Impact of Nanoparticles on Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants

CHAPTER

IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES ON ABIOTIC STRESS RESPONSES IN PLANTS: AN OVERVIEW

15

Zesmin Khan, Hrishikesh Upadhyaya Department of Botany, Cotton University, Guwahati, India

15.1 INTRODUCTION Eric Drexler coined and popularized the term “nanotechnology,” and nanotechnology provides a pathway to develop tools and technology to transform biological systems (Fortina et al., 2005). In the agricultural sector it provides much scope for improvement (Robinson and Morrison, 2009). Nanotechnology is being widely applied in fields like pathogen diagnostics, packaging equipment, agriculture, etc. (Perez-de-Luque and Diego, 2009; Torney et al., 2007). Nanoparticles (NPs) or nanoscale particles are molecular aggregates with dimensions of 1e100 nm (Roco, 2003). Their diverse physicochemical properties are due to their very small size (Nel et al., 2006), and their higher reactivity and biochemical activity depend on their high surface energy and the high surface-to-volume ratio (Dubchak et al., 2010). NPs can be synthesized by different physical, chemical, and biological methods (Singh et al., 2016a,b), and have diverse impacts when interacting with plants (Tripathi et al., 2015a,b, 2016a,b,c, 2017a,b,c,d,e,f; Singh et al., 2016a,b; Shweta et al., 2016; Tassi et al., 2017; Tan et al., 2017). NPs help to improve plant growth, development, and productivity and to overcome abiotic and biotic stress, thus there is increased use of nanobiotechnology tools in agriculture. Giraldo et al. (2014) noted the potential of NPs to improve plant metabolism, while Wang et al. (2001) reported the production of natural NPs by plants under normal growth conditions. In the near future it is expected that the NPs will be able to benefit living organisms without any side effects. Abiotic stress in plants is considered a major problem in agriculture; its diverse types include drought, salinity, alkalinity, submergence, and mineral and metal toxicity/deficiencies that minimize crop growth and productivity. Decrease in crop yield is mainly caused by salinity, drought, low temperature, and heavy-metal stresses (Upadhyaya et al., 2008; Tripathi et al., 2012, 2015a; Shome et al., 2015; Nahar et al., 2016; Singh et al., 2017a). Throughout their life cycle, plants have to face different types of abiotic stress and evolve different defense mechanisms to cope with them by different physiological pathways. By changing gene expressions, plants mitigate and adapt to various stresses. Experiments have revealed that NPs help plants to overcome abiotic stresses by their concentrationdependent impact on plant growth and development (Mishra and Singh, 2016; Ashkavand et al., 2015; Mishra et al., 2017; Dimkpa et al., 2017; Tripathi et al., 2015b, 2016a,b,c, 2017a,b). It is also reported that the function of antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are enhanced by the influence of some NPs (Laware and Raskar, 2014; Nanomaterials in Plants, Algae, and Microorganisms. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811488-9.00015-9 Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

305

306

CHAPTER 15 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES

Upadhyaya et al., 2017a). Laware and Raskar (2014) assessed the impact on onion seedlings when exposed to Titinium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs:) the results showed that TiO2 NPs increase SOD activity, and the effect increased with increasing NP concentration; but onion seed germination and seedling growth were increased at low concentration of TiO2 NPs, whereas the effect was suppressed at higher concentrations. Activities of CAT and POD and secretion of amylase enzymes were minimum/ lowered at 40 and 50 mg/mL concentration of TiO2 NP and maximum/higher at lower 10e30 mg/mL of TiO2NP (Laware and Raskar, 2014). From these experiments it can be concluded that NPs play a very important role in improvement of crop plants, but understanding of the appropriate mechanism and the interaction of NPs with plants at different levels is still at an early stage (Barrena et al., 2009; Tayyab et al., 2016; Dimkpa et al., 2017; Mishra et al., 2017). This chapter focuses on the physiological impact of NPs on plants, concentrating on growth and overcoming abiotic stress.

15.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF NANOPARTICLES ON PLANTS NPs modulate the physiology of crop plants. They affect the physiological process by altering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant metabolism (Laware and Raskar, 2014; Tripathi et al., 2015b, 2016a,b,c; Tayyab et al., 2016; Upadhyaya et al., 2017b), and change plant photosynthesis by affecting pigments, photosystems, and leaf protein contents (Rico et al., 2015; Shweta et al., 2016; Tayyab et al., 2016). As an example, application of Ag NPs increased the amount of protein and carbohydrate and decreased CAT and POD activities and total phenol content in Bacopa monnieri (Krishnaraj et al. 2012). Song et al. (2012) reported that application of TiO2 NPs at 200 mg/mL concentration enhanced the activities of POD and SOD and increased the content of chlorophyll and malondialdehyde in Lemna minor compared to bulk material by the removal of ROS from the plant cells, but at 500 mg/mL concentration of TiO2 NPs the effect was reversed and the cell membrane broke down. Other physiological roles of TiO2 NPs include upregulation of light absorbance, photosynthetic efficiency, protection of chloroplast from aging, etc. (Yang et al., 2006). This may be because TiO2 NPs augment the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and thus safeguard the chloroplast from very strong light (Hong et al., 2005). Similarly, foliar application of 10 ppm concentration of zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs on cluster bean increased leaf protein (soluble) and phosphorus and chlorophyll content (Raliya and Tarafdar, 2013). In groundnuts in pot conditions, activities of dehydrogenase, phosphatase, and alkaline phosphatase increased after application of zinc NPs synthesized by a green method (Sindhura et al., 2014). This study indicated that zinc NPs also improve the length of root, its fresh and dry weight, stem lengths and fresh/dry weights, and total biomass of Arachis hypogeal L. compared to the control. Zinc NPs are reported to modulate growth and physiological responses in Oryza sativa L (Sabir et al., 2014; Mankad et al., 2017; Upadhyaya et al., 2015, 2016; 2017b). Germination of seedlings, growth, and physiological parameters of watermelon were increased by application of various concentrations of Fe2O3 NPs (Li et al., 2013); activities of CAT, SOD, and POD were increased compared to control treatments; and in different physiological parameters 20 mg/L concentration of NPs had the best effect and helped to mitigate various abiotic stresses of watermelon. Thus NPs play very significant role in modulating physiological processes in plants. Other NPs, including carbon nanotubes, could serve as artificial antennae for chloroplast and help chloroplast to capture ultraviolet (UV), infrared, and green light (Giraldo et al., 2014; Shweta et al., 2017).

15.3 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES ON ROS AND ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM

307

Studies revealed that NPs altered the plant photosynthesis process by improving light absorption by photosystem I, and significantly reduced the energy transfer. (Giraldo et al., 2014; Tayyab et al., 2016). Leaves can be transformed into biochemical sensors by incorporation of NPs, which can enhance photosynthesis. Type- and concentration-dependent application of NPs has a great impact on various physiological processes in plants, so proper understanding of physiochemical, electrical, biological, and other properties of NPs is critical in the process of engineering nanomaterials that modulate these plant processes and find applications in improving crop productivity for sustainable agriculture. Some of the examples of physiological impacts of NPs on plants are given in the Table 15.1. Table 15.1 summarizes some of the physiological impacts of NPs on plants.

