wireless ad hoc network will encounter a temporary outage problem, which means it will be isolated from the network. To solve this problem, the paper, “A new hierarchical beam search algorithm for wireless ad hoc networks in multipath channel scenario,” by W. Zou et al proposes a new hierarchical beam search algorithm which can be performed on some marginal nodes. The algorithm will take advantage of the multipath channel and find some available communication beams together with the global optimal beam. In recent years, the importance of various wireless network technologies has increased. Specifically, in communication environments noted for severe conditions, such as disasters, war, and terrorism, collaboration between fixed communication infrastructure and wireless ad-hoc networks is indispensable. In the paper, “Classification of node degree based on deep learning and routing method applied for virtual route assignment,” by Y. Lee, the node degree of wireless communication is classified for disaster situations, and virtual routes are set according to the predetermined node degree, then the proposed routing method is employed with base stations as the infrastructure. The paper, “On the successful transmission probability of cooperative cognitive radio ad hoc networks,” by J. Gao studies the successful transmission probability of cognitive radio ad hoc networks in which secondary users assist primary users on transmitting packets. It proposes a half-slotted ALOHA multiple access control protocol. Primary transmitters sacrifice second half slot for the reliability improved by the cooperative transmission of secondary users, and derives the closed-form expression of successful transmission probability for both primary and secondary network in the first-half slot. The increase of smart mobile device (SMD) results in explosive growth in mobile traffic and provokes mobile users to leverage more and more compute-intensive applications through SMD. Framework of seamless mobile application execution and networking based on edge computing resources is proved to be one of the promising trends in future mobile Internet. Focusing on networking of Ad hoc cloudlet, the paper, “PMC2 O: Mobile cloudlet networking and performance analysis based on computation offloading,” by H. Jin et al proposes a dynamic cloudlet self-networking framework based on component offloading (PMC2 O). Full-duplex (FD) relays can transmit and receive simultaneously over the same frequency band, hence enable a significant improvement of spectral efficiency compared to half-duplex (HD) relays and have attracted much research interests. However, there exists severe interference for FD multi-hop relay networks in which all the relays operate in FD mode. To overcome this problem, the paper, “Hybrid half-duplex/full-duplex multi-hop relaying schemes: Outage performance and power optimization,” by L. Han and J. Mu proposes hybrid HD/FD multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relaying schemes, where in each time block two nodes communicate di-
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rectly with each other in HD mode or communicate with the help of an FD relay. The paper, “On the uplink outage throughput capacity of hybrid wireless networks with Massive MIMO,” by G. Zhao and Q. Liang, investigates theoretical transmission capacity limit of the uplink hybrid wireless network under infrastructure mode. Massive MIMO technology is assumed to be equipped on the base station to further increase the whole network throughput. Multi-user MIMO is preferred over Point-to-Point MIMO to achieve improved scalability and simplify UE design. Another perspective of this paper is to include the fading effect on capacity. Under favorable propagation condition, Massive MIMO greatly mitigates small scale fading effect between each user and base station antenna. The support of real-time communications over license-free bands in open environments, encompassing multiple real-time stations with an unknown number of unconstrained stations, is a challenging task. Provided that this impairment has hindered their wide adoption in demanding real-time scenarios, the Wireless Flexible Time Triggered (WFTT) protocol has been recently proposed targeting applications with stringent timeliness requirements. This protocol works on the medium access determinism granted by the bandjacking technique in open environments, where different technologies may contend for the medium. Besides providing a deeper definition of the WFTT architecture and protocol operation, the paper, “Implementation and analysis of Wireless Flexible Time-Triggered protocol,” by P. Bartolomeu et al presents a thorough analysis addressing its specifications, implementation feasibility and testbed based results. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is of importance in the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) in which vehicles enlisted with wireless devices can communicate with each other. Many applications can save people?s life or time on traffic such as accident alerts or congestion prediction, etc. However, network communication over VANETs is inheritedly unstable because of the high mobility of vehicles. The paper, “Vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity analysis for vehicular adhoc networks,” by G. Yan and D. Rawat analyzes vehicle to vehicle wireless connectivity by using mathematic models. A modified AODV Junior routing protocol is adopted as part of the combined routing strategy in the ZigBee networks. However, its routing overhead caused by the routing discovery and the routing table maintenance needs to be further reduced. Considering the deploying environment, the emerging 5G technology tends to be ubiquitous in the near future. Aiming to the higher efficiency and the shorter path, an improved ZigBee AODV (Z-AODV) routing protocol using associated gateways for the heterogeneous networks in the 5G environment is proposed in the paper, “An improved AODV routing for the zigbee heterogeneous networks in 5G environment,” by J. Mu. The Large Scale Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system, also called Massive MIMO in past researches, are considering the azimuth angle only. However, in a 3D distributed antenna system, the elevation angle cannot be ignored. Nested array as a two dimensional arrays was firstly proposed to perform array processing with increased degree of freedom, using less number of sensors at the same time. The paper, “3D Nested Distributed Massive MIMO: Modeling and Performance Analysis,” by S. Yuan and Q. Liang introduces a novel 3D MIMO antenna deployment based on nested co-array. As the difference co-arrays are invariance, in the 3D nested distributed MIMO system, it is able to calculate the covariance matrix of channels. Based on this inference, it models a 3D nested distributed MIMO system and analyze its performance with achievable sum rate.
