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Hydropower Development in Iran
6.09
Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy
E Bozorgzadeh, Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company (IWPCO), Tehran, Iran © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
6.09.1 6.09.2 6.09.2.1 6.09.2.2 6.09.3 6.09.3.1 6.09.3.2 6.09.3.2.1 6.09.3.2.2 6.09.3.2.3 6.09.3.2.4 6.09.4 6.09.4.1 6.09.4.2 6.09.4.3 6.09.4.3.1 6.09.4.3.2 6.09.4.3.3 6.09.4.3.4 6.09.4.3.5 6.09.4.3.6 References
Introduction Energy Generation in Iran Energy Flow in Iran Electricity Generation in Iran Considerations and Requirements for Hydropower Developments Requirements Restrictions and Limitations Geographic issue Technical issues Organizational issues Economic and financial issues Potentiality of Hydropower Projects Under Operation Projects Under Construction Projects Under Study Projects Storage hydropower projects Large run-off-river hydropower plants Medium run-off-river power plants Small run-off-river power plants Pumped-storage power plants Synthetic and conclusion
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6.09.1 Introduction The long-term average precipitation of Iran is around 250 mm, which is nearly one-quarter of the world’s average amount, so Iran is classified as an arid and semi-arid country. In addition, the precipitation is not evenly distributed all over the country, so about two-thirds of total run-off flows in one-third of the country at 16 major rivers. The total precipitation and renewable water amounts – including surface and groundwater – are 413 and 130 bcm, respectively. The total surface water amount is 92 bcm of which around 27 BCM flow into three major basins, namely the Karoun, Dez, and Karkheh river basins, which are located in the south-west of the country over the Zagros mountain chains where the major hydropower projects are located. Northern and Northwestern regions have relevant precipitation and pertinent topography to develop medium- and small-sized hydropower plants too. So, Iran has been attempting to develop hydropower stations in these areas.
6.09.2 Energy Generation in Iran 6.09.2.1
Energy Flow in Iran
The latest energy flow diagram was prepared by the Tavanir Company. According to this, the total energy sources were equal to 2583.5 million barrels of oil equivalent (MBOE) of which 1052.7 MBOE were consumed in the country at 2008. In addition, the consumption of petroleum and its products reached 85.5 MBOE for energy generation in thermal power plants. This means that nearly 75% of petroleum import and its products were consumed for electricity generation in thermal power plants. Also, the amount of natural gas consumption to generate electricity was equal to 232.9 MBOE, which was 29% of the country’s natural gas production. In addition, the ratio of fossil energy sources, which was consumed in thermal power plants, to the total consumption of energy was about 0.3, whereas this ratio was about 0.01 for hydropower and renewable energy. In other words, the contribution of hydropower and renewable energy to generate electricity reached 10.7 MBOE, which was 0.14% of the total productions in 2008. Energy price is one of the outstanding features of the energy section of the country. The energy cost is very cheap due to subsidies which are paid by the government. Based on the analysis of the annual budget approved by the parliament, the total subsidy paid in energy sections by the government was about 3.6 times the total budget appropriated in civil engineering activities in the country in the financial year of 2005. It seems that more hydro stations should be developed to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel sources and to improve budgetary appropriations to better the situation as well.
Comprehensive Renewable Energy, Volume 6
doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-087872-0.00608-9
253
254
6.09.2.2
Hydropower Schemes Around the World
Electricity Generation in Iran
The total nominal capacity of power plants reached 52 586 MW in 2008. This shows an increasing rate of 7.1% in comparison with last year. At the same time, the total installed capacity of hydropower plants has met 7672 MW. Figures 1 and 2 display the contribution of different types of power plants in terms of total installed capacity and energy generation, respectively. As demon strated, the contribution of steam power plant, gaseous stations, and hydropower plants are 45.4%, 43.1%, and 14.5%, respectively. In other words, the hydropower plants are in the fourth step. Recently, because of drought phenomena, hydropower plants contribution was only 2.2% in term of energy generation, whereas their contribution was 9% during 2006–08. The maximum contribution of hydropower plant had been 13% during the last 5 years. In order to generate electricity, the thermal power plants have totally consumed 43 412 million cubic meters of gas, 4398 million liters of gas oil, and 8911 million liters of oil in 2008. So their percentages were 76, 16.4, and 7.6 for gas, oil, and gas oil, respectively. In Table 1, the pertinent indexes for electrical energy generation have been depicted. Figures 3 and 4 show how the nominal capacity and energy generation varied during 1992–2008 and 1966–2008, respectively. According to these figures, the diesel power plants’ nominal capacity and energy generation decreased at these periods.