15.3 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES ON ROS AND ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM ROS are very harmful for plant cells; examples of ROS include alkoxy radical (RO_), singlet oxygen
(1O2), hydroxyl radical (OH ), superoxide radical O2 $ , and peroxy radical (ROO ) (Dismukes et al., 2001; Karuppanapandian et al., 2006a,b,c; 2009, 2011; Karuppanapandian and Manoharan, 2008; Vellosillo et al., 2010). Cellular metabolism or respiration produces ROS, and in normal conditions various antioxidative defense systems composed of enzymic and nonenzymic molecules scavenge the ROS (Navrot et al., 2007). But ROS production is increased under stress, so they are not properly eliminated in a stress condition which disturbs the plant cell (Apel and Hirt, 2004; Foyer and Noctor, 2005; Munne-Bosch and Alegre, 2004; Karuppanapandian et al., 2006a,b,c, 2008, 2009, 2011; Karuppanapandian and Manoharan, 2008; Vellosillo et al., 2010). All the macromolecules present in the cell are attacked by ROS, which results in dysfunction of the metabolic system and death of the cell (Karuppanapandian et al., 2011). ROS are overproduced by the abiotic stresses which cause serious cell damage (Torres et al., 2002; Mittler, 2002, 2006; Karuppanapandian et al., 2006a,b,c; 2009, 2011; Karuppanapandian and Manoharan, 2008; Mafakheri et al., 2010; Vellosillo et al., 2010; Tripathi et al., 2016a,b). Oxidation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA takes place by accumulation of ROS (Arora et al., 2002; Demidchik, 2015), but activities of antioxidant enzymes are increased by NPs. Nanoceria (cerium oxide NPs) were shown to scavenge ROS in isolated chloroplasts (Giraldo et al., 2014 and protect plant photosynthesis from the detrimental effects of ROS accumulation during abiotic stress. Silicon is well documented to provide significant protection against abiotic stresses to plants (Tripathi et al., 2014, 2017g,h), and silicon NPs have been reported to enhance abiotic stress tolerance by activation of antioxidant enzymes, enhancing uptake processes within plants (Tripathi et al., 2015b, 2016a, 2017a). Thus various abiotic stresses can be withstood by plants (Liang et al., 2007). By increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, TiO2 NPs protect chloroplast from strong light (Hong et al., 2005). Nanosize TiO2 is known to have prooxidant and antioxidant properties. They also reported that Growth-promoting effects were reported to be simultaneous with increased levels of chlorophyll b, soluble sugars, and proline and enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes in spinach. Latef et al. (2017b) reported that broad beans can tolerate saline soil and enjoy improved growth in these adverse conditions after application of TiO2 NPs. Lei et al. (2008) reported that abiotic stress in Spinacia oleracea can be mitigated by TiO2 NPs, which lower the activities of various ROS and increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes. NPs affect ROS and antioxidant metabolism, and this effect is dependent on NP type and concentration (Table 15.2).





Type of Nanoparticle

1

TiO2

10e2000

Lemna minor

Lemnaceae

200

Mentha piperita

Lamiaceae

Plant Name

Family

Physiological Changes

References

Increased activities of various enzymes (POD, SOD, and CAT) below concentration of 200 mg/L by eliminating accumulated ROS in plant cells Noticeable effect on chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents SOD and CAT activity were increased at concentrations of 200 and 500 mg/L Foliar sprays of ZnO NPs caused a significant increase in chlorophyll content (276.2%), total soluble leaf protein (27.1%), acid phosphatase (73.5%), alkaline phosphatase (48.7%), and phytase (72.4%) over control Increase in root activity, activity of CAT, POD, SOD, chlorophyll, and ferric reductase, malondialdehyde contents, root apoplastic iron contents Improved seed germination and water uptake, healthier seedlings Significant increase in total lipids, proteins, amino acids, and thiol and chlorophyll contents compared to untreated control, but no significance difference among treatments with various concentrations of both nanoparticles Photosynthetic pigments of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were negatively impacted; decrement in Mg2þ of S. obliquus was due to inhibition of Mg2þ-ATPase activity

Song et al. (2012)

2

Al2O3

10e1000

3

ZnO

10

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba

Fabaceae

4

Fe2O3

20

Citrullus lanatus

Cucurbitaceae

5

SWCNTs, MWCNTs SNP ZnO

Oryza sativa

Gramineae

500e4000

Vigna radiate L.

Fabaceae

0.09

Scenedesmus obliquus

Scenedesmaceae

6

7

Fullerenes (nC60)

Samadi et al. (2014) Riahi-Madvar et al. (2012) Raliya and Tarafdar (2013)

Li et al. (2013)

Nair et al. (2012) Patra et al. (2013)

Tao et al. (2015)

CHAPTER 15 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES

Serial No

Concentration of NP in Growth Medium (mg/ L)

308

Table 15.1 Physiological Impact of Some Nanoparticles in Plants

ZnO

Pisum sativum

Fabaceae

Increased root elongation

nSiO2

125e500 mg/kg 8000

9

Lycopersicum esculentum

Solanaceae

Increased germination, improved seedling fresh and dry weight

10

Zn

5e50

Oryza sativa L.

Gramineae

11

ZnO

20e200

Arabidopsis thaliana

Brassicaceae

12

CeO2

100 mg/kg

Glycine max

Fabaceae

13

ZnO

20e60 mg/L

Lupinus termis

Fabaceae

14

nTiO2

100e300 mg/L

Vicia faba

Fabaceae

Improved germination and antioxidant function in plant Gene regulation studies indicated the transcriptional modulation of various genes involved in Zn, macronutrient and micronutrient homeostasis, and hormone regulation Stimulated plant growth and enhanced photosynthesis rate by 54% for bare CeO2 NPs and 36% for PVP-CeO2 NPs Seed priming with ZnO NPs mostly stimulated growth of stressed plants and reinforced levels of photosynthetic pigments, organic solutes, total phenols, ascorbic acid as well as activities of SOD, CAT, POD, and APX enzymes. plants alone Increased activities of enzymatic antioxidants and levels of soluble sugars, amino acids, and proline under salinity stress; increased antioxidant enzyme activities contribute to reduction in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents, while enhanced levels of proline and other metabolites contribute to osmoprotection, collectively resulting in significant plant growth improvement under salinity

Mukherjee et al. (2014) Siddiqui and Al-Whaibi (2014) Upadhyaya et al. (2017b) Nair and Chung (2017)

Cao et al. (2017) Latef et al. (2017a)

Latef et al. (2017b)

15.3 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES ON ROS AND ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM

8

309

310

CHAPTER 15 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES

Table 15.2 Impact of Some Nanoparticles on ROS and Antioxidant System in Plants Serial No

Type of Nanoparticle

1

Nanoceria (cerium oxide NPs)

2

Si

3

TiO2

4

Ag

5

ZnO

Impact on ROS and Antioxidant System

References

Scavenge ROS in isolated chloroplasts and protect plant photosynthesis from detrimental effects of ROS accumulation during abiotic stress Enhance antioxidant enzyme activation and increase plant capabilities to withstand abiotic stresses (salinity, drought, etc.) Enhance antioxidant stress tolerance Increased antioxidant enzyme activities contribute to reduction in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents under salinity Induce ROS (up to 10 mg/L); significant increase in activity of SOD, CAT, and POD; significant increase in content of nonenzymatic antioxidants GSH (Glutathione) and MDA (Malondialdehyde) Decreased MDA content and increased SOD, CAT, POD, and APX activities when applied under salinity stress

Giraldo et al. (2014).