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Editorial / Ad Hoc Networks 58 (2017) 1–5
Acknowledgments We would like to thank all authors for contributing papers to the special issue. We appreciate the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Ian F. Akyildiz, and staff of Ad Hoc Networks for their support in editing this special issue.
Qilian Liang∗ Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, USA, Arlington, TX 76019-0016, USA, Tariq S. Durrani Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow Scotland, UK Yiming Pi College of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China Xin Wang Qualcomm Inc, 1700 Technology Dr, San Jose, CA, USA ∗ Corresponding
author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Q. Liang), [email protected] (T.S. Durrani), [email protected] (Y. Pi), [email protected] (X. Wang)
Editorial / Ad Hoc Networks 58 (2017) 1–5
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Qilian Liang is a Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington. He received the B.S. degree from Wuhan University in 1993, M.S. degree from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 1996, and Ph.D degree from University of Southern California (USC) in May 20 0 0, all in Electrical Engineering. Prior to joining UTA in August 2002, he was a Member of Technical Staff in Hughes Network Systems Inc at San Diego, California. His research interests include wireless sensor networks, wireless communications, signal processing, information theory, radar systems, wireless networks, etc. Dr. Liang has published more than 280 journal and conference papers. He received 2002 IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems Outstanding Paper Award, 2003 U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) Young Investigator Award, 2005 UTA College of Engineering Outstanding Young Faculty Award, 20 07, 20 09, 2010 U.S. Air Force Summer Faculty Fellowship Program Award, 2012 UTA College of Engineering Excellence in Research Award, 2013 UTA Outstanding Research Achievement or Creative Activity Award, and was inducted into UTA Academy of Distinguished Scholars in 2015. Dr. Liang is a Fellow of the IEEE.
Tariq Durrani was University Deputy Principal (20 0 0-20 06) with major responsibility for University-wide strategic developments in Computing/Information Technology Infra-structure, Entrepreneurship, Staff Development and Lifelong Learning. He joined Strathclyde as a Lecturer in 1976, was made Professor in 1982; Department Head (1990-1994) of one of the largest UK EEE Departments. He was Chair, Institute for Communications and Signal Processing (20 06- 20 07), and Head, Centre of excellence in Signal and Image Processing (20 08-20 09). Currently he is Research Professor in Electronic and Electrical Engineering at Strathclyde. He has been Vice President (Natural Sciences 2007-2010), and is Vice President (International 2012-2013) of the Royal Society of Edinburgh - the National Academy of Scotland; Council (Board) Member, Scottish Funding Council - which distributes $3.0 billion equivalent funding annually to universities and colleges. He was Director of the UK Government DTI Centre for Parallel Signal Processing (1989-1991), and the UK Research Council/DTI Scottish Transputer Centre (1991- 1995) at Strathclyde. His research interests include Communications, Signal Processing, Technology Management, Higher Education Management. He has authored six books, and over 350 publications. He has supervised over forty PhD theses.
Yiming Pi was born in 1968, China. He obtained Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 1993. Since 2002, he has been a Professor of Department of EE, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. He is a councilor of Signal Processing Society in the Chinese Institute of Electronics and has served in organizing several international conferences in the field of Signal Processing and Radar Systems. He became IEEE Senior Member in 2011. He had been the leaders of some Natural Science Funding of China. He has more than 100 publications in the conferences and journals of IEEE/IET. His research interests are radar imaging, signal processing and terahertz technology etc.