Diesel 0.1
Hydro 2.2
Wind and Solar 0.1
Gas 25.6
Steam 45.4 C.C 26.6
Figure 1 Contribution of all types of power plants – energy generation (2008).
Diesel 0.8
Wind 0.1
Hydropower 14,5 Gas 34.1
Figure 2 Contribution of all types of power plants – capacity (2008).
Steam 29.5 C.C 21
Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy
Pertinent indexes of electricity networks in 2008
Table 1
Norminal installed capasity (MW)
255
Index
Amount
Increasing rate in comparison to last year
Nominal capacity Average actual capacity Maximum concurrent power capacity Maximum load Power per capita Generation per capita
52 944 MW 47 589 MW 34 270 MW 37 651 MW 738 W 2987 KWh
7.1 6.7 –0.9 7.6 5.9 3.8
60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
00
99
20
19
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
Year Steam
Gas
C.C
Hydro
Diesel
Wind
Figure 3 Nominal capacity trends of all types of power plants.
Wind 250 000 Diesel
200 000 150 000
Hydro 100 000 C.C
50 000
19 67 19 68 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08
0 Gas
Year Steam
Figure 4 Electricity generation trends of all types of power plants.
The trends of different sources for electricity generation have been depicted in Figure 5 during 1966–2008. The contribution of hydro power plants has changed from 35.8% to 3.1% in 1966 till 1999, respectively. In other words, the hydropower plants contribution has not increased for a long time due to imposed war (Iran–Iraq war) and has enhanced since 2000 so that it reaches 14.5% at present.
256
Hydropower Schemes Around the World
100 80
%
60 40 20
C.C
20 03
Hydro
20 07
Gas
20 01
19 99
19 97
Steam
20 05
Year
19 95
19 93
19 91
19 89
19 87
19 85
19 83
19 81
0
Diesel
Wind
Figure 5 Trends of different power plants for electricity generation (percentage).
6.09.3 Considerations and Requirements for Hydropower Developments In this section, the considerations, limitations, and requirements for hydropower plant developments are described in point of view of diverse effects such as technical, legal, and organizational issues, and so on.
6.09.3.1
Requirements
• Obeying and adjusting long-term program and periodic plans such as annual, 5-year development programs and long-term vision of the country, as well as other related rules, regulations, and instructions. • Accelerating the exploitation of renewable sources of energies to save opportunity costs. • Accomplishing the investigation phases of hydropower projects including master planning, reconnaissance, feasibility studies, and the detailed design stage as soon as possible. • Perfect appropriating of actual incomes gained from hydro generation to develop more hydropower projects. • Designing hydropower plants to operate at peak hours so that the best combination of diverse power sources is created. • Real assessment of all kinds of benefits of hydropower stations including energy generation, frequency control, flood control, irrigation, recreational aspects, and so on, particularly in multipurpose projects. • Actualizing the price of energy. • Enhancing financial sources to develop more hydropower stations such as securing loans and financial support from donor international institutions such as the World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, CDM, as well as from the private sector. • More attention to structural aspects of water and energy resources management in design, construction, and operation stages. In this regard, the integrated water resources management issue should be implemented. • Concurrent completion of hydro projects and other related projects, such as watershed management to protect those projects against sedimentation problems, executing the irrigation network to gain agricultural benefits in the case of multipurpose projects, and so on. • Revising the master planning projects of energy and water resources planning in all major basins to be adjusted with social and environmental constraints and sustainable development goals. • Education, documentation, and establishing a robust database.
6.09.3.2 6.09.3.2.1
Restrictions and Limitations Geographic issue
Hydropower plants require suitable topographic situations and should be adjusted to atmospheric and environmental conditions.
6.09.3.2.2
Technical issues
• Since Iran has been classified as an arid and semi-arid country owing to the low amount of precipitation, there are usually inconsistencies and conflicts between hydropower projects and inter-basin water transfer projects in particular. • Lengthening the construction period of the product. • There are no abundant suitable and feasible sites to develop hydropower projects in most parts of the country, particularly conventional ones.
Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy
257
• Competing with alternative methods to generate the required energy. • Adverse environmental impacts and archeological problems. • Lack of suitable database.
6.09.3.2.3
Organizational issues
• There are a lot of stakeholders and institutes which are involved in water issue with diverse interests so that decision-making becomes sometimes either exhausting or impossible. • The organization which is chiefly responsible to develop hydropower projects sometimes has not been authorized as much as necessary. • Experts and software insufficiency in consultancy companies, clients, and contractors. • Existence complexities and ambiguities in water laws and identifying stakeholders needs.