Liang et al. (2007)

Lei et al. (2008) Latef et al. (2017b)

Jiang et al. (2014)

Latef et al. (2017a)

15.4 NANOPARTICLES AND METAL STRESS IN PLANTS Excess metal nutrients in plants cause toxicities and lead to oxidative stress. The essential micronutrients and macronutrients like Zn, Cu, Mn, etc. and For normal plant growth and development, ZnO NPs play an important role as they reduce plant uptake of toxic heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) (Baybordi, 2005; Venkatachalam et al., 2017). Polyhydroxyfullerene (PHF) is a functionalized watersoluble carbon nanomaterial which has several industrial and commercial applications. Pradhan et al. (2014) found that oxidative stress induced by Cd ions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be overcome by PHF. ROS accumulation and disruption of membranes can be decreased up to 36.7% and 30.7%, respectively, by the application of PHF in Cd stress conditions, depending on dose and pH. PHF reduces bioavailability of Cd to the cells by binding Cd in the extracellular medium, and thus decreases Cd-induced oxidative stress. Phytotoxicity of Cr(VI) in pea seedlings can be mitigated by application of Si NPs, which reduce oxidative stress by reducing accumulation of Cr and enhancing antioxidant defense systems (Tripathi et al., 2015b). Venkatachalam et al. (2017) reported that in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.), Cd and Pb stress can be overcome by the application of ZnO NPs, which reverse symptoms of oxidative stress. It has also been demonstrated that total soluble protein and photosynthetic pigment can be increased and peroxidation of membrane lipids can be decreased by foliar application of ZnO NPs to L. leucocephala (Venkatachalam et al., 2017). Antioxidative enzymes such as CAT are found to be elevated in leaves exposed to heavy metals, and various antioxidant enzymes like POD and SOD can be increased by the application of ZnO NPs. ZnO NPs mitigating metal-induced oxidative stress was further confirmed by low lipid peroxidation and elevated antioxidative enzyme levels in growing seedlings of L. leucocephala. The role of ZnO NPs in ameliorate

15.5 NANOPARTICLES AND DROUGHT STRESS IN PLANTS

311

heavy-metal stress in plants is suggested by various studies. Plants absorb essential elements along with heavy metals from the soil, and have evolved different strategies to compete with accumulation of heavy metals. A proteomics analysis technique was used by Mustafa and Komatsu (2016) to identify the cell pathways affected by heavy metals and understand the mechanisms involved. NPs modulate ROS, antioxidants, and energy metabolism in plant cells and thus impede metal-induced oxidative damage. NPs (nanoselenium, nanosized iron oxides, manganese oxides, cerium oxides, titanium oxides, and zinc oxides) show affinity for metal/metalloids adsorption, and their application is being rapidly extended for environmental and abiotic stress management. Due to their various special characteristics, NPs are becoming very significant in cost-effective remediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals. Martı´nez-Ferna´ndez et al. (2017) reported that NPs alleviate the toxicities of metal/metalloids by immobilizing them in the soil and stimulate the growth and development of plants during phytoremediation. However, studies also reveal that nanomaterials themselves can yield both good and bad effects in plant systems at various levels. Nanoecotoxicological studies in recent years give us a good understanding of NP interactions with plants, and many researchers have attempted to clarify and quantify the potential risks and consequences for plants in their application in abiotic stress management and improving crop productivity (Tripathi et al., 2015b, 2017a,b; Mustafa and Komatsu, 2016; Arif et al., 2016; Latef et al., 2017a,b; Cao et al., 2017; Du et al., 2017; Prasad et al., 2017; Rastogi et al., 2017; Venkatachalam et al., 2017; Martı´nez-Ferna´ndez et al., 2017). As the results obtained to date are contradictory, the safety risk of engineered NPs is a barrier to their widespread application for sustainable agriculture. To evaluate the use of NPs for crop improvement and phytoremediation, both positive and negative impacts of NPs on plants must be taken into account in assessing their toxicity and safety, which can determine their relevance as anenvironment-friendly technology.

15.5 NANOPARTICLES AND DROUGHT STRESS IN PLANTS Drought is one of the most frequently occurring abiotic stresses, and significantly decreases crop production in arid regions (Tripathi et al., 2016c). Water is essential for plant survival and transport of nutrients. Plant vitality is weakened by water deficiency or drought (Martı´nez-Vilalta and Pin˜ol, 2002). Water stress can be modulated by application of different NPs. Studies report that drought stress tolerance of plants can be improved by silica NPs. For example, after application of silica NPs drought tolerance increased in hawthorns, with response in the seedlings varying according to different concentrations of Si NP at various levels of drought stress. The experiment reported positive effects in different physiological parameters (Ashkavand et al., 2015). Improved drought tolerance was seen in two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) cultivars after application of silicon (Hattori et al., 2005). Thus to some extent the impact of drought stress can be mitigated by the application of Si NPs. Similarly, Pei (2010) reported that drought stress in wheat can be partially mitigated by application of 1.0 mM concentration of sodium silicate. Sedghi et al. (2013) found that the rate of germination and its percentage in soybean can be increased by ZnO NPs, and nanoZnO application under drought stress decreases seed residual fresh and dry weights, which implies the effectiveness of ZnO NP for enhancing drought tolerance (Sedghi et al., 2013). Several studies indicate that the application of micronutrients can mitigate various abiotic stresses. Foliar application of iron NPs can mitigate drought stress effects on safflower cultivars (Davar et al., 2014). Foliar application of titanium NPs on

312

CHAPTER 15 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES

wheat has been significantly helpful in overcoming adverse effects of drought stress. Various agronomic traits can be enhanced by 0.02% TiO2 NP application under drought stress (Jaberzadeh et al., 2013). Other NPs used to improve drought stress tolerance are silver (Ag) and copper (Cu). Ag NPs were used to reduce the negative effect of drought stress in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic). Hojjat (2016) reported that the loss of plant yield caused by drought stress can be reduced by Ag NPs. Ashkavand et al. (2015) reported that application of nanosilica improves drought stress tolerance in Crataegus sp. Taran et al. (2017) showed that ZnO NPs enhanced drought resistance by increasing antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activities in wheat. Zn and Cu NPs also improved drought resistance in wheat (Taran et al., 2017), increased activity of antioxidative enzymes, reduced lipid peroxidation, and stabilized the content of photosynthetic pigments with increased leaf RWC (Relative water content). Further, Cao et al. (2017) showed that CeO2 NPs when applied at 100 mg/kg of growth medium stimulated plant growth and enhanced the photosynthesis rate by regulating water-use efficiency, activity of Rubisco carboxylase in Glycine max. Dimkpa et al. (2017) reported that a composite of ZnO, B2O3, and CuO NPs can mitigate drought stress in Glycine max. Under drought stress shoot growth and grain yield are increased by 33% and 36% respectively by this formulation; thus under drought stress, crop performance and uptake of N and P are increased by the application of micronutrient NPs. Yang et al. (2017) showed that remodeling of root morphology by CuO and ZnO NPs alters drought tolerance for plants colonized by a beneficial pseudomonad, Triticum aestivum: CuO NPs induced proliferation of elongated root hairs close to the root tip, and ZnO NPs increased lateral root formation in wheat seedlings. Application of NPs resulted in systemic increases in expression of genes associated with tolerance to water stress. Increased expression in shoots of other genes related to metal stress was consistent with higher Cu and Zn levels, and this suggested that the plants grown with CuO or ZnO NPs showed cross-protection for different challenges of metal stress and drought. Sun et al. (2018) reported successful delivery of abscisic acid (ABA) to plants using glutathioneresponsive mesoporous silica NPs (MSNs). The controlled release of the encapsulated ABA from MSNs increased the expression of the ABA inducible marker gene (AtGALK2), and finally improved drought resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. This work demonstrated the concept of using short-chain molecules as gatekeepers to encapsulate biomolecules in MSNs. Some examples of effects of NPs on drought stress in plants are tabulate below (Table 15.3). Table 15.3 summarizes some of the effects of NPs on drought stress in plants.