Xin Wang is currently a Senior Engineer in Qualcomm Inc, San Jose, California. He received the B.S. degree from Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China, in 2007 and M.S. degree from Tongji University, Shanghai, China, in 2010, and Ph.D from University of Texas at Arlington in 2013, all in Electrical Engineering. His research interests include wireless communications, hybrid wireless networks, wireless sensor networks, and smart grid. He is the organizer of IEEE Infocom 2016, 2017 Workshop on 5G & Beyond - Enabling Technologies and Applications.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Ad Hoc Networks journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/adhoc
Editorial
Hybrid Wireless Ad Hoc Networks
Hybrid Wireless Ad Hoc network is formed by wireless Ad Hoc Networks and base stations. Due to the lack of infrastructure, wireless ad hoc network data is forwarded to the destination via a multi-hop fashion. In other scenarios, a set of base stations are connected by wired links and placed within the ad-hoc networks to form a wired infrastructure, aiming to enhance the whole network performance. This resulting network is referred to hybrid wireless ad hoc networks. This special issue contains 31 papers selected from submissions to the open call for papers on hybrid wireless ad hoc networks. These papers highlight some of the current research interests and achievements in this area. The explosion of mobile traffic and highly dynamic property often make it increasingly stressful for a cellular service provider to provide sufficient cellular spectrum resources to support the dynamic change of traffic demand in a day. The paper, “Reverse spectrum auction algorithm for cellular network offloading,” by F. Zhao et al considers the dynamic characteristics of the cellular network traffic demands, and proposes an optimal, truthful reverse auction incentive framework, which can minimize the leasing costs sustained by the mobile network operator at the premise of meeting the traffic demand of each time period. The paper, “Approaching the capacity of K-user MIMO interference channel with interference counteraction scheme,” by Z. Li et al studies the general K-user MIMO interference channel with M antennas at each transmitter and N antennas at the corresponding receiver. Interference counteraction scheme is proposed to improve the entire achievable rate of such channel under the assumption that the global channel state information (CSI) is available to the receivers. Distribute antenna system (DAS) can provide high date rate transmission to satisfy the service requirements for the rapid growing wireless applications. Besides, the increasing deployment of wireless applications make the demand for spectrum resource grow rapidly, thus cognitive radio (CR) has emerged as a promising technology to improve spectrum utilization, and spectrum auction is a promising approach to allocate spectrum bands in CR. A few existing works considered the combination of DAS and CR to get better system performance, but they have never studied the spectrum auction in these systems. The paper, “A spectrum auction algorithm for cognitive distributed antenna systems,” by F. Zhao et al studies the spectrum auction problem for cognitive DAS to improve spectrum utilization. As the future Internet architecture, information centric networking(ICN) can also offer superior architectural support for mobile ad hoc networking. Therefore, information-centric mobile ad http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2017.02.005 1570-8705/© 2017 Published by Elsevier B.V.
hoc networks (ICMANET), a new cross-cutting research area, is gradually forming. The paper, “Information-centric mobile ad hoc networks and content routing: A survey,” by X. Liu et al introduces the current advances in ICN and analyze its development trends, and interprets the formation of ICMANET and sketch an overview of it. Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) can not only coordinate intercell interference (ICI), but also improve communication quality of cell-edge users, whose key idea is to make a tradeoff between frequency utilization efficiency improvement and ICI suppression. In terms of the fact that conventional spectrum auction neglects the inter-cell and intra-cell interference and wireless spectrum has become scarce resources in cognitive radio networks, the paper, “Group buying spectrum auction algorithm for fractional frequency reuse cognitive cellular systems,” by F. Zhao et al introduces FFR technology into the field of spectrum auction and a group reuse spectrum auction mechanism for FFR (GRSAF) is proposed in cognitive cellular systems to achieve higher spectrum allocation and usage efficiency. A Lagrangian relaxation (LR) algorithm is developed to solve the optimal sum utility maximization spectrum allocation problem. Full-duplex relaying (FDR), which can receive and transmit simultaneously over the same frequency band, enables a significant enhancement of spectral efficiency and has attracted much attention. The paper, “Performance analysis of multi-hop full-duplex decode-and-forward relaying,” by L. Han et al investigates the performance of multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) FDR systems, in which the relay nodes suffer not only from self-interference but also from inter-relay interference (IRI). Satellite communication networks composed of various satellites with different heights can be regarded as cooperative primary users in the space segment. Cooperative spectrum sensing as the key techniques of cognitive radio has been paid more attention to the application of satellite communications. To fully explore the potentials of the mobile satellite communication networks based on the concept of satellite cluster in supporting of heterogeneous applications, a trust-weighted cooperative spectrum sensing to primary satellite system is proposed in the paper, “Joint cooperative spectrum sensing and spectrum opportunity for satellite cluster communication networks,” by M. Jia et al. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have drawn great attention in wireless communications. Prompt and reliable vehicular communication is a must to provide a good service. Routing is the key problem in information transmission of VANETs. The paper, “A micro-artificial bee colony based multicast routing in
