Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil

JES-00235; No of Pages 10 J O U RN A L OF E N V I RO N ME N TA L S CI EN CE S X X (2 0 1 5 ) XX X–XXX

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M. Anwar Hossain1,⁎, G.K.M.M. Rahman2 , M.M. Rahman2 , A.H. Molla3 , M. Mostafizur Rahman1 , M. Khabir Uddin1

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Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil

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1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh. E-mail: [email protected] 2. Department of Soil Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh 3. Department of Bioenvironmental Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh

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Article history:

Degradation of soil and water from discharge of untreated industrial effluent is alarming in

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Received 27 June 2014

Bangladesh. Therefore, buildup of heavy metals in soil from contaminated effluent, their

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Revised 10 September 2014

entry into the food chain and effects on rice yield were quantified in a pot experiment. The

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Accepted 30 October 2014

treatments were comprised of 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% industrial effluents applied as

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Available online xxxx

irrigation water. Effluents, initial soil, different parts of rice plants and post-harvest pot soil

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Keywords:

of effluent contributed to increased heavy metals in pot soils and rice roots due to

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Biomass

translocation effects, which were transferred to rice straw and grain. The results indicated

Crop yield

that heavy metal toxicity may develop in soil because of contaminated effluent application.

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Heavy metal

Heavy metals are not biodegradable, rather they accumulate in soils, and transfer of these

Industrial effluent

metals from effluent to soil and plant cells was found to reduce the growth and

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Soil pollution

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were analyzed for various elements, including heavy metals. Application of elevated levels

development of rice plants and thereby contributed to lower yield. Moreover, a higher concentration of effluent caused heavy metal toxicity as well as reduction of growth and

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yield of rice, and in the long run a more aggravated situation may threaten human lives,

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which emphasizes the obligatory adoption of effluent treatment before its release to the

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environment, and regular monitoring by government agencies needs to be ensured. © 2015 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Introduction

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Industrial influent is a serious threat to human, plant and aquatic lives. In Bangladesh, different industries have emerged in the last decade producing huge amounts of effluents, particularly the textile and composite industries (Saha, 2007). The Gazipur district is one of the major industrially developed areas of Bangladesh, where effluents are directly discharged to the environment without treatment. Although as per government rules every industry has an effluent treatment plant, the plants are not generally

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Published by Elsevier B.V.

operated because of the high cost involved in treating effluents. Release of untreated effluents to the environment is of great concern for the sustainable use of the resources (Eruola et al., 2011). Untreated industrial influent degrades surface water and soil and ultimately it creates negative impacts on crops, insect pests, and animal and human lives (Hossain et al., 2010). The toxicity of industrial effluent varies considerably among different industries (Rautaray et al., 2007). The textile effluent is the most polluting among all industrial sectors, considering the volume and composition of effluents, in both developed and developing countries

⁎ Corresponding author.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008 1001-0742/© 2015 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Please cite this article as: Anwar Hossain, M., et al., Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008

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1.2. Collection and preparation of industrial effluent

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Industrial effluents were collected from discharge points of composite industries of textiles and dyeing from three locations (Dhanua, Bangla Bazar and Konabari) of Gazipur district (Fig. 1). The collected samples of effluents from the three locations were mixed together and then used as irrigation water at five different concentrations (0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Separate samples of effluent were preserved in plastic containers and stored at 4°C for chemical analysis.

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1.3. Soil and water analysis

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The physic-chemical properties of the soil samples were determined according to standard methods (Bouyoucos, 1926; Jackson, 1962; Nelson and Sommers, 1982; Page et al., 1982; Olsen et al., 1954; Hunter, 1984). As the results the parameters are as follows: soil textural class: silty clay loam, sand: 17.6%, silt: 47.3%, bulk density: 1.40 g/cm3, particle density: 2.62 g/cm3, porosity: 46.56%, pH: 6.1, organic carbon (OC): 0.87%, available N: 0.10%, available P: 12.10 μg/g soil, exchangeable K: 0.56 meq/100 g soil, total S: 10.02 μg/g, C/N: 8.70, Mn: 25.19 μg/g, Fe: 43.57 μg/g, Cu: 4.13 μg/g, Zn: 2.88 μg/g, Pb: 8.5 μg/g, Cd: 0.26 μg/g, Ni: 41.5 μg/g, Cr: 12.5 μg/g. Chemical properties of the pot soil were also analyzed after harvesting of rice. Effluent samples collected from the three different sites were mixed and stored in plastic bottles previously washed with 10 mol/L HCl, rinsed with de-ionized water and dried.