15.6 NANOPARTICLES AND SALINITY STRESS Like the other abiotic stresses, soil salinity is drastically limiting crop production worldwide (Shrivastava and Kumar, 2015; Parihar et al., 2015; Negra˜o et al., 2017). Saline soil is present in more than 20% of cultivated land globally, and it is expanding daily. In various biochemical and physiological processes, salinity has a negative effect. Some common results of salinity stress experienced by plants are decrease of soil osmotic potential, nutritional imbalance, and increasing specific ionic toxicity (salt stress) (Ashraf, 1994; Parihar et al., 2015; Negra˜o et al., 2017). Salinity also affects the physiological and biological processes within a plant (Parida and Das, 2005). Due to improper irrigation methods and deforestation, secondary salinization is also increasing (Yadav et al., 2011). Toxicity of Naþ and Cl ions and low osmotic potential of soil solution, which leads to water deficiency in plant cells, are negative effects of soil salinity (Parida et al., 2005; Parihar et al., 2015; Negra˜o et al., 2017). Increased production of ROS, decreased efficiency of photosystem II, reduced

15.6 NANOPARTICLES AND SALINITY STRESS

313

Table 15.3 Some Nanoparticles and Their Impact on Drought Stress in Plants Serial No

Types of Nanoparticle

Impact on Drought Stress

References

1

Silica

Improve plant tolerance to drought stress

2

Zinc oxide

3

Iron

4

Titanium

5

Zinc and copper

6

Thiol-gated mesoporous silica NPs (MSNs)

Increase seed germination percentage and germination rate in soybean compared to those subjected to water stress Foliar application can mitigate drought stress effects on yield components and oil percentage of spring safflower cultivars Foliar application on wheat has shown promising results on seed gluten and starch contents of wheat by mitigating adverse effect of drought stress Activity of antioxidative enzymes increased and reduced the level of accumulation of MDA and the application of the nanoparticles stabilized content of photosynthetic pigments and increased RWC in wheat leaves under drought Controlled release of encapsulated ABA from MSNs markedly prolongs expression of ABA-inducible marker gene (AtGALK2) and improves drought-resistance ability of Arabidopsis seedlings under drought stress, demonstrating concept of using short-chain molecules as gatekeepers to encapsulate biomolecules in MSNs

Ashkavand et al. (2015) Sedghi et al. (2013) Davar et al. (2014) Jaberzadeh et al. (2013) Taran et al. (2017)

Sun et al. (2018)

stomatal conductance, and decreased content of photosynthetic pigments are seen in plants submitted to salt stress. Thus CO2 assimilation is decreased in saline conditions, which leads to lower growth rates and productivity (Parida et al., 2005). Application of different NPs could be a potential approach to overcome salinity stress. Studies indicate that under salinity stress, silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) NPs develop a layer in cell walls that help plants to overcome the stress and maintain yield (Derosa et al., 2010). Application of SiO2 NPs increases seed germination and enhances antioxidant systems in tomato and squash (Siddiqui et al., 2014; Haghighi and Pourkhaloee, 2013). Kalteh et al. (2014) reported that silica NPs and fertilizer have a positive impact on physiological and morphological traits of basil. Abiotic stress tolerance in plants is enhanced by application of nanoSiO2 causing upregulation of various physiological and biochemical activities (Haghighi et al., 2012; Kalteh et al., 2014; Siddiqui et al., 2014). Under salinity stress, seed germination and seedling growth of lentils is increased by the application of SiO2 NP. To mitigate salt toxicity, the NPs boost the defense mechanism of plants (Sabaghnia and Janmohammad, 2015). In tomato seeds and seedlings the effect of silicon NPs in overcoming stress was studied. Haghighi et al. (2012) reported that in basil under salinity stress, Si NPs decrease the impact of salt toxicity on different physiological parameters. Naþ ion toxicity results in reduction of crop yield under salinity stress and this toxicity can be mitigate by SiO2 NPs, leading to increased and improved crop production in these adverse conditions (Savvasd et al., 2009). SiO2 NPs also increase fresh weight in maize under salinity stress (Gao et al., 2006). An appropriate concentration of iron NPs can be used for

314

CHAPTER 15 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES

salt stress resistance in peppermint. By reducing the absorption of Naþ ion by plant tissues, SiO2 NPs help plants to alter the osmotic potential of salt stress . Rossi et al. (2016) reported that in Brassica napus L. under salt stress, cerium oxide NPs help the plants to mitigate the adverse conditions. In irrigation conditions using both saline water and fresh water, more biomass, more efficient chloroplast, and less stress are seen in plants treated with CeO2 NPs. Some examples of impacts of NPs on salinity stress of plants are given in the Table 15.4. Table 15.4 summarizes some of the ways in which NPs can aid plants in combating salt stress.

Table 15.4 Impact of Some Nanoparticles on Salinity Stress Responses of Plants Serial No

Types of Nanoparticle

1

SiO2

2

CeO2

3

ZnO

4

Chitosan (S-nitrosoMSA-CS)

5

Fe2O3

Impact on Salinity Stress

References

Increase chlorophyll content, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and proline accumulation, and upregulate antioxidant enzyme activity under salinity stress; these may be corroborated to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in plants Ameliorate different defense mechanisms of plants against salt toxicity Application in maize increases fresh weight under salinity stress Seed germination and antioxidant system are enhanced in tomato and squash

Kalteh et al. (2014), Siddiqui et al. (2014), Haghighi et al. (2012)

At 100 mg/kg CeO2 NPs stimulated plant growth and enhanced the photosynthesis rate by regulating photosynthesis, water use efficiency, Rubisco carboxylase in Glycine max Treated plants show higher plant biomass and higher efficiency of photosynthetic apparatus Alter plant salt stress responses by inhibition of salt uptake without any change in nutritional value of Brassica napus L. At 20e60 mg/L mostly modulate growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant responses, and protect Luminus termis from salinity stress S-nitroso-MSA nanoencapsulation increases NO bioactivity in salt-stressed plants, protects maize plants by ameliorating deleterious effects of salinity in photosystem II activity, and increases chlorophyll content and growth even at lower doses Modulated salt stress responses in peppermint by increases in leaf fresh weight and dry weight, phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, and calcium contents, and decreased lipid peroxidation