2
Editorial / Ad Hoc Networks 58 (2017) 1–5
vehicular ad hoc networks,” by X. Zhang et al studies quality of service (QoS) constrained multicast routing problem. This problem has been proved to be NP-complete problem, and swarm intelligence algorithms are more suitable than classical algorithms. A micro artificial bee colony (MABC) algorithm is proposed to deal with the problem. The paper, “Local connectivity for heterogeneous overlaid wireless networks,” by Y. Liu et al studies the local connectivity, i.e., the node isolation probability of two coexisting wireless ad hoc networks (a primary network vs. a secondary network), where two users can communicate if the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) at the receiver is larger than a threshold. Assuming the primary users are distributed as a Poisson point process (PPP) and the secondary users are distributed as a Matern cluster process (MCP), it investigates the impact of network parameters on the node isolation probability. Upper and lower bounds for the node isolation probability of the heterogeneous overlaid networks are presented. Human target characteristic parameter extraction is an important approach of behavior monitoring. The extraction of the characteristic can be applied in various backgrounds, such as sanatorium and hospital. Therefore, this technology is widely studied. Towards extracting physiological characteristic parameters and motion characteristic features of human target, a novel human parameter extraction algorithm is proposed in the paper, “A novel method of micro-Doppler parameter extraction for human monitoring terahertz radar network,” by K. Tian et al. Aiming at the user quality of experience (QoE) problem in the LTE-A heterogeneous network integrating IEEE802.11ad, a layered admission control strategy is proposed for heterogeneous network based on QoE in the paper, “Layered admission control algorithms with QoE in heterogeneous network,” by Z. Zhang and Y. Zhang. The core of the strategy is vertically layering the access categories priority and horizontally layering the resource allocation based on the layered access categories priority. A dynamic access categories priority scheme is introduced centering on the admission control strategy to build the power allocation model for minimizing the transmit power of base station as well as maximizing the overall QoE. It has been well recognized that coordinated multi-point transmission (CoMP) is a promising technique to achieve high spectral efficiency. However, few works have considered the system utility maximization problem for spectrum allocation in CoMP systems. Motivated by optimizing the system utility, the paper, “Joint beamforming and power control for auction-based spectrum allocation in CoMP systems,” by F. Zhao et al combines auction theory with joint beamforming and power control techniques for spectrum allocation in CoMP systems. Since the system utility maximization problem can be formulated as a non-cooperative game, Nash equilibrium is considered as the solution of this game. To accomplish reliable and efficient information routing, strong paths connecting all nodes are required in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Classical algorithms in graphic theory could find only one minimum spanning tree (MST) in VANETs. Swarm intelligence paradigms are able to obtain several alternatives to MST, which is useful for improving reliability of VANETs. The paper, “A binary artificial bee colony algorithm for constructing spanning trees in vehicular ad hoc networks,” by X. Zhang and X. Zhang proposes a binary coded artificial bee colony (BABC) algorithm for tackling the spanning tree construction problem. A two-element variation technique is designed to keep the consistence of binary coded solutions. In the paper, “HRRP recognition in radar sensor network,” by C. Mao and J. Liang, several high-resolution range profile (HRRP) recognition approaches in radar sensor network (RSN) are investigated. First, it studies HRRP target recognition in a radar. A decision rule based on the minimum resistor-average (MRA) distance