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The pot experiment using industrial effluent was conducted at the Department of Soil Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) (24°02′ 131″ N and 90°23′810″ E, 8.4 m above mean sea level), Gazipur, Bangladesh. The experimental soil sample was collected from 0 to 15 cm depth from the research field of the BSMRAU campus, which has a sub-tropical humid climate and is characterized by high temperature accompanied by moderately high rainfall from April to September and low temperature from October to March. The soil series is Salna, land type is high land to medium high land, the drainage is poorly drained, and the cropping system is rice–rice, pulse/oilseed/ wheat–rice. The samples were air-dried at room temperature. The dried samples were then ground to a small particle size with a mortar and pestle. The size of individual cylindrical plastic pot was 25 cm in diameter and 30 cm in depth and each of the pot was filled with 12 kg air-dried soil. The soil of each plastic pot was fertilized with 1.8, 1.74, 0.4 and 2.12 g of triple super phosphate, gypsum, muriate of potash and urea, respectively just one day before seedling transplantation. Additionally, at 45 and 80 days after planting, 2.12 g of urea was applied in each pot. The soil of the pots was moistened by mixing 2.5 L of effluent treatment at the time of transplanting. After that, effluent treatments were applied as needed to maintain the water level required for the growth of rice plants.

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1.1. Soil collection and preparation for pot experiment

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1. Materials and methods

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(Vanndevivera et al., 1998; Roy et al., 2010). Water consumption in textile and composite industries is very high (Roy et al., 2010). The effluent is contaminated with different chemicals and toxic components and also harbors a number of harmful pathogens that may cause many diseases for humans and other living beings (Molla et al., 2004). It was reported that the chemical parameters of surface water and soil of industrial effluent-affected areas were above the allowable limits and also tended to accumulate in downstream areas (Fakayode, 2005). The long-term effect of these effluents is to increase the heavy metal toxicity in soil. The concentrations of different heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn in agricultural soil of Gazipur, Bangladesh were found to exceed the allowable limits, with the exception of Cr (Islam et al., 2009). Heavy metal concentration was found to vary in soils depending on the types of effluents, and decreased with distance from the discharge area due to the dilution effect of effluent by water (Nuruzzaman et al., 1993). Heavy metals cannot be degraded with time, their concentration can be increased by bioaccumulation, and they have toxic effects even at low concentrations (Aksoy, 2008; Clark, 1992; Davey et al., 1973; Hussain et al., 2008). Heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd and Ni) contaminate soils and reduce crop yield, and prominent levels of these elements in agricultural products may provide their access into the food chain. Toxic elements like Cu, Zn, and Ni are phytotoxic and Cd and Pb are zootoxic, and their presence in the food chain can cause harmful effects for humans, animals and other living beings (Alloway, 1995). Rice fields in industrial areas of Bangladesh are being continuously flooded with industrial effluents. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop in Bangladesh, playing a vital role in the national economy and contributing roughly 73% of calories and 66% of the protein intake for the population (Alam et al., 2002). At present, rice production in industrial areas of Bangladesh is a challenge and there are limited reports on the impact of industrial effluents as irrigation water on rice production, though heavy metal buildup in soil from industrial effluents and thereby entry in the food chain have been reported (Zebunnesa et al., 2009). Water quality deterioration resulting from untreated industrial effluents has serious consequences on the aquatic ecosystem and on the health of the downstream user groups. In seriously polluted water bodies aquatic animals, fish, frogs and even snakes cannot survive, water becomes unusable, and dwellers cannot get fresh air for breathing and because of elevated concentrations of toxic gases in the atmosphere, immature fruit drop, malformed and undersized fruits are observed in the industrial areas (Zebunnesa, 2012). Considering the above-mentioned scenarios, a research study was conducted to investigate the effect of discharging untreated industrial effluent in the buildup of heavy metals in soils and thereby entry into rice plants, and subsequent effects on the growth and yield of rice. The research findings might increase public awareness and foster social pressure against environmental pollution, as well as promoting policy ensuring mandatory installation of effluent treatment plants in all industries, to accomplish the aim of the study: a sustainable and congenial production environment both in agriculture and industrial sectors.

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Please cite this article as: Anwar Hossain, M., et al., Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008

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24°10′N Gazipur Sadar Upazila 24°06′

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Water collection area

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The effluent samples were filtered with a membrane filter (0.45 μm) using a 100 mL syringe and stored in plastic bottles. 184 To prevent precipitation of trace elements and heavy metals, 185 10 mol/L HCl was added to each 50 mL water sample. Effluent 186 Q10 samples were analyzed using standard methods (Hunter, 187 Q11 1984; Thomas, 1982; Jackson, 1962). The chemical properties 188 of effluent are as follows: pH: 8.3, Fe: 0.14 mg/L, Zn: 0.11 mg/L, 189 Cu: 0.03 mg/L, Mn: 0.01 mg/L, Ca: 0.09 mg/L, Mg: 0.04 mg/L, 190 Na: 0.22 mg/L, K: 12.33 mg/L, Pb: 0.58 mg/L, Cd: 0.05 mg/L, Ni: 191 0.24 mg/L, and Cr: below detection level.

Treatment means were separated by LSD at 5% level of 212 significance. 213

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1.4. Treatments and design

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Fig. 1 – Location of the effluent collection sites.