Sabaghnia and Janmohammad (2015) Gao et al. (2006) Siddiqui et al. (2014), Haghighi and Pourkhaloee (2013) Cao et al. (2017)

Rossi et al. (2016)

Latef et al. (2017a)

Oliveira et al. (2016)

Askary et al. (2017)

15.8 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES

315

15.7 NANOPARTICLES AND OTHER ABIOTIC STRESSES Different abiotic stresses cause oxidative stress in plants, affecting growth and development. TiO2 NPs play a significant role in mitigating light stress. When exposed to light, TiO2 NPs catalyze the oxidation reduction reaction, which leads to the generation of superoxideanion radicals and hydroxide. Ultraviolet (UV) light has a negative impact on plant growth as it induces oxidative stress. Photosynthesis is reduced and normal leaf structure is changed by exposure to UV-B radiation. This induces ROS generation in plant cells. Tripathi et al. (2017a) reported that UV-B generates H2O2 and superoxide radicas, and increased lipid peroxidation and leakage of electrolytes. This rise in ROS level may be due to UV-B-induced inhibition of SOD and APX activities. In wheat, Si NPs increase antioxidant activity to regulate oxidative stress resulting from UV-B exposure. It is suggested that by counterbalancing photosynthetic damage caused by the activities of ROS, Si NPs protect the plants by triggering the antioxidant defense system. Tripathi et al. (2017a) reported that in wheat seedlings, Si NPs alleviate the stress of UV-B more effectively than silicon. Herbicides are chemical substances used to control weed growth in agroecosystems. Paraquat is a methyl viologen herbicide extensively used to control weeds in the rice Azolla ecosystem (Sood et al., 2011). Recently, Fan et al. (2018) showed that multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modulate paraquat toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Studies reveal that MWCNTs can promote the growth of lateral roots and photosynthesis in Arabidopsis and protect against paraquat toxicity by decreasing paraquat bioavailability and stimulating photosynthesis and oxidative-stress-related protein expression. Thus NPs modulate abioticstress-induced responses at different levels in plants, and may be considered as potential tools in the process of abiotic stress management in crops. However, proper tuning of the physicochemical, optical, electrical, and biological properties of NPs is essential in NP engineering to ensure little or no toxicity for their application in agriculture.

15.8 CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES Nanotechnology is a very innovative and useful branch of science that has revolutionized various fields. Use of NPs to improve crop plants is still at an early stage, so it is essential to gain basic knowledge about the interaction of NPs with plants at various levels to exploit the best properties of NPs. NPs show their impact at very low concentrations, and the effect on plants is type and dose dependent. The scientific community has a major concern to overcome abiotic-stress-induced loss of crop productivity, and several NPs are being studied to assess their potential role in protecting plants from abiotic stresses, plant development, crop production, and modulating the various plant processes. NPs have been shown to be an attractive alternative for the manufacture of nanofertilizers, which are more efficient and effective than traditional fertilizers. Additionally, to prevent adverse effects of NPs on the environment, proper understanding of their role is essential: to reduce negative impacts of NPs such as ZnO NPs on the environment and crops, it is vital to engineer their properties and understand planteNP interactions better before their practical application in the field.

316

CHAPTER 15 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES

REFERENCES Apel, K., Hirt, H., 2004. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55, 373e399. Arif, N., Yadav, V., Singh, S., Singh, S., Ahmad, P., Mishra, R.K., Sharma, S., Tripathi, D.K., Dubey, N.K., Chauhan, D.K., 2016. Influence of high and low levels of plant-beneficial heavy metal ions on plant growth and development. Front. Environ. Sci. 4, 69. Arora, A., Sairam, R., Srivastava, G., 2002. Oxidative stress and antioxidative system in plants. Curr. Sci. 82, 1227e1238. Ashkavand, P., Tabari, M., Zarafshar, M., Toma´skova´, I., Struve, D., 2015. Effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on drought resistance in hawthorn seedlings. Forest Res. Papers Grudzie n (Lesne Prace Badawcze) 76 (4), 350e359. Ashraf, M., 1994. Organic substances responsible for salt tolerance in Eruca sativa. Biol. Plant. 36, 255e259. Askary, M., Talebi, S.M., Amini, F., Bangan, A.D.B., 2017. Effects of iron nanoparticles on Menthapiperita L. under salinity stress. Biologija 63 (1). Barrena, R., Casals, E., Colon, J., Font, X., Sanchez, A., Puntes, V., 2009. Evaluation of the ecotoxicity of model nanoparticles. Chemosphere 7, 850e857. Baybordi, A., 2005. Effect of zinc, iron, manganese and copper on wheat quality under salt stress conditions. J. Water Soil 140, 150e170. Cao, Z., Stowers, C., Rossi, L., Zhang, W., Lombardini, L., Ma, X., 2017. Physiological effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the photosynthesis and water use efficiency of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Environ. Sci. Nano 4 (5), 1086e1094. Davar, F., Zareii, A.R., Amir, H., 2014. Evaluation the effect of water stress and foliar application of Fe nanoparticles on yield, yield components and oil percentage of safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.). Int. J. Adv. Biol. Biomed. Res. 2 (4), 1150e1159. Demidchik, V., 2015. Mechanisms of oxidative stress in plants: from classical chemistry to cell biology. Environ. Exp. Bot. 109, 212e228. Derosa, M.R., Monreal, C., Schmitzer, M., Walsh, R., Sultan, Y., 2010. Nanotechnology in fertilizers. Nat. Nanotechnol. 1, 193e225. Dimkpa, C.O., Bindraban, P.S., Fugice, J., et al., 2017. Composite micronutrient nanoparticles and salts decrease drought stress in soybean. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 37, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-016-0412-8. Dismukes, G.C., Klimov, V.V., Baranov, S.V., Kozlov, Y.N., DasGupta, J., Tyryshkin, A., 2001. The origin of atmospheric oxygen on Earth: the innovation of oxygenic photosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98, 2170e2175. Du, W., Tan, W., Peralta-Videa, J.R., Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., Ji, R., Yin, Y., Guo, H., 2017. Interaction of metal oxide nanoparticles with higher terrestrial plants: physiological and biochemical aspects. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 110, 210e225. Dubchak, S., Ogar, A., Mietelski, J.W., Turnau, K., 2010. Influence of silver and titanium nanoparticles on arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization and accumulation of radiocaesium in Helianthus annuus. Span. J. Agric. Res. 8, S103eS108. Fan, X., Xu, J., Lavoie, M., Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M., Zhu, Y., Lu, T., Fu, Z., Zhu, T., Qian, H., 2018. Multiwall carbon nanotubes modulate paraquat toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Environ. Pollut. 233, 633e641. Fortina, P., Kricka, L.J., Surrey, S., Grodzinski, P., 2005. Nanobiotechnology: the promise and reality of new approaches to molecular recognition. Trends Biotechnol. 23, 168. Foyer, C.H., Noctor, G., 2005. Oxidant and antioxidant signaling in plants: a re-evaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell Environ. 29, 1056e1107. Gao, X., Zou, C.H., Wang, L., Zhang, F., 2006. Silicon decreases transpiration rate and conductance from stomata of maize plants. J. Plant Nutr. 29, 1637e1647.