criterion is established for HRRP sequence recognition. Simulation results show that comparing with the maximum correlation coefficient-template matching method (MCC-TMM) and the minimum Kullback-Leibler (MKL) distance criterion, the proposed MRA distance criterion can provide higher recognition ratio for different flight targets. Fuzzy clustering has been an efficient tool for data science. In the paper, “Fuzzy clustering in radar sensor networks for target detection,” by J. Liang et al, two fuzzy clustering schemes in radar sensor networks (RSN) data processing for target detection are presented. It designs cluster-head (CH) election for both intra-cluster single-hop and multi-hop data transmission on a basis of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) under fading environment. Small scale fading is considered in our fuzzy logic system (FLS) design (FLS with three-antecedents, F3) to compute the likelihood to be a CH for each radar sensor (RS) at the first stage. With the advances in information and communication technology, the unstructured mobile peer-to-peer (MP2P) system based on a hybrid mobile ad-hoc network (hybrid MANETs), where the membership between mobile nodes is more dynamic and the energy on each node is limited, becomes a trend. Since different mobile nodes may store copies of shared information, data synchronization on an MP2P system is crucial for providing the latest information. Nevertheless, the node mobility makes the communication links disconnected and the network topology changed frequently. The maintenance on data consistency in an MP2P system thus becomes challenging. In the paper, “A heuristic data update mechanism in unstructured mobile P2P systems,” by C. Liu, and C. Lai, a heuristic data update mechanism (HDUM) is proposed to effectively maintain the data consistency in an MP2P system with less overhead. The maintainability of connectivity in multi-hop mobile wireless networks is a complex task to achieve, for which various factors must be taken into account in order to avoid link failures. In addition to the bandwidth limitation, node mobility and interference are two aspects that impact directly the reliability of the communication link, leading generally to loss of wireless link connectivity. In the paper, “Analytical framework for the characterization of the link properties in multi-hop mobile wireless networks,” by N. Mesbahi and H. Dahmouni, an analytical framework is developed which determines the link and path lifetime in multi-hop mobile wireless networks. With the wide deployment of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), the WLAN Received Signal Strength (RSS) based indoor mapping has attracted significant attention for various of Locationbased Services (LBSs). In the paper, “Simultaneous pathway mapping and behavior understanding with crowdsourced sensing in WLAN environment,” by M. Zhou et al, a new simultaneous pathway mapping and behavior understanding approach was proposed by crowdsourced sensing of WLAN RSS. Future wireless system meets the requirements of high network capacity but is suffering from the problems of high interference and resource shortage. In the paper, “Hybrid precoding for heterogeneous cloud radio access network based on nested array,” by N. Chen and S. Sun, a hybrid precoding solution was proposed by applying the heterogeneous cloud radio access network (H-CRAN) with remote radio heads (RRHs) equipped with nested arrays for a better system control and higher efficiency. With advances in sensing technologies and wireless sensor networks, energy consumption is a key factor for data collection in sensor network. Compressive sensing has attracted more attention for reducing energy cost due to its enabled sub-Nyquist sampling rate. In the paper, “Energy efficient distributed compressed data gathering for sensor networks,” by W. Wang et al, the JSM-2 model was introduced for data compressed collection for sensor network based on distribution compressive sensing theory.
Editorial / Ad Hoc Networks 58 (2017) 1–5
The ZigBee network is widely studied and deployed recently because of its low cost and simplicity features. However, the power consumption issue needs a further improvement since the application requirements are not fully satisfied. The emerging 5G communication technology is characterized by the smarter devices and the native support for the M2M communication. On that basis, the 5G terminals are capable of joining the existing ZigBee networks and have the potential to improve the data transmission. In the paper, “Performance analysis of the ZigBee networks in 5G environment and the nearest access routing for improvement,” by J. Mu and L. Han, the performance of the ZigBee networks was studied in the 5G environment for different scenarios. For the beam search algorithms proposed by some existing literatures cannot always find the global optimal beam in multipath channel and the single communication link may easily be broken, the node at the edge of a wireless ad hoc network will encounter a temporary outage problem, which means it will be isolated from the network. To solve this problem, the paper, “A new hierarchical beam search algorithm for wireless ad hoc networks in multipath channel scenario,” by W. Zou et al proposes a new hierarchical beam search algorithm which can be performed on some marginal nodes. The algorithm will take advantage of the multipath channel and find some available communication beams together with the global optimal beam. In recent years, the importance of various wireless network technologies has increased. Specifically, in communication environments noted for severe conditions, such as disasters, war, and terrorism, collaboration between fixed communication infrastructure and wireless ad-hoc networks is indispensable. In the paper, “Classification of node degree based on deep learning and routing method applied for virtual route assignment,” by Y. Lee, the node degree of wireless communication is classified for disaster situations, and virtual routes are set according to the predetermined node degree, then the proposed routing method is employed with base stations as the infrastructure. The paper, “On the successful transmission probability of cooperative cognitive radio ad hoc networks,” by J. Gao studies the successful transmission