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The pot experiment was laid out in a completely randomized 194 design using five treatments with four replications, employing a 195 Q12 popular boro rice variety BRRI dhan29 cultivated during Decem196 ber 2009 to March 2010. The treatments were 0, 25%, 50%, 75% 197 and 100% of effluent, and tap water was added. Three green and 198 healthy rice seedlings of 40 days old were transplanted in each 199 pot. Weeding was done manually by hand whenever deemed 200 necessary. Disease and pest infestations were monitored and 201 any necessary steps were taken during the entire growing 202 period. Plants were also protected from rainfall water by using 203 a transparent plastic sheet, maintaining sufficient ventilation. 204

1.5. Data recording and statistical analysis

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Data were recorded on plant height at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 days after transplanting, at heading and at harvest. After harvest, filled spikelet weight, sterile spikelet weight and grain yield were recorded with 12%–14% moisture. Root and straw dry weight and total biomass were recorded after drying in an oven at 70°C for 72 hr. The soil and water data were subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS package.

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2. Results

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2.1. Effect of industrial effluent on yield and yield-contributing 216 components of rice 217 The height of rice plants decreased significantly with the increased application of effluent (Fig. 2a). At 30 and 45 days after transplanting the application of effluent did not show any adverse effect on plant height. But at harvest the height was found to be decreased with increased concentration of effluent. Variations in plant height at heading stage are shown in Fig. 3a, where the plant height decreased significantly with higher concentrations of industrial effluent. The average plant heights were found to be 103, 99, 95, 94 and 85 cm in the treatments of 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% effluents, respectively. Total spikelet weight per hill was significantly decreased with increased percentage of effluent. The maximum spikelet weight per hill was 85 g in the control treatment (zero effluent), while the lowest was 24 g where 100% effluent was applied. Total spikelet weight per hill was found to be 77, 61 and 50 g when 25%, 50% and 75% effluents were applied, respectively. Straw yield was also found to be affected with the higher concentrations of effluent. Straw weight per hill was found to be 113, 106, 103, 93 and 95 g in the treatments of 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% effluents, respectively. Total biomass per pot was decreased with increased rates of effluent application, where 217, 197, 200, 160 and 132 g of total biomass were observed in the treatments of 0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% effluents, respectively (Fig. 2b). The root and panicle lengths of rice plants were also significantly

Please cite this article as: Anwar Hossain, M., et al., Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008

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Fig. 2 – Effect of industrial effluent on plant height (a) and biomass (b) in rice.

2.2. Contents of different elements in rice plants

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The uptake of Mn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr by rice plants and their subsequent distribution in different parts of the plants varied significantly among different treatments of effluent (p ≤ 0.01). Non-significant differences were observed in case of Zn contents under different treatments. In rice roots, Mn content was found to be highest (405 μg/g) in the 100% effluent treatment, while the lowest Mn (195 μg/g) was recorded in the control treatment. In the case of straw, the maximum amount of 463 μg/g in rice straw was found in the control treatment, while the lowest amount of 353 μg Mn/g was observed when 50% effluent was applied. Mn contents in rice grain were found to be much lower than that of roots and straw. In grain, the highest amount of Mn (23 μg/g) was observed in the control treatment, while the lowest amount of 9 μg/g was recorded in the 50% effluent treatment. Mn contents in the treatments of 25%, 75% and 100% effluents were observed as 22, 11 and 11 μg/g grain, respectively (Fig. 4a). The Mn contents in the plant biomass followed the order of straw > root > grain. Mn content in root increased proportionately with the elevated concentrations of industrial effluent, but it was observed to be inversely proportional for straw and grain.

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The rice root contained the highest level of Fe (2541 μg/g) under 100% effluent treatment, significantly more than the lowest level (2102 μg/g) found in the 50% effluent treatment. Fe contents in the treatments of 0, 25% and 75% of industrial effluent were 2225, 2255 and 2367 μg/g of rice root, respectively (Fig. 4b). In straw, Fe content was found to be maximum in the treatment of 75% industrial effluent, which was 577 μg/g. Fe content in rice straw was found to be minimum (357 μg/g) when 100% effluent was applied. Fe contents in the treatments of 0, 25%, and 50% effluents were 571, 515 and 531 μg/g of rice straw, respectively. Variations of Fe contents in rice grain under different effluent treatments were also observed, where the maximum of 847 μg/g in rice grain was found in the control treatment, while the lowest, 633 μg/g in rice grain, was in 50% effluent treatment. The Fe contents in the plant biomass varied in the order root > grain > straw. Cu contents in rice root varied significantly among different levels of effluent treatments where the highest amount, 26 μg/g, was found in the treatment of 25% effluent, while the lowest, 17 μg/g in rice root, was observed both in the control and 100% effluent treatments. Cu contents in the treatments of 50% and 75% effluents were 22 and 20 μg/g in rice root, respectively. Cu contents in rice straw were found to decrease with increasing concentrations of effluent, where the highest amount of 15 μg/g was found in the control treatment, while the lowest amount, 7 μg/g, was found in the 100% effluent treatment. Cu contents in the treatments of

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Fig. 3 – Visual effects of industrial effluent on growth and yield on plant height (a), panicle (b) and root (c) in rice. Please cite this article as: Anwar Hossain, M., et al., Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008

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Fig. 4 – Uptake of Mn (a), Fe (b), Cu (c), Zn (d), Pb (e), Cd (f), Ni (g) and Cr (h) in rice plant biomass.