REFERENCES

317

Giraldo, J.P., Landry, M.P., Faltermeier, S.M., McNicholas, T.P., Iverson, N.M., Boghossian, A.A., Reuel, N.F., Hilmer, A.J., Sen, F., Brew, J.A., Strano, M.S., 2014. Plant nanobionics approach to augment photosynthesis and biochemical sensing. Nat. Mater. 13, 400e408. Haghighi, M., Pourkhaloee, A., 2013. Nanoparticles in agricultural soils: their risks and benefits for seed germination. Minerva Biotecnol. 25 (2), 123e132. Haghighi, M., Afifipour, Z., Mozafarian, M., 2012. The effect of N-Si on tomato seed germination under salinity levels. J. Biol. Environ. Sci. 6, 87e90. Hattori, T., Inanaga, S., Araki, H., An, P., Morita, S., Luxova´, M., Lux, A., 2005. Application of silicon enhanced drought tolerance in Sorghum bicolour. Physiol. Plant. 123, 459e466. Hojjat, 2016. The Effect of silver nanoparticle on lentil Seed Germination under drought stress. Int. J. Farming Allied Sci. 5 (3), 208e212. Hong, F., Yang, F., Liu, C., Gao, Q., Wan, Z., Gu, F., Wu, C., Ma, Z., Zhou, J., Yang, P., 2005. Influence of nanoTiO2 on the chloroplast aging of spinach under light. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 104, 249e260. Jaberzadeh, A., Payam, M., Hamid, R., Tohidi, M., Hossein, Z., 2013. Influence of bulk and nanoparticles titanium foliar application on some agronomic traits, seed gluten and starch contents of wheat subjected to water deficit stress. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj Napoca 41 (1), 201e207. Jiang, H., Liu, J.K., Wang, J.D., Lu, Y., Zhang, M., Yang, X.H., Hong, D.J., 2014. The biotoxicity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to the plant growth. J Hazard Mater 270e271. Kalteh, M., Zarrin, T.A., Shahram, A., Maryam, M.A., Alireza, F.N., 2014. Effect of silica nanoparticles on basil (Ocimum basilicum) under salinity stress. J. Chem. Health Risks 4 (3), 49e55. Karuppanapandian, T., Manoharan, K., 2008. Uptake and translocation of tri- and hexa-valent chromium and their effects on black gram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper cv. Co4) roots. J. Plant Biol. 51, 192e201. Karuppanapandian, T., Sinha, P.B., Kamarul, H.A., Manoharan, K., 2006a. Differential antioxidative responses of ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes and metabolites to chromium stress in green gram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) leaves. J. Plant Biol. 49, 440e447. Karuppanapandian, T., Sinha, P.B., Kamarul, H.A., Premkumar, G., Manoharan, K., 2006b. Aluminium-induced changes in antioxidative enzyme activities, hydrogen peroxide content and cell wall peroxidase activity in green gram (Vigna radiata L. cv. Wilczek) roots. J. Plant Biol. 33, 241e246. Karuppanapandian, T., Sinha, P.B., Premkumar, G., Manoharan, K., 2006c. Chromium toxicity: correlated with increased in degradation of photosynthetic pigments and total soluble protein and increased peroxidase activity in green gram (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings. J. Swamy Bot. Club 23, 117e122. Karuppanapandian, T., Saranyadevi, A.R., Jeyalakshmi, K., Manoharan, K., 2008. Mechanism, control and regulation of leaf senescence in plants. J. Plant Biol. 35, 141e155. Karuppanapandian, T., Sinha, P.B., Kamarul, H.A., Manoharan, K., 2009. Chromium-induced accumulation of peroxide content, stimulation of antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation in green gram (Vigna radiata L. cv. Wilczek) leaves. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8, 475e479. Karuppanapandian, T., Wang, H.W., Prabakaran, N., Jeyalakshmi, K., Kwon, M., Manoharan, K., Kim, W., 2011. 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-induced leaf senescence in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) and senescence inhibition by co-treatment with silver nanoparticles. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 49, 168e177. Krishnaraj, C., Jagan, E.G., Ramachandran, R., Abirami, S.M., Mohan, N., Kalaichelvan, P.T., 2012. Effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on Bacopamonnieri (Linn.)Wettst. plant growth metabolism. Process Biochem. 47, 651e658. Latef, A.A.H.A., Alhmad, M.F.A., Abdelfattah, K.E., 2017a. The possible roles of priming with ZnO nanoparticles in mitigation of salinity stress in lupine (Lupinus termis) plants. J. Plant Growth Regul. 36 (1), 60e70. Latef, A., Hamed, A.A., Srivastava, A.K., El-sadek, M.S.A., Kordrostami, M., Tran, L.S.P., 2017b. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles improve growth and enhance tolerance of broad bean plants under saline soil conditions. Land Degrad. Dev. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2780.

318

CHAPTER 15 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES

Laware, S.L., Raskar, S., 2014. Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on hydrolytic and antioxidant enzymes during seed germination in onion. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 3 (7), 749e760. Lei, Z., Su, M.Y., Wu, X., Liu, C., Qu, C.X., Chen, L., Huang, H., Liu, X.Q., Hong, F.S., 2008. Antioxidant stress is promoted by nano-anatase in spinach chloroplasts under UV-Beta radiation. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 121, 69e79. Li, J., Chang, P.R., Huang, J., Wang, Y., Yuan, H., 2013. Physiological effects of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles towards watermelon. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 13, 5561e5567. Liang, Y., Sun, W., Zhu, Y.G., Christie, P., 2007. Mechanisms of silicon mediated alleviation of abiotic stresses in higher plants: a review. Environ. Pollut. 147, 422e428. Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P.C., Sohrabi, Y., 2010. Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 4, 580e585. Mankad, M., Fougat, R.S., Patel, A., Mankad, P., Patil, G., Subhash, N., 2017. Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Martı´nez-Ferna´ndez, D., Vı´tkova´, M., Micha´lkova´, Z., Koma´rek, M., 2017. Engineered nanomaterials for phytoremediation of metal/metalloid-contaminated soils: implications for plant physiology. In: Ansari, A., Gill, S., Gill, R., Lanza, G.R., Newman, L. (Eds.), Phytoremediation. Springer, Cham. Martı´nez-Vilalta, J., Pin˜ol, J., 2002. Drought-induced mortality and hydraulic architecture in pine populations of the NE Iberian Peninsula. For. Ecol. Manag. 161, 247e256. Mishra, S., Singh, H.B., 2016. Preparation of biomediated metal nanoparticles. Indian Patent Filed, 201611003248. Mishra, S., Keswani, C., Abhilash, P.C., Fraceto, L.F., Singh, H.B., 2017. Integrated Approach of Agrinanotechnology: Challenges and Future Trends. Front. Plant Sci.8 471. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017. 00471. Mittler, R., 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 7, 405e410. Mittler, R., 2006. Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination. Trends in plant science 11 (1), 15e19. Mukherjee, A., Peralta-Videa, J.R., Bandyopadhyay, S., Rico, C.M., Zhao, L.J., Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., 2014. Physiological effects of nanoparticulate ZnO in green peas (Pisum sativum L.) cultivated in soil. Metallomics 6, 132e138. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3mt00064h [PubMed] [Cross Ref]. Munne-Bosch, S., Alegre, L., 2004. Die and let live: leaf senescence contributes to plant survival under drought stress. Funct. Plant Biol. 31, 203e216. Mustafa, G., Komatsu, S., 2016. Toxicity of heavy metals and metal-containing nanoparticles on plants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom. 1864 (8), 932e944. Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M., Rahman, A., Alam, M.M., Mahmud, J.A., Suzuki, T., Fujita, M., 2016. Polyamines Confer Salt Tolerance in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) by Reducing Sodium Uptake, Improving Nutrient Homeostasis, Antioxidant Defense, and Methylglyoxal Detoxification Systems. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 1104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01104. Nair, R., Mohamed, S.M., Gao, W., Maekawa, T., Yoshida, Y., Ajayan, P.M., Kumar, D.S., 2012. Effect of carbon nanomaterials on the germination and growth of rice plants. J Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 12 (2012), 2212e2220. Nair, P.M.G., Chung, I.M., 2017. Regulation of morphological, molecular and nutrient status in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in response to ZnO nanoparticles and Zn ion exposure. Sci. Total Environ. 575, 187e198. Navrot, N., Roubier, N., Gelbaye, E., Jacquot, J.P., 2007. Reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidant systems in plant mitochondria. Physiol. Plant. 129, 185e195. Negra˜o, S., Schmo¨ckel, S.M., Tester, M., 2017. Evaluating physiological responses of plants to salinity stress. Ann. Bot. 119 (1), 1e11. Nel, A., Xia, T., Madler, L., Li, N., 2006. Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 311, 622e627. Oliveira, H.C., Gomes, B.C., Pelegrino, M.T., Seabra, A.B., 2016. Nitric oxide-releasing chitosan nanoparticles alleviate the effects of salt stress in maize plants. Nitric Oxide 61, 10e19.