probability of cognitive radio ad hoc networks in which secondary users assist primary users on transmitting packets. It proposes a half-slotted ALOHA multiple access control protocol. Primary transmitters sacrifice second half slot for the reliability improved by the cooperative transmission of secondary users, and derives the closed-form expression of successful transmission probability for both primary and secondary network in the first-half slot. The increase of smart mobile device (SMD) results in explosive growth in mobile traffic and provokes mobile users to leverage more and more compute-intensive applications through SMD. Framework of seamless mobile application execution and networking based on edge computing resources is proved to be one of the promising trends in future mobile Internet. Focusing on networking of Ad hoc cloudlet, the paper, “PMC2 O: Mobile cloudlet networking and performance analysis based on computation offloading,” by H. Jin et al proposes a dynamic cloudlet self-networking framework based on component offloading (PMC2 O). Full-duplex (FD) relays can transmit and receive simultaneously over the same frequency band, hence enable a significant improvement of spectral efficiency compared to half-duplex (HD) relays and have attracted much research interests. However, there exists severe interference for FD multi-hop relay networks in which all the relays operate in FD mode. To overcome this problem, the paper, “Hybrid half-duplex/full-duplex multi-hop relaying schemes: Outage performance and power optimization,” by L. Han and J. Mu proposes hybrid HD/FD multi-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relaying schemes, where in each time block two nodes communicate di-
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rectly with each other in HD mode or communicate with the help of an FD relay. The paper, “On the uplink outage throughput capacity of hybrid wireless networks with Massive MIMO,” by G. Zhao and Q. Liang, investigates theoretical transmission capacity limit of the uplink hybrid wireless network under infrastructure mode. Massive MIMO technology is assumed to be equipped on the base station to further increase the whole network throughput. Multi-user MIMO is preferred over Point-to-Point MIMO to achieve improved scalability and simplify UE design. Another perspective of this paper is to include the fading effect on capacity. Under favorable propagation condition, Massive MIMO greatly mitigates small scale fading effect between each user and base station antenna. The support of real-time communications over license-free bands in open environments, encompassing multiple real-time stations with an unknown number of unconstrained stations, is a challenging task. Provided that this impairment has hindered their wide adoption in demanding real-time scenarios, the Wireless Flexible Time Triggered (WFTT) protocol has been recently proposed targeting applications with stringent timeliness requirements. This protocol works on the medium access determinism granted by the bandjacking technique in open environments, where different technologies may contend for the medium. Besides providing a deeper definition of the WFTT architecture and protocol operation, the paper, “Implementation and analysis of Wireless Flexible Time-Triggered protocol,” by P. Bartolomeu et al presents a thorough analysis addressing its specifications, implementation feasibility and testbed based results. Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is of importance in the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) in which vehicles enlisted with wireless devices can communicate with each other. Many applications can save people?s life or time on traffic such as accident alerts or congestion prediction, etc. However, network communication over VANETs is inheritedly unstable because of the high mobility of vehicles. The paper, “Vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity analysis for vehicular adhoc networks,” by G. Yan and D. Rawat analyzes vehicle to vehicle wireless connectivity by using mathematic models. A modified AODV Junior routing protocol is adopted as part of the combined routing strategy in the ZigBee networks. However, its routing overhead caused by the routing discovery and the routing table maintenance needs to be further reduced. Considering the deploying environment, the emerging 5G technology tends to be ubiquitous in the near future. Aiming to the higher efficiency and the shorter path, an improved ZigBee AODV (Z-AODV) routing protocol using associated gateways for the heterogeneous networks in the 5G environment is proposed in the paper, “An improved AODV routing for the zigbee heterogeneous networks in 5G environment,” by J. Mu. The Large Scale Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system, also called Massive MIMO in past researches, are considering the azimuth angle only. However, in a 3D distributed antenna system, the elevation angle cannot be ignored. Nested array as a two dimensional arrays was firstly proposed to perform array processing with increased degree of freedom, using less number of sensors at the same time. The paper, “3D Nested Distributed Massive MIMO: Modeling and Performance Analysis,” by S. Yuan and Q. Liang introduces a novel 3D MIMO antenna deployment based on nested co-array. As the difference co-arrays are invariance, in the 3D nested distributed MIMO system, it is able to calculate the covariance matrix of channels. Based on this inference, it models a 3D nested distributed MIMO system and analyze its performance with achievable sum rate.