6.09.3.2.4
Economic and financial issues
• Providing the required investments are sometimes difficult, for example, the large hydropower projects need high amounts of investment cost. • Intensive dependency to governmental budgets. The private sector has not been involved much due to lack of efficient strategies to encourage them to invest. • Existence ambiguities in economic assessment of these projects.
6.09.4 Potentiality of Hydropower Projects In recent decades, many projects have been carried out to identify suitable sites to develop hydropower plants all over the country by different consultancy companies. Many of the projects identified are either under construction or in operation, and the rest are studied at different phases. In this part, the results are reviewed comprehensively and described in the following sections.
6.09.4.1
Under Operation Projects
The total installed capacity of hydropower projects in the country reached 7733 MW at 2008. Map 1 shows the spatial distribution of large hydropower projects in the country.
Kalan Hydropower 116 MW
Caspian Sea
Dez Hydropower 520 MW
Karkheh Hydropower 400 MW
Masjed solyman Hydropower 2000 MW
Karoun1 Hydropower 2000 MW
Karun3 Hydropower 2000 MW
Mola sadra Hydropower 100 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 1 Spatial distribution of large hydropower projects.
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Hydropower Schemes Around the World
Sardashi Hydropower 120 MW
Caspian Sea Darian Hydropower 210 MW Tange mashoureh Hydropower 110 MW Roudbarelorestan Hydropower 450 MW
Seymareh Hydropower 480 MW Bakhtiari Hydropower 1500 MW Golvand Hydropower 1500 MW Karun4 Hydropower 1000 MW Khersan3 Hydropower 400 MW Chameshir Hydropower 150 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 2 Location of large high-pressure processings.
6.09.4.2
Under Construction Projects
The total capacities of hydropower projects which are under construction are 6037 MW conventional projects and 1040 MW nonconven tional projects. All of them would be launched until 2019. Map 2 shows the location of large hydropower projects in the country.
6.09.4.3 6.09.4.3.1
Under Study Projects Storage hydropower projects
Due to climatic and topographic conditions, this kind of hydropower project has been located mainly in the mountainous regions of the Zagros mountain chains and partly in the Alborz mountain chains. In these areas, there are 14 power plants with a total capacity of 4200 MW (Map 3).
6.09.4.3.2
Large run-off-river hydropower plants
In total, five large run-off-river power plants with a capacity of 2800 MW were studied in the Dez, Karoon, Karkheh, and Aras basins (Map 4).
6.09.4.3.3
Medium run-off-river power plants
According to the studies which were carried out in most parts of the country, this kind of hydropower project could be developed in the mountainous regions of Alborz and Zagros. In this case, a number of projects which are feasible, with a total capacity of 1500 MW, were identified over nine main basins (Map 5).
6.09.4.3.4
Small run-off-river power plants
Over the Zagros and Alborz mountain chains, there are suitable locations to develop small run-off river. In these areas, there are suitable heads and discharges at the rivers. All feasible small run-off-river projects have been classified according to their locations and other considerations so that they can be set at 17 packages with a total capacity of 460 MW (Map 6).
6.09.4.3.5
Pumped-storage power plants
In order to perform the frequency control and to balance loads and demands in electrical network, the Siah Bisheh 1000 MW pumped-storage project has been constructed. In addition, a number of pumped-storage projects have been investigated that have a
Peertagh: Installed Capacity 300 MW Qezelozan Basin Namhill: Installed Capacity 495 MW Qezelozan Basin
Zalaky: Installed Capacity 466 MW Dez Basin
Caspian Sea
Paveh Rood: Installed Capacity 258 MW Qezelozan Basin
Lirou: Installed Capacity 324 MW Dez Basin Bazoft: Installed Capacity 300 MW Karoon Basin
Garsha: Installed Capacity 185 MW Karkheh Basin Kouran Bouzan: Installed Capacity 284 MW Karkheh Basin
Karoon-5: Installed Capacity 150 MW Karoon Basin
Kersan-1: Installed Capacity 393 MW Khersan Basin Khersan-2: Installed Capacity 682 MW Khersan Basin Kalat: Installed Capacity 150 MW Maroon Basin Chame Bastan: Installed Capacity 150 MW Zohreh Basin Haj Ghalandar: Installed Capacity 120 MW Zohreh Basin
Map 3 Spatial distribution of storage high-pressure processings.