REFERENCES

319

Parida, A.K., Das, A.B., 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 60, 324e349. Parihar, P., Singh, S., Singh, R., Singh, V.P., Prasad, S.M., 2015. Effect of salinity stress on plants and its tolerance strategies: a review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser. 22 (6), 4056e4075. Patra, P., Choudhury, S.R., Mandal, S., Basu, A., Goswami, A., 2013. Effect of sulfur and ZnO nanoparticles on stress physiology and plant (Vigna radiata) nutrition. In: Giri, P.K., Goswami, D.K., Perumal, A. (Eds.), Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology. Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 301e309. Pei, S., Zhao, J., Du, J., Ren, W., Cheng, H.M., 2010. Direct reduction of graphene oxide films into highly conductive and flexible graphene films by hydrohalic acids. Carbon 48 (15), 4466e4474. Pradhan, S., Patra, P., Mitra, S., Dey, K.K., Jain, S., Sarkar, S., Roy, S., Palit, P., Goswami, A., 2014. Manganese nanoparticles: impact on non-nodulated plant as a potent enhancer in nitrogen metabolism and toxicity study both in vivo and in vitro. J Agric. Food Chem. 62, 8777. Prasad, R., Bhattacharyya, A., Nguyen, Q.D., 2017. Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives. Frontiers in Microbiology 8, 1014. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmicb.2017.01014. Perez-de-Luque, A., Diego, R., 2009. Nanotechnology for parasitic plant control. Pest Manag. Sci. 65, 540e545. Raliya, R., Tarafdar, J.C., 2013. ZnO nanoparticle biosynthesis and its effect on phosphorous-mobilizing enzyme secretion and gum contents in cluster bean (Cyamopsistetragonoloba L.). Agric. Res. 2 (1), 48e57, 107. Rastogi, A., Zivcak, M., Sytar, O., Kalaji, H.M., He, X., Mbarki, S., Brestic, M., 2017. Impact of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on plant: a critical review. Front. Chem. 5, 78. Riahi-Madvar, A., Rezaee, F., Jalili, V., 2012. Effects of alumina nanoparticles on morphological properties and antioxidant system of Triticum aestivum. Iran. J. Plant Physiol. 3, 595e603. Rico, C.M., Peralta-Videa, J.R., Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., 2015. Chemistry, biochemistry of nanoparticles, and their role in antioxidant defense system in plants. In: Nanotechnology and Plant Sciences. Springer International Publishing, pp. 1e17. Robinson, D.K.R., Morrison, M., 2009. Nanotechnology Developments for the Agri Food Sector Report. Roco, M.C., 2003. Broader societal issue of nanotechnology. J. Nanopart. Res. 5, 181e189. Rossi, L., Zhang, W., Lombardini, L., Ma, X., 2016. The impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the salt stress responses of Brassica napus L. Environ. Pollut. 219, 28e36. Sabaghnia, N., Janmohammad, M., 2015. Effect of nano-silicon particles application on salinity tolerance in early growth of some lentil genotypes. Ann. UMCS Biol. 69 (2), 39e55. Sabir, S., Arshad, M., Chaudhari, S.K., 2014. Zinc oxide nanoparticles for revolutionizing agriculture: synthesis and applications. Sci. World J. 2014. Samadi, N., Yahyaabadi, S., Rezayatmand, Z., 2014. Effect of TiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticle on germination, root and shoot length and photosynthetic pigments of Mentha piperita. Int. J. Plant Soil Sci. 3, 408e418. Savvasd, G., Giotes, D., Chatzieustratiou, E., Bakea, M., Patakioutad, G., 2009. Silicon supply in soilless cultivation of zucchini alleviates stress induced by salinity and powdery mildew infection. Environ. Exp. Bot. 65, 11e17. Sedghi, M., Hadi, M., Toluie, S.G., 2013. Effect of nano zinc oxide on the germination parameters of soybean seeds under drought stress. Ann. WUT-ser. Biol. XVI, 73e78. Shome, S., Bhattacharya, M.K., Panda, S.K., Upadhyaya, H., 2015. PEG induced water stress alters growth and antioxidant responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ECOBIOS 8 (1e2), 73e82. Shrivastava, P., Kumar, R., 2015. Soil salinity:a serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tolls for its alleviation. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 22, 123e131. Shweta, Tripathi, D.K., Singh, S., Singh, S., Dubey, N.K., Chauhan, D.K., 2016. Impact of nanoparticles on photosynthesis: challenges and opportunities. Mater. Focus 5 (5), 405e411.