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25%, 50% and 75% of effluent were 14, 10 and 8 μg/g of rice straw, respectively. Cu contents in rice grain varied with the concentrations of effluent. The maximum Cu content, 10 μg/g, was observed in the 100% effluent treatment, while the lowest amount of 7 μg/g was found in 50% effluent. In the control treatment, Cu contents in the biomass followed the order of

root > straw > grain, while at 100% effluent, Cu content in the biomass followed the order of root > grain > straw (Fig. 4c). Zn content in rice root of the control treatment was observed to be the highest (42.0 μg/g), while the lowest amount (25.0 μg/g) was found when 25% effluent was applied. Its amount was 30, 36 and 34 μg/g of rice root in the treatments of 50%, 75% and

Please cite this article as: Anwar Hossain, M., et al., Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008

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Results of soil pH, OC, C/N ratio, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg and Na in the rice growing soil are shown in Table 1. Soil pH was higher than the initial value (pH 6.1) for all levels of effluent application. The soil pH significantly (p ≤ 0.01, % CV = 2.7) increased from 6.3 to 8.0 with increasing concentrations of effluent. OC contents in soil varied (0.914% to 1.076%) with the concentrations of effluent; however, the variation was to be found insignificant among different treatments. The initial level of soil carbon was 0.87%. The highest amount of soil carbon was observed in the treatment of 100% effluent, while the lowest was in the control. C/N ratio varied with the concentrations of effluent and followed the same trend as observed in the case of carbon and nitrogen. Nitrogen content in the rice growing pot soil increased with increased concentrations of effluent, but insignificant differences were observed among treatment means. Nitrogen contents in the treatments of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the effluent were 0.089%, 0.128%, 0.138% and 0.077%, respectively. Available P in the rice growing pot soil decreased significantly with increased concentrations of effluent (p ≤ 0.01 and % CV = 11.25), ranging from 14.65 to 26.91 μg/g (Table 1). The

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amount observed in the control treatment and the lowest concentration in 100% of effluent. In the treatments of 25%, 50% and 75% of effluents Cd concentrations were 0.23, 0.17 and 0.23 μg/g of rice grain, respectively (Fig. 4f). Ni contents in rice plants varied with the concentrations of effluent. The range of Ni content was varied from 11.90 to 25.43 μg/g of rice roots, where the highest content was in the 50% effluent and the lowest in the control treatment. Ni contents in rice straw also varied with the concentrations of effluent. The Ni concentration ranged from 1.50 to 2.63 μg/g of rice straw, and the highest amount was in the treatment of 50% effluent and the lowest in the treatment of 25% effluent. Ni contents in rice grain ranged from 1.50 to 2.27 μg/g, where the highest was observed for the 50% effluent treatment and the lowest in the control treatment (Fig. 4g). Cr contents in rice root were varied from 1.53 to 10.57 μg/g, where the highest content was found in the 75% effluent treatment and the lowest in the control treatment. In both the straw and grain of the rice plants, Cr contents were found to be below the detection limit (Fig. 4h).

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100% of effluent, respectively (Fig. 4d). In rice straw, the control treatment resulted in the maximum Zn, which was 53 μg/g, and the lowest amount was observed in 100% effluent, which was 31 μg/g. Zn contents were 44, 48 and 32 μg/g of rice straw when effluent was applied at the rate of 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively. In rice grain, the highest Zn content was observed to be 37 μg/g in the treatment of 100% effluent and the lowest was observed as 23 μg/g in the 75% effluent treatment. In the control treatment the amount of Zn in the plant biomass followed the order of straw > root > grain, but at high effluent concentrations the reverse order i.e., grain > root > straw, was observed. It was found that the higher the amount of effluent application, the higher was the uptake of Pb in rice plants. In root, the highest content of Pb (16 μg/g) was observed when 100% effluent is applied, while the lowest (5 μg/g) was found in the control treatment. Pb contents in rice roots of the treatments of 25%, 50% and 75% effluent were 9, 14 and 15 μg/g, respectively. Pb contents in rice straw varied with the concentrations of effluent and ranged from 0.10 to 12.40 μg/g. The highest Pb content in rice straw was observed in the treatment of 75% industrial effluent and the lowest in the control treatment, and the uptake difference was highly significant (p ≤ 0.01). Pb contents in rice straw were 0.83, 3.20 and 8.17 μg/g in the treatments of 25%, 50% and 100% effluents, respectively (Fig. 4e). Pb content in rice grain varied with the concentrations of effluent. Pb was found to range from 0.43 to 0.83 μg/g in grain, where the highest content was found in the treatment of 75% industrial effluent. Lead contents in rice roots in the control treatment, 25% and 50% of effluent were 0.43, 0.47 and 0.57 μg/g, respectively. At higher effluent concentration, Pb contents in rice plants followed the order of root > straw > grain. A similar order was also observed in case of Cd, Ni and Cr. Accumulation of Cd in rice plants varied with the concentrations of effluent. In root, Cd content was observed to vary from 0.33 to 0.83 μg/g, and the highest content was observed in the 50% effluent treatment, while the lowest was in the control. When effluent was applied at the rate of 25%, 75% and 100%, Cd contents were 0.80, 0.60 and 0.43 μg/g of rice root, respectively. Cd content in rice straw varied with the applied concentrations of effluent. The range of Cd content was 0.13 to 0.33 μg/g of rice straw, and the highest amount was observed in both of 25% and 75% effluents, while the lowest was in 100% effluent. The range of Cd content in grain was varied from 0.02 to 0.43 μg/g, with the highest