Persian Gulf
260
Hydropower Schemes Around the World
Caspian Sea Aras run-off-river PP
263 MW
Sazbon run-off-river PP
300 MW
Karkheh-2 run-off-river PP
360 MW
Dez 1-2-3 run-off-river PP
930 MW
Karoon-2 run-off-river PP
1000 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 4 Spatial distribution of large run-off-river projects.
Aras Basin 60 MW
Caspian Sea
Talesh Basin 60 MW
Oroumieh Lake 14 MW
Mordab-e-Anzali 100 MW
Karoon Basin 200 MW
Coastal Khazar 500 MW
Maroon Basin
136 MW
Zohreh Basin
420 MW
Shapoor-Dalaky
50 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 5 Spatial distribution of medium run-off-river projects.
capacity of 7000 MW. Map 7 shows the regions which are under investigation for the development of nonconventional hydropower projects.
6.09.4.3.6
Synthetic and conclusion
The last situation of under study/construction hydropower is shown in Table 2 in brief, and the planned trend to develop hydropower projects in the future is depicted in Figure 6.
Aghchi Package 31 MW
Caspian Sea
5th Package Nor th 10 MW
2th Oromieh Package 29 MW
4th Package Nor th 22 MW
1th Oromieh Package 38 MW
Golestan Package 5 MW
Ardabil Package 10 MW
1th North Package 17 MW
6th North Package 16 MW
2th North Package 31 MW
Kermanshah Package 7 MW
3th North Package 7 MW
Azad PP 10 MW
Lorestan Package 12 MW
Dez Regulating Dam 28 MW
Charmahal Package 110 MW
Kohkiloyeh Package 74 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 6 Spatial distribution of small run-off-river projects.
Azabijan Region
Needed Install Capacity 400 MW
Caspian Sea Tehran-Semnan Region Needed Install Capacity 1300 MW
Zanjan Region
Needed Install Capacity 750 MW
Khorasan Region Needed Install Capacity 400 MW
Azad Project
Needed Install Capacity 500 MW
Kerman-Hormozgan Region Needed Install Capacity 400 MW
llam Project
Needed Install Capacity 1000 MW
Roundbare loresten Project
Needed Install Capacity 1000 MW
Esfahan Region
Needed Install Capacity 850 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 7 Spatial distribution of regions which are under investigation for pumped-storage projects.
Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy
263
Table 2 Last situation of under study/construction high-pressure processings (HPPs)
Type of hydropower
Capacity (MW)
Storage HPP Large run-off-river HPP Medium run-off-river HPP Small run-off-river HPP Under construction HPP Pumped-storage HPP Sum
4200 2800 1500 460 7077 6950 Around 23 000
30 000
3000 Install capacity (MW) Cumulative install capacity (MW)
2500
25 000
2000
20 000
1500
15 000
1000
10 000
500
Under operation and construction Pumped-storage Cumulative conventional
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
0
5000
0
Under investigation Cumulative conventional and nonconventional
Figure 6 Trend in growing installed capacity of hydropower plants until 2025.
At present, the total capacities of under construction and study high-pressure processings including conventional and nonconventional projects are around 7000 and 16 000 MW, respectively. It is anticipated that the total capacity of hydropower projects would reach 30 000 MW by 2025, if the hydropower development strategies and actual plans were executed in compliance with Figure 6. In other words, the total capacities of conventional and nonconventional hydropower projects would increase 900 and 400 MW yearly. It is estimated, based on 2009 unit prices, that the total investment for developing of new projects would reach more than 34 BUS$, that is, 2.13 BUS$ per year.
References [1] Vision of Islamic Republic of Iran by 2025, IREC, 2003. [2] Fourth 5-year program on economic, social, and cultural development of Islamic Republic of Iran, Government of IR of Iran, 2004. [3] Draft of fifth 5-year program on economic, social, and cultural development of Islamic Republic of Iran, Government of IR of Iran, 2009. [4] Long-term strategy on Water Resources Development, Government of IR of Iran, 2003. [5] Collection of rules, regulations, and instructions submitted by government on water and energy issues. [6] Energy balance sheets, Tavanir Company, up to 2008. [7] Dam’s and hydropower’s data bank, Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company (IWPCO). [8] Technical reports and documents of different hydropower projects submitted by domestic and international consultancies and contractors.
Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy
E Bozorgzadeh, Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company (IWPCO), Tehran, Iran © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
6.09.1 6.09.2 6.09.2.1 6.09.2.2 6.09.3 6.09.3.1 6.09.3.2 6.09.3.2.1 6.09.3.2.2 6.09.3.2.3 6.09.3.2.4 6.09.4 6.09.4.1 6.09.4.2 6.09.4.3 6.09.4.3.1 6.09.4.3.2 6.09.4.3.3 6.09.4.3.4 6.09.4.3.5 6.09.4.3.6 References
Introduction Energy Generation in Iran Energy Flow in Iran Electricity Generation in Iran Considerations and Requirements for Hydropower Developments Requirements Restrictions and Limitations Geographic issue Technical issues Organizational issues Economic and financial issues Potentiality of Hydropower Projects Under Operation Projects Under Construction Projects Under Study Projects Storage hydropower projects Large run-off-river hydropower plants Medium run-off-river power plants Small run-off-river power plants Pumped-storage power plants Synthetic and conclusion
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6.09.1 Introduction The long-term average precipitation of Iran is around 250 mm, which is nearly one-quarter of the world’s average amount, so Iran is classified as an arid and semi-arid country. In addition, the precipitation is not evenly distributed all over the country, so about two-thirds of total run-off flows in one-third of the country at 16 major rivers. The total precipitation and renewable water amounts – including surface and groundwater – are 413 and 130 bcm, respectively. The total surface water amount is 92 bcm of which around 27 BCM flow into three major basins, namely the Karoun, Dez, and Karkheh river basins, which are located in the south-west of the country over the Zagros mountain chains where the major hydropower projects are located. Northern and Northwestern regions have relevant precipitation and pertinent topography to develop medium- and small-sized hydropower plants too. So, Iran has been attempting to develop hydropower stations in these areas.
6.09.2 Energy Generation in Iran 6.09.2.1
Energy Flow in Iran
The latest energy flow diagram was prepared by the Tavanir Company. According to this, the total energy sources were equal to 2583.5 million barrels of oil equivalent (MBOE) of which 1052.7 MBOE were consumed in the country at 2008. In addition, the consumption of petroleum and its products reached 85.5 MBOE for energy generation in thermal power plants. This means that nearly 75% of petroleum import and its products were consumed for electricity generation in thermal power plants. Also, the amount of natural gas consumption to generate electricity was equal to 232.9 MBOE, which was 29% of the country’s natural gas production. In addition, the ratio of fossil energy sources, which was consumed in thermal power plants, to the total consumption of energy was about 0.3, whereas this ratio was about 0.01 for hydropower and renewable energy. In other words, the contribution of hydropower and renewable energy to generate electricity reached 10.7 MBOE, which was 0.14% of the total productions in 2008. Energy price is one of the outstanding features of the energy section of the country. The energy cost is very cheap due to subsidies which are paid by the government. Based on the analysis of the annual budget approved by the parliament, the total subsidy paid in energy sections by the government was about 3.6 times the total budget appropriated in civil engineering activities in the country in the financial year of 2005. It seems that more hydro stations should be developed to reduce the consumption of fossil fuel sources and to improve budgetary appropriations to better the situation as well.
Comprehensive Renewable Energy, Volume 6
doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-087872-0.00608-9
253
254
6.09.2.2
Hydropower Schemes Around the World
Electricity Generation in Iran
The total nominal capacity of power plants reached 52 586 MW in 2008. This shows an increasing rate of 7.1% in comparison with last year. At the same time, the total installed capacity of hydropower plants has met 7672 MW. Figures 1 and 2 display the contribution of different types of power plants in terms of total installed capacity and energy generation, respectively. As demon strated, the contribution of steam power plant, gaseous stations, and hydropower plants are 45.4%, 43.1%, and 14.5%, respectively. In other words, the hydropower plants are in the fourth step. Recently, because of drought phenomena, hydropower plants contribution was only 2.2% in term of energy generation, whereas their contribution was 9% during 2006–08. The maximum contribution of hydropower plant had been 13% during the last 5 years. In order to generate electricity, the thermal power plants have totally consumed 43 412 million cubic meters of gas, 4398 million liters of gas oil, and 8911 million liters of oil in 2008. So their percentages were 76, 16.4, and 7.6 for gas, oil, and gas oil, respectively. In Table 1, the pertinent indexes for electrical energy generation have been depicted. Figures 3 and 4 show how the nominal capacity and energy generation varied during 1992–2008 and 1966–2008, respectively. According to these figures, the diesel power plants’ nominal capacity and energy generation decreased at these periods.
Diesel 0.1
Hydro 2.2
Wind and Solar 0.1
Gas 25.6
Steam 45.4 C.C 26.6
Figure 1 Contribution of all types of power plants – energy generation (2008).