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Acknowledgments We would like to thank all authors for contributing papers to the special issue. We appreciate the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Ian F. Akyildiz, and staff of Ad Hoc Networks for their support in editing this special issue.
Qilian Liang∗ Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, USA, Arlington, TX 76019-0016, USA, Tariq S. Durrani Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow Scotland, UK Yiming Pi College of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China Xin Wang Qualcomm Inc, 1700 Technology Dr, San Jose, CA, USA ∗ Corresponding
author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (Q. Liang), [email protected] (T.S. Durrani), [email protected] (Y. Pi), [email protected] (X. Wang)
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Qilian Liang is a Distinguished University Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington. He received the B.S. degree from Wuhan University in 1993, M.S. degree from Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications in 1996, and Ph.D degree from University of Southern California (USC) in May 20 0 0, all in Electrical Engineering. Prior to joining UTA in August 2002, he was a Member of Technical Staff in Hughes Network Systems Inc at San Diego, California. His research interests include wireless sensor networks, wireless communications, signal processing, information theory, radar systems, wireless networks, etc. Dr. Liang has published more than 280 journal and conference papers. He received 2002 IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems Outstanding Paper Award, 2003 U.S. Office of Naval Research (ONR) Young Investigator Award, 2005 UTA College of Engineering Outstanding Young Faculty Award, 20 07, 20 09, 2010 U.S. Air Force Summer Faculty Fellowship Program Award, 2012 UTA College of Engineering Excellence in Research Award, 2013 UTA Outstanding Research Achievement or Creative Activity Award, and was inducted into UTA Academy of Distinguished Scholars in 2015. Dr. Liang is a Fellow of the IEEE.
Tariq Durrani was University Deputy Principal (20 0 0-20 06) with major responsibility for University-wide strategic developments in Computing/Information Technology Infra-structure, Entrepreneurship, Staff Development and Lifelong Learning. He joined Strathclyde as a Lecturer in 1976, was made Professor in 1982; Department Head (1990-1994) of one of the largest UK EEE Departments. He was Chair, Institute for Communications and Signal Processing (20 06- 20 07), and Head, Centre of excellence in Signal and Image Processing (20 08-20 09). Currently he is Research Professor in Electronic and Electrical Engineering at Strathclyde. He has been Vice President (Natural Sciences 2007-2010), and is Vice President (International 2012-2013) of the Royal Society of Edinburgh - the National Academy of Scotland; Council (Board) Member, Scottish Funding Council - which distributes $3.0 billion equivalent funding annually to universities and colleges. He was Director of the UK Government DTI Centre for Parallel Signal Processing (1989-1991), and the UK Research Council/DTI Scottish Transputer Centre (1991- 1995) at Strathclyde. His research interests include Communications, Signal Processing, Technology Management, Higher Education Management. He has authored six books, and over 350 publications. He has supervised over forty PhD theses.
Yiming Pi was born in 1968, China. He obtained Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 1993. Since 2002, he has been a Professor of Department of EE, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. He is a councilor of Signal Processing Society in the Chinese Institute of Electronics and has served in organizing several international conferences in the field of Signal Processing and Radar Systems. He became IEEE Senior Member in 2011. He had been the leaders of some Natural Science Funding of China. He has more than 100 publications in the conferences and journals of IEEE/IET. His research interests are radar imaging, signal processing and terahertz technology etc.
Xin Wang is currently a Senior Engineer in Qualcomm Inc, San Jose, California. He received the B.S. degree from Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, China, in 2007 and M.S. degree from Tongji University, Shanghai, China, in 2010, and Ph.D from University of Texas at Arlington in 2013, all in Electrical Engineering. His research interests include wireless communications, hybrid wireless networks, wireless sensor networks, and smart grid. He is the organizer of IEEE Infocom 2016, 2017 Workshop on 5G & Beyond - Enabling Technologies and Applications.