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Table 1 – Essential parameters in the experimental soil.

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Treatment

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K (meq/100 g)

S (μg/g)

Ca (μg/g)

Mg (μg/g)

Na (μg/g)

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Control 25% effluent 50% effluent 75% effluent 100% effluent % CV S.E. LSD

6.30c 7.42b 7.36b 7.27b 7.97a 2.7 0.1 0.28

0.914b 1.034ab 1.043ab 0.981ab 1.076a 9.91 0.05 0.15

10.28a 8.08a 9.15a 7.11a 13.97a 41.13 2.22 7.61

0.128ab 0.089ab 0.114ab 0.138a 0.077b 29.01 0.016 0.052

26.91a 22.01b 20.07b 19.76b 14.65c 11.25 1.16 4.231

0.16c 0.21c 0.49b 0.56b 0.72a 20.85 0.045 0.128

1.97d 6.22c 12.97b 16.02a 15.85a 9.53 0.51 1.455

1363b 1321b 1603a 1688a 1709a 8.35 64.17 194.08

180.00b 181.25b 195.00ab 203.13a 208.75a 6.23 6.03 17.42

209.63c 260.00b 271.38ab 271.38ab 282.75a 4.48 5.81 17.751

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Different letters in a column indicate significant difference of the mean values among different treatments.

Please cite this article as: Anwar Hossain, M., et al., Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008

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2.4. Accumulation of heavy metals from effluent application to rice growing pot soil Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn contents in the pot soils were increased significantly with higher concentrations of industrial effluent (p ≤ 0.05). The highest amount of 48.14 μg/g was found in pot soil under the 75% effluent treatment, while the lowest amount of 24.17 μg/g was in the control treatment (Table 2). Similar trends were also found for Fe and Cu contents in soil. The highest level of Fe (115.50 μg/g) was observed in the 75% effluent treatment, while the lowest (43.58 μg/g) was in the control treatment. The treatment comprising 100% effluent resulted in the maximum level of Cu (8.63 μg/g) in soil, while the control, contributed the lowest level of Cu (4.13 μg/g). Cu contents in the soil under the treatments of 25%, 50% and 75% of effluent were 4.63, 5.25 and 8.00 μg/g, respectively. Zn contents in pot soil appeared to follow a different trend, where the highest level (3.05 μg/g) was observed in the treatment of 75% effluent, while the lowest (2.26 μg/g) appeared in the treatment of 50% effluent.

3. Discussions

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Pb contents in the rice growing pot soil varied significantly with the concentrations of effluent (p ≤ 0.01, % CV = 32.04). Pb content in soil ranged from 3.83 to 15.67 μg/g. The highest level of Pb was observed in soil under the treatment of 100% effluent and the lowest in the control. Pb contents were 7.00, 10.83 and 9.75 μg/g in the treatments of 25%, 50% and 75% effluents, respectively. Accumulation of Cd in the rice growing pot soil varied with the concentrations of effluent. Cd content in pot soil was observed to range from 0.25 to 0.75 μg/g. The highest content of Cd was observed in the treatment of 50% effluent. The low levels of Cd were found in the control, 25%, 75% and 100% effluent treatments. Ni contents in the rice growing pot soil varied with the concentrations of effluent within a range of 29.83 to 37.17 μg/g. The treatment comprising 75% effluent contributed to a significantly higher level of Ni in pot soil compared to the other treatments. There were no significant differences in Ni contents in pot soils among 25%, 50% and 100% effluent treatments, where Ni contents were 32.25, 32.67 and 34.08 μg/g, respectively. The highest accumulation of Cr in pot soil at rice harvest was 18.33 μg/g under the treatment of 75% effluent, while the lowest (10.42 μg/g) was in the control treatment. But it is remarkable that the concentrations of Cr in straw and grain were observed to be below the detection level. Cr contents in pot soils under the treatments of 25%, 50% and 100% effluents were 12.50, 11.75 and 12.92 μg/g, respectively.