Diesel 0.8
Wind 0.1
Hydropower 14,5 Gas 34.1
Figure 2 Contribution of all types of power plants – capacity (2008).
Steam 29.5 C.C 21
Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy
Pertinent indexes of electricity networks in 2008
Table 1
Norminal installed capasity (MW)
255
Index
Amount
Increasing rate in comparison to last year
Nominal capacity Average actual capacity Maximum concurrent power capacity Maximum load Power per capita Generation per capita
52 944 MW 47 589 MW 34 270 MW 37 651 MW 738 W 2987 KWh
7.1 6.7 –0.9 7.6 5.9 3.8
60 000 50 000 40 000 30 000 20 000 10 000 0 93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
00
99
20
19
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
Year Steam
Gas
C.C
Hydro
Diesel
Wind
Figure 3 Nominal capacity trends of all types of power plants.
Wind 250 000 Diesel
200 000 150 000
Hydro 100 000 C.C
50 000
19 67 19 68 19 83 19 84 19 85 19 86 19 87 19 88 19 89 19 90 19 91 19 92 19 93 19 94 19 95 19 96 19 97 19 98 19 99 20 00 20 01 20 02 20 03 20 04 20 05 20 06 20 07 20 08
0 Gas
Year Steam
Figure 4 Electricity generation trends of all types of power plants.
The trends of different sources for electricity generation have been depicted in Figure 5 during 1966–2008. The contribution of hydro power plants has changed from 35.8% to 3.1% in 1966 till 1999, respectively. In other words, the hydropower plants contribution has not increased for a long time due to imposed war (Iran–Iraq war) and has enhanced since 2000 so that it reaches 14.5% at present.
256
Hydropower Schemes Around the World
100 80
%
60 40 20
C.C
20 03
Hydro
20 07
Gas
20 01
19 99
19 97
Steam
20 05
Year
19 95
19 93
19 91
19 89
19 87
19 85
19 83
19 81
0
Diesel
Wind
Figure 5 Trends of different power plants for electricity generation (percentage).
6.09.3 Considerations and Requirements for Hydropower Developments In this section, the considerations, limitations, and requirements for hydropower plant developments are described in point of view of diverse effects such as technical, legal, and organizational issues, and so on.
6.09.3.1
Requirements
• Obeying and adjusting long-term program and periodic plans such as annual, 5-year development programs and long-term vision of the country, as well as other related rules, regulations, and instructions. • Accelerating the exploitation of renewable sources of energies to save opportunity costs. • Accomplishing the investigation phases of hydropower projects including master planning, reconnaissance, feasibility studies, and the detailed design stage as soon as possible. • Perfect appropriating of actual incomes gained from hydro generation to develop more hydropower projects. • Designing hydropower plants to operate at peak hours so that the best combination of diverse power sources is created. • Real assessment of all kinds of benefits of hydropower stations including energy generation, frequency control, flood control, irrigation, recreational aspects, and so on, particularly in multipurpose projects. • Actualizing the price of energy. • Enhancing financial sources to develop more hydropower stations such as securing loans and financial support from donor international institutions such as the World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, CDM, as well as from the private sector. • More attention to structural aspects of water and energy resources management in design, construction, and operation stages. In this regard, the integrated water resources management issue should be implemented. • Concurrent completion of hydro projects and other related projects, such as watershed management to protect those projects against sedimentation problems, executing the irrigation network to gain agricultural benefits in the case of multipurpose projects, and so on. • Revising the master planning projects of energy and water resources planning in all major basins to be adjusted with social and environmental constraints and sustainable development goals. • Education, documentation, and establishing a robust database.
6.09.3.2 6.09.3.2.1
Restrictions and Limitations Geographic issue
Hydropower plants require suitable topographic situations and should be adjusted to atmospheric and environmental conditions.
6.09.3.2.2
Technical issues
• Since Iran has been classified as an arid and semi-arid country owing to the low amount of precipitation, there are usually inconsistencies and conflicts between hydropower projects and inter-basin water transfer projects in particular. • Lengthening the construction period of the product. • There are no abundant suitable and feasible sites to develop hydropower projects in most parts of the country, particularly conventional ones.
Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy
257
• Competing with alternative methods to generate the required energy. • Adverse environmental impacts and archeological problems. • Lack of suitable database.