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highest content of P was observed in the control treatment, while the lowest was in the 100% effluent treatment. Similar results were observed in case of available S in soil. Sulfur content ranged from 1.97 to 16.02 μg/g, where the highest amount was found in the 75% effluent treatment and the lowest in the control treatment. Available S in the treatments of 25%, 50% and 100% of effluent were 6.22, 12.97 and 15.85 μg/g, respectively. K contents in soil followed the same trend observed in the case of soil P. Exchangeable K contents in soils varied from 0.16 to 0.72 meq/100 g soil, where the maximum amount was observed in the treatment of 100% effluent and the lowest in the control treatment (Table 1). Ca, Mg and Na contents in pot soil at rice harvest increased with application of increased amounts of effluent (Table 1). Ca contents in soils were found to vary from 1321 to 1709 μg/g, where the maximum level was found when 100% effluent was applied and the minimum was found in the control treatment (p ≤ 0.01 and % CV = 8.35). Mg contents increased with increasing concentrations of industrial effluent and ranged from 180.00 to 208.75 μg/g. The highest content of Mg was observed in the 100% effluent treatment, while the lowest was found in the control. The maximum level of Na, at 292.75 μg/g, was found in the treatment of 100% effluent, while the lowest amount of 209.63 μg/g was in the control treatment.

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3.1. Reduction of yield and its components in rice from effluent 466 application 467 It was found that yield and yield-contributing characteristics of rice were affected negatively with increased application of effluent to pot soils (Figs. 2 and 3). The average reduction in height of rice plants in the 100% effluent treatment was found to be 18% compared to the control treatment. Reductions in total biomass and rice grains per hill in the 100% effluent treatment were found to be 40% and 72%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. It was found that at lower concentrations of effluent application, the growth of the rice plant was not hampered and the accumulation of toxic elements in soil was also lower. The growth and development of rice plants at the harvesting stage were found to be lowest

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Table 2 – Heavy metals in the experimental soil.

t2:4

Treatment

Mn (μg/g)

Fe (μg/g)

Cu (μg/g)

Zn (μg/g)

Pb (μg/g)

Cd (μg/g)

Ni (μg/g)

Cr (μg/g)

t2:5 t2:6 t2:7 t2:8 t2:9 t2:10 t2:11 t2:12

Control 25% effluent 50% effluent 75% effluent 100% effluent % CV S.E. LSD

24.17c 25.19c 41.00b 48.14a 45.59ab 11.02 2.029 6.02

43.58b 65.10b 94.50a 115.50a 109.20a 18.00 7.703 23.47

4.13c 4.63bc 5.25b 8.00a 8.63a 7.12 0.218 0.85

2.89ab 2.47bc 2.26c 3.05a 2.36bc 13.25 0.173 0.55

3.83c 7.00bc 10.83b 9.75b 15.67a 32.04 1.742 5.00

0.25b 0.25b 0.75a 0.25b 0.26b 18.33 0.036 0.077

29.83c 32.25b 32.67b 37.17a 34.08b 5.58 1.07 2.08

10.42b 12.50b 11.75b 18.33a 12.92b 22.51 1.714 3.34

t2:14 t2:13

Different letters in a column indicate significant difference of the mean values among different treatments.

Please cite this article as: Anwar Hossain, M., et al., Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008

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Mn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr contents in different parts of rice plants varied significantly among different effluent treatments (p ≤ 0.01). In general, the higher the rate of effluent application, the higher the accumulation of different elements, including the heavy metals, in soils, and thereby entry in the food chain. Among different heavy metals under this study, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn are essential micronutrients as well. The uptake of these elements did not correlate or follow the same trends at all times with the increment of effluent application (Fig. 4a–d). Mn content in rice roots was found to be maximum (405 μg/g) in 100% effluent treatment, while in straw the maximum Mn content (463 μg/g) was found in the control treatment where no effluent was added. Similar and dissimilar scenarios were observed in the case of Fe, Cu and Zn contents in rice root, straw and grain under different effluent treatments, which may result in change in their uptake orders as well. The Mn contents in the plant biomass followed the order straw > root > grain, Fe and Cu contents were in the order root > grain > straw, while Zn contents followed grain > root > straw. Leaf tissues of rice can accumulate from 5 to 10 times more Mn than other grasses (Foy et al., 1978), therefore, high amounts of Mn were accumulated in straw in the current study. Mn is an essential element for plants, which intervenes in several metabolic processes such as photosynthesis; nevertheless, an excess of

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this micronutrient is toxic for plants, which has been found to cause metabolic alterations, reduced biomass and biochemical disorders (Hegedüs et al., 2001; Polle, 2001; Millaleo et al., 2010). In rice, a significant decrease in chlorophyll a content has been reported when soil contains high amounts of manganese (Lindon and Teixeira, 2000). Uptake of different metals into plant roots is a complex process, which is hampered by the complex nature of the rhizosphere, where continual dynamic change takes place in interactions among plant roots, the soil solution and microorganisms living within the rhizosphere. Uptake involves transfer of metals from the soil solution to the root surface and inside the root cells. Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn chelate with the phytometallophores and provide a ready supply of metals to plants. Iron toxicity is observed in wetland conditions and may cause reduced root oxidation, which may hamper growth and development of plants (Dobermann and Fairhurst, 2000). The uptake of Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr varied in rice roots, straws and grains under different levels of effluent treatments (Fig. 4e–h). The uptake order of these four heavy metals was the same, i.e., root > straw > grain, which indicated minimal transfer of heavy metals from plant roots to grain. The combined effect of metal concentrations in soils and effluents made the situation more critical in terms of element uptake and distribution in different parts of rice plants. The maximum permissible limits of Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr in plants recommended by WHO (1996) are 2.0, 0.02, 10.0 and 1.3 μg/g, respectively. In the present study the concentration of the above elements in root exceeded the WHO limits. In straw, concentrations of Pb and Cd exceeded the maximum permissible limits. It is remarkable that the concentrations of all the above nutrient and toxic elements in grain were below the allowable limits, except Cd. It was found that the higher the amount of industrial effluent application, the higher was the uptake of Pb by different parts of rice plants. Under the 100% effluent treatment, root contained the highest level of Pb (16 μg/g), while in the same treatment grain contained only 0.4 μg Pb/g (Fig. 4e). Pb concentration in grains depends on its concentration in soils and the environment. When soil contains high amounts of Pb, the possibility exists for elevated concentrations of the metal in grains. Like Pb, under the 100% effluent treatment, Cd content in rice roots was 0.43 μg/g, while it was only 0.02 μg/g in rice grain (Fig. 4f). Availability of Cd to plants is regulated by soil reaction (pH), organic matter contents and redox potential (Degryse et al., 2003). Nickel contents in rice plants varied with the concentrations of industrial effluent (Fig. 4g). Nickel contents in rice roots varied from 11.90 to 25.43 μg/g and in rice grains from 1.50 to 2.27 μg/g; the highest was in 50% industrial effluent and the lowest in the control treatment in both cases. The uptake of Ni by plants depends on its concentration in soil solution, plant metabolism, the soil pH, the presence of other metals and the composition of organic matter and its state of mineralization (Chen et al., 2009). Cr contents in rice root were observed to vary from 1.53 to 10.57 μg/g. In both straw and grain of the rice plant, Cr content was found to be below the detection limit (Fig. 4h). Cr is toxic to higher plants when soil contains 100 μg/g and concentrations in plant cells can vary between 0.0006 and 18 μg/g (Zayed and Terry, 2003). Metal uptake by plants not only depends on the concentration in soils but also many other actions and interactions between and among co-existing elements in the soil environment, as explained in Section 2.1. It was also reported

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when the water requirement was fully met by 100% industrial effluent. This was because of the accumulation of the maximum amount of toxic metals from application of effluent in the pot soil over the growing period as well as change in the soil environment. Toxicity from different heavy metals does not arise in natural soils with native vegetation, even when the soil is naturally high in a particular metal, and native plants will often have become adapted over time to locally elevated levels (Brooks et al., 1992; Ouzounidou et al., 1994). But toxicity can be developed because of changing soil environment, which includes change in soil pH, redox potential, and organic matter contents through different anthropogenic activities such as discharge of industrial effluents and mining, even if no extra metal has been added to the soil. Heavy metals are not biodegradable, rather they accumulate in soils. In this situation, the transfer of toxic metals from effluent and soil to plant cells might be higher, which could negatively affect the growth and development of rice plants and thereby contribute to lower yield. This finding is in agreement with the findings of Islam (2012). The toxicity of heavy metals appears to arise from complex interactions among different essential and non-essential elements, which may reduce the activity of hydrolysis viz. α amylase, phosphatase, RNAse and proteins (Latif et al., 2008). Manganese phytotoxicity is evident in a reduction of biomass and photosynthesis (Millaleo et al., 2010). Iron toxicity occurs mainly in wetland rice soils, where it hampers crop growth and development (Dobermann and Fairhurst, 2000). Lead and cadmium hamper germination of seeds, and reduce seedling length, photosynthetic activity and transpiration rate, while nickel and chromium exert negative effects on dry matter production and grain yields (Agarwal, 2002).

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Please cite this article as: Anwar Hossain, M., et al., Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008

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that interactions among elements present at the root surface and within plants affect their uptake and accumulation in plants (Nan et al., 2002).

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This work was supported by the Fellowship Program of National Science Information and Communication Technology (NSICT) under Ministry of Science Information and Communication Technology, Bangladesh. The authors also would like to place on record their sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. M A Khaleque Mian, Department of Genetics and plant Breeding, BSMRAU, Bangladesh and Prof. Dr. Khandoker Saif Uddin, National Consultant-Statistician, FAO Representative in Bangladesh, for their valuable help.