6.09.3.2.3
Organizational issues
• There are a lot of stakeholders and institutes which are involved in water issue with diverse interests so that decision-making becomes sometimes either exhausting or impossible. • The organization which is chiefly responsible to develop hydropower projects sometimes has not been authorized as much as necessary. • Experts and software insufficiency in consultancy companies, clients, and contractors. • Existence complexities and ambiguities in water laws and identifying stakeholders needs.
6.09.3.2.4
Economic and financial issues
• Providing the required investments are sometimes difficult, for example, the large hydropower projects need high amounts of investment cost. • Intensive dependency to governmental budgets. The private sector has not been involved much due to lack of efficient strategies to encourage them to invest. • Existence ambiguities in economic assessment of these projects.
6.09.4 Potentiality of Hydropower Projects In recent decades, many projects have been carried out to identify suitable sites to develop hydropower plants all over the country by different consultancy companies. Many of the projects identified are either under construction or in operation, and the rest are studied at different phases. In this part, the results are reviewed comprehensively and described in the following sections.
6.09.4.1
Under Operation Projects
The total installed capacity of hydropower projects in the country reached 7733 MW at 2008. Map 1 shows the spatial distribution of large hydropower projects in the country.
Kalan Hydropower 116 MW
Caspian Sea
Dez Hydropower 520 MW
Karkheh Hydropower 400 MW
Masjed solyman Hydropower 2000 MW
Karoun1 Hydropower 2000 MW
Karun3 Hydropower 2000 MW
Mola sadra Hydropower 100 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 1 Spatial distribution of large hydropower projects.
258
Hydropower Schemes Around the World
Sardashi Hydropower 120 MW
Caspian Sea Darian Hydropower 210 MW Tange mashoureh Hydropower 110 MW Roudbarelorestan Hydropower 450 MW
Seymareh Hydropower 480 MW Bakhtiari Hydropower 1500 MW Golvand Hydropower 1500 MW Karun4 Hydropower 1000 MW Khersan3 Hydropower 400 MW Chameshir Hydropower 150 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 2 Location of large high-pressure processings.
6.09.4.2
Under Construction Projects
The total capacities of hydropower projects which are under construction are 6037 MW conventional projects and 1040 MW nonconven tional projects. All of them would be launched until 2019. Map 2 shows the location of large hydropower projects in the country.
6.09.4.3 6.09.4.3.1
Under Study Projects Storage hydropower projects
Due to climatic and topographic conditions, this kind of hydropower project has been located mainly in the mountainous regions of the Zagros mountain chains and partly in the Alborz mountain chains. In these areas, there are 14 power plants with a total capacity of 4200 MW (Map 3).
6.09.4.3.2
Large run-off-river hydropower plants
In total, five large run-off-river power plants with a capacity of 2800 MW were studied in the Dez, Karoon, Karkheh, and Aras basins (Map 4).
6.09.4.3.3
Medium run-off-river power plants
According to the studies which were carried out in most parts of the country, this kind of hydropower project could be developed in the mountainous regions of Alborz and Zagros. In this case, a number of projects which are feasible, with a total capacity of 1500 MW, were identified over nine main basins (Map 5).
6.09.4.3.4
Small run-off-river power plants
Over the Zagros and Alborz mountain chains, there are suitable locations to develop small run-off river. In these areas, there are suitable heads and discharges at the rivers. All feasible small run-off-river projects have been classified according to their locations and other considerations so that they can be set at 17 packages with a total capacity of 460 MW (Map 6).
6.09.4.3.5
Pumped-storage power plants
In order to perform the frequency control and to balance loads and demands in electrical network, the Siah Bisheh 1000 MW pumped-storage project has been constructed. In addition, a number of pumped-storage projects have been investigated that have a
Peertagh: Installed Capacity 300 MW Qezelozan Basin Namhill: Installed Capacity 495 MW Qezelozan Basin
Zalaky: Installed Capacity 466 MW Dez Basin
Caspian Sea
Paveh Rood: Installed Capacity 258 MW Qezelozan Basin
Lirou: Installed Capacity 324 MW Dez Basin Bazoft: Installed Capacity 300 MW Karoon Basin
Garsha: Installed Capacity 185 MW Karkheh Basin Kouran Bouzan: Installed Capacity 284 MW Karkheh Basin
Karoon-5: Installed Capacity 150 MW Karoon Basin
Kersan-1: Installed Capacity 393 MW Khersan Basin Khersan-2: Installed Capacity 682 MW Khersan Basin Kalat: Installed Capacity 150 MW Maroon Basin Chame Bastan: Installed Capacity 150 MW Zohreh Basin Haj Ghalandar: Installed Capacity 120 MW Zohreh Basin
Map 3 Spatial distribution of storage high-pressure processings.
Persian Gulf
260
Hydropower Schemes Around the World
Caspian Sea Aras run-off-river PP
263 MW
Sazbon run-off-river PP
300 MW
Karkheh-2 run-off-river PP
360 MW
Dez 1-2-3 run-off-river PP
930 MW
Karoon-2 run-off-river PP
1000 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 4 Spatial distribution of large run-off-river projects.
Aras Basin 60 MW
Caspian Sea
Talesh Basin 60 MW
Oroumieh Lake 14 MW
Mordab-e-Anzali 100 MW
Karoon Basin 200 MW
Coastal Khazar 500 MW
Maroon Basin
136 MW
Zohreh Basin
420 MW
Shapoor-Dalaky
50 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 5 Spatial distribution of medium run-off-river projects.
capacity of 7000 MW. Map 7 shows the regions which are under investigation for the development of nonconventional hydropower projects.
6.09.4.3.6
Synthetic and conclusion
The last situation of under study/construction hydropower is shown in Table 2 in brief, and the planned trend to develop hydropower projects in the future is depicted in Figure 6.
Aghchi Package 31 MW
Caspian Sea
5th Package Nor th 10 MW
2th Oromieh Package 29 MW
4th Package Nor th 22 MW
1th Oromieh Package 38 MW
Golestan Package 5 MW
Ardabil Package 10 MW
1th North Package 17 MW
6th North Package 16 MW
2th North Package 31 MW
Kermanshah Package 7 MW
3th North Package 7 MW
Azad PP 10 MW
Lorestan Package 12 MW
Dez Regulating Dam 28 MW
Charmahal Package 110 MW
Kohkiloyeh Package 74 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 6 Spatial distribution of small run-off-river projects.
Azabijan Region
Needed Install Capacity 400 MW
Caspian Sea Tehran-Semnan Region Needed Install Capacity 1300 MW
Zanjan Region
Needed Install Capacity 750 MW
Khorasan Region Needed Install Capacity 400 MW
Azad Project
Needed Install Capacity 500 MW
Kerman-Hormozgan Region Needed Install Capacity 400 MW
llam Project
Needed Install Capacity 1000 MW
Roundbare loresten Project
Needed Install Capacity 1000 MW
Esfahan Region
Needed Install Capacity 850 MW
Persian Gulf
Map 7 Spatial distribution of regions which are under investigation for pumped-storage projects.
Hydropower Development in Iran: Vision and Strategy
263
Table 2 Last situation of under study/construction high-pressure processings (HPPs)
Type of hydropower
Capacity (MW)
Storage HPP Large run-off-river HPP Medium run-off-river HPP Small run-off-river HPP Under construction HPP Pumped-storage HPP Sum
4200 2800 1500 460 7077 6950 Around 23 000
30 000
3000 Install capacity (MW) Cumulative install capacity (MW)
2500
25 000
2000
20 000
1500
15 000
1000
10 000
500
Under operation and construction Pumped-storage Cumulative conventional
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
0
5000
0
Under investigation Cumulative conventional and nonconventional
Figure 6 Trend in growing installed capacity of hydropower plants until 2025.
At present, the total capacities of under construction and study high-pressure processings including conventional and nonconventional projects are around 7000 and 16 000 MW, respectively. It is anticipated that the total capacity of hydropower projects would reach 30 000 MW by 2025, if the hydropower development strategies and actual plans were executed in compliance with Figure 6. In other words, the total capacities of conventional and nonconventional hydropower projects would increase 900 and 400 MW yearly. It is estimated, based on 2009 unit prices, that the total investment for developing of new projects would reach more than 34 BUS$, that is, 2.13 BUS$ per year.
References [1] Vision of Islamic Republic of Iran by 2025, IREC, 2003. [2] Fourth 5-year program on economic, social, and cultural development of Islamic Republic of Iran, Government of IR of Iran, 2004. [3] Draft of fifth 5-year program on economic, social, and cultural development of Islamic Republic of Iran, Government of IR of Iran, 2009. [4] Long-term strategy on Water Resources Development, Government of IR of Iran, 2003. [5] Collection of rules, regulations, and instructions submitted by government on water and energy issues. [6] Energy balance sheets, Tavanir Company, up to 2008. [7] Dam’s and hydropower’s data bank, Iran Water and Power Resources Development Company (IWPCO). [8] Technical reports and documents of different hydropower projects submitted by domestic and international consultancies and contractors.