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REFERENCES

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Agarwal, S.K., 2002. Pollution Management, Volume IV, Heavy Metal Pollution. A.P.H. Publishing Company, New Delhi, pp. 145–163. Ahmed, J.U., Goni, M.A., 2010. Heavy metal concentration in water, soil and vegetables of the industrial areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Environ. Monit. Assess. 166 (1–4), 347–357. Aksoy, A., 2008. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.): a possible biomonitor of metal pollution. Pak. J. Bot. 40 (2), 791–797. Alam, M.G.M., Allinson, G., Stagnatti, F., Tanaka, A., Westbrooke, M., 2002. Arsenic contamination in Bangladesh ground water: a major environmental and soil disaster. Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 12 (3), 236–253. Alloway, B.J., 1995. Heavy Metal in Soils. 2nd ed. Blackie, Glasgow. Begum, R.A., 2006. Assessment of Water and Soil Pollution and Its Effect on Rice and Red Amaranth. (Ph.D. Thesis). Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Bangladesh Agriculture University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Brooks, R.R., Baker, A.J.M., Malaisse, F., 1992. Copper flowers; the unique flora of the Copper Hills of Zaire. Natl. Geogr. Res. 8 (3), 338–351. Chen, C.Y., Huang, D.J., Liu, J.Q., 2009. Functions and toxicity of nickel in plants: recent advances and future prospects. Clean-Soil, Air, Water 37 (4–5), 304–313. Clark, R.B., 1992. Marine Pollution. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

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The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in the initial pot 603 soils were at very high levels, which indicated the possibility of 604 micronutrient toxicity in plants. As per soil fertility ranking of 605 Q13 BARC (2012), concentrations of Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn in soil above 606 0.75, 1.88, 11.25 and 3.75 mg/kg, respectively are treated as very 607 high. The study area is under the Madhupur Tract and the soil is 608 acidic, containing high amounts of Fe and Mn as revealed in the 609 analytical data. Initial levels of Pb, Cd, Ni and Cr in experimental 610 soil indicated that the soil is not contaminated by these 611 elements; however, because of anthropogenic changes in the 612 soil environment, plants can uptake these elements from soil. 613 Significant effects of effluent application were observed on 614 different chemical properties of pot soil at crop harvest 615 (Table 1). The high pH value compared to the control/initial 616 soil pH indicated that more Ca and Mg were accumulated in 617 effluent-irrigated pot soils, increasing soil pH and decreasing 618 acidity. This report was comparable to the findings of Poon 619 (1982), Seneviratne (1997), Islam (2012) and Yao et al. (2013). 620 High availability of Ca in pot soil increased soil pH from acidic 621 to alkaline and led to fixation of P. That is why available P 622 decreased significantly with elevated application of effluent. 623 This result was supported by Islam (2012). The exchangeable 624 K, Na and available S were increased with higher concentra625 tions of effluent because the effluent was enriched in these 626 elements. Similar results were reported by Begum (2006) and 627 Islam (2012). 628 Concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn were found to be high 629 in the pot soil due to application of highly concentrated 630 effluent as irrigation water. The level of Pb concentration in 631 uncontaminated soils fluctuated between 10 to 50 μg/g, while 632 low-level Pb-contaminated soils contain 30 to 100 μg/g 633 Q14 (McLaughlin et al., 1999). Generally, Ni contents in soils vary 634 between 5 and 150 μg/g (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 2001), 635 while Cr contents vary between 10 and 50 μg/g (Zayed and 636 Terry, 2003). The maximum permissible limits of Pb, Cd, Ni 637 and Cr in soil recommended by WHO (1996) are 85, 0.8, 35 and 638 100 μg/g, respectively. In the study soil it was observed that 639 the concentrations of Pb, Cd and Cr were under the maximum 640 permissible limits (Table 2). Among the heavy metals, Cd was 641 found to have the lowest concentration. The concentration of 642 Ni was also observed to be under the permissible limit except 643 for the soil treated with 75% industrial effluent. These results 644 were in agreement with Islam (2012) and also with Ahmed 645 and Goni (2010). Long-time application of industrial effluent 646 as irrigation water causes accumulation of heavy metals in 647 the soil system and poses a risk to the ecosystem (Wang et al., 648 2013).

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when elevated amounts of industrial effluent were applied as irrigation water. Heavy metal buildup in soil, though, was below the critical limits, which may, however, increase over time with continuous application of effluent to soil. Heavy metal concentrations in rice roots exceeded the critical limits except for Cr, and because of the translocation effect, these elements were transferred to rice straw and grain. Growth and yield of rice were reduced with increased application of industrial effluent. Total biomass per hill was reduced from 217 g in control to 131 g in 100% effluent, while filled spikelets per hill was reduced from 92% to 72%. It was observed that the rice plants could be sustained favorably with up to 25% effluent. The study was conducted in a controlled environment in pots. However, the scenario is more aggravated in field conditions, where untreated and unlimited industrial effluents are directly discharged. The study suggests the mandatory adoption of effluent treatment before release to the environment, while government agencies should ensure regular monitoring to protect the environment and achieve a sustainable and congenial production environment both in agriculture and industrial sectors.

Please cite this article as: Anwar Hossain, M., et al., Impact of industrial effluent on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in silty clay loam soil, J. Environ. Sci. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.10.008

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