320

CHAPTER 15 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES

Shweta, Vishwakarma, K., Sharma, S., Narayan, R.P., Srivastava, P., Khan, A.S., Dubey, N.K., Tripathi, D.K., Chauhan, D.K., 2017. Plants and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) interface: present status and future prospects. In: Nanotechnology. Springer, Singapore, pp. 317e340. Siddiqui, M.H., Al-Whaibi, M.H., 2014. Role of nano-SiO2 in germination of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum seeds Mill.). Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 21 (1), 13e17. Siddiqui, M.H., Al-Whaibi, M.H., Faisal, M., Al Sahli, A.A., 2014. Nano- silicon dioxide mitigates the adverse effects of salt stress on Cucurbita pepo L. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 33 (11), 2429. Sindhura, K.S., Prasad, T.N.V.K.V., Selvam, P.P., Hussain, O.M., 2014. Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of effect of phytogenic zinc nanoparticles on soil exo-enzymes. Appl. Nanosci. 4, 819e827. Singh, A., Singh, S., Prasad, S.M., 2016a. Scope of nanotechnology in crop science: profit or loss. RRJBS 5 (1). Singh, S., Tripathi, D.K., Dubey, N.K., Chauhan, D.K., 2016b. Effects of nano-materials on seed germination and seedling growth: striking the slight balance between the concepts and controversies. Mater. Focus 5 (3), 195e201. Singh, S., Tripathi, D.K., Singh, S., Sharma, S., Dubey, N.K., Chauhan, D.K., Vaculı´k, M., 2017a. Toxicity of aluminium on various levels of plant cells and organism: a review. Environ. Exp. Bot. 137, 177e193. Song, G., Gao, Y., Wu, H., Hou, W., Zhang, C., 2012. Physiological effect of anatase TiO2 nanoparticle on Lemna minor. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 31, 2147e2152. Sood, A., Pabbi, S., Uniyal, P.L., 2011. Effects of paraquat on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in aquatic fern Azollamicrophylla. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 58 (4), 667e673. Sun, D., Hussain, H.I., Yi, Z., Rookes, J.E., Kong, L., Cahill, D.M., 2018. Delivery of abscisic acid to plants using glutathione responsive mesoporous silica nanoparticles. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 18 (3), 1615e1625. Tan, W., Du, W., Barrios, A.C., Armendariz, R., Zuverza-Mena, N., Ji, Z., Chang, C.H., Zink, J.I., HernandezViezcas, J.A., Peralta-Videa, J.R., Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., 2017. Surface coating changes the physiological and biochemical impacts of nano-TiO2 in basil (Ocimum basilicum) plants. Environ. Pollut. 222, 64e72. Tao, X., Yu, Y., Fortner, J.D., He, Y., Chen, Y., Hughes, J.B., 2015. Effects of aqueous stable fullerene nanocrystal (nC60) on Scenedesmus obliquus: evaluation of the sub-lethal photosynthetic responses and inhibition mechanism. Chemosphere 122, 162e167. Taran, N., Storozhenko, V., Svietlova, N., Batsmanova, L., Shvartau, V., Kovalenko, M., 2017. Effect of zinc and copper nanoparticles on drought resistance of wheat seedlings. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 12 (1), 60. Tassi, E., Giorgetti, L., Morelli, E., Peralta-Videa, J.R., Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., Barbafieri, M., 2017. Physiological and biochemical responses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) exposed to nano-CeO2 and excess boron: modulation of boron phytotoxicity. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 110, 50e58. Tayyab, Q.M., Almas, M.H., Jilani, G., Razzaq, A., 2016. Nanoparticles and plant growth dynamics: a review. J. Appl. Agric. Biotechnol. 1 (2), 14e22. Torney, F., Trewyn, B.G., Lin, V.S.Y., Wang, K., 2007. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles deliver DNA and chemicals into plants. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 295e300. Torres, M.A., Dangl, J.L., Jones, J.D.G., 2002. Arabidopsis gp91phox homologues AtrbohD and AtrbohF are required for accumulation of reactive oxygen intermediates in the plant defense response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 517e522. Tripathi, D.K., Singh, V.P., Kumar, D., Chauhan, D.K., 2012. Impact of exogenous silicon addition on chromium uptake, growth, mineral elements, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and leaf and root structures in rice seedlings exposed to hexavalent chromium. Acta Physiol. Plant 34, 279e289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738011-0826-5. Tripathi, D.K., Singh, V.P., Gangwar, S., Prasad, S.M., Maurya, J.N., Chauhan, D.K., 2014. Role of silicon in enrichment of plant nutrients and protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. In: Improvement of Crops in the Era of Climatic. Springer, New York, pp. 39e56. Tripathi, D.K., Singh, S., Singh, S., Mishra, S., Chauhan, D.K., Dubey, N.K., 2015a. Micronutrients and their diverse role in agricultural crops: advances and future prospective. Acta Physiol. Plant. 37 (7), 1e14.

REFERENCES

321

Tripathi, D.K., Singh, V.P., Prasad, S.M., Chauhan, D.K., Dubey, N.K., 2015b. Silicon nanoparticles (SiNp) alleviate chromium (VI) phytotoxicity in Pisum sativum (L.) seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 96, 189e198. Tripathi, D.K., Singh, S., Singh, V.P., Prasad, S.M., Chauhan, D.K., Dubey, N.K., 2016a. Silicon nanoparticles more efficiently alleviate arsenate toxicity than silicon in maize cultivar and hybrid differing in arsenate tolerance. Front. Environ. Sci. 4, 46. Tripathi, A., Tripathi, D.K., Chauhan, D.K., Kumar, N., 2016b. Chromium (VI)-induced phytotoxicity in river catchment agriculture: evidence from physiological, biochemical and anatomical alterations in Cucumis sativus (L.) used as model species. Chem. Ecol. 32 (1), 12e33. Tripathi, D.K., Singh, S., Singh, S., Chauhan, D.K., Dubey, N.K., Prasad, R., 2016c. Silicon as a Beneficial Element to Combat the Adverse Effect of Drought in Agricultural Crops. Water Stress and Crop Plants: A Sustainable Approach, pp. 682e694. Tripathi, D.K., Singh, S., Singh, V.P., Prasad, S.M., Dubey, N.K., Chauhan, D.K., 2017a. Silicon nanoparticles more effectively alleviated UV-B stress than silicon in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 110, 70e81. Tripathi, D.K., Singh, S., Singh, S., Pandey, R., Singh, V.P., Sharma, N.C., et al., 2017b. An overview on manufactured nanoparticles in plants: uptake, translocation, accumulation and phytotoxicity. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 110, 2e12. Tripathi, D.K., Tripathi, A., Guar, S., Singh, S., Singh, Y., Vishwakarma, K., et al., 2017c. Uptake, accumulation and toxicity of silver nanoparticle in autotrophic plants, and heterotrophic microbes: a concentric review. Front. Microbiol. 8, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00007. Tripathi, D.K., Singh, S., Singh, S., Srivastava, P.K., Singh, V.P., Singh, S., et al., 2017d. Nitric oxide alleviates silver nanoparticles (AgNps)-induced phytotoxicity in Pisum sativum seedlings. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 110, 167e177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.015. Tripathi, A., Liu, S., Singh, P.K., Kumar, N., Pandey, A.C., Tripathi, D.K., Chauhan, D.K., Sahi, S., 2017e. Differential phytotoxic responses of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver nanoparticle (AgNps) in Cucumis sativus L. Plant Gene 11, 255e264. Tripathi, D.K., Mishra, R.K., Singh, S., Singh, S., Vishwakarma, K., Sharma, S., Singh, V.P., Singh, P.K., Prasad, S.M., Dubey, N.K., Pandey, A.C., 2017f. Nitric oxide ameliorates zinc oxide nanoparticles phytotoxicity in wheat seedlings: implication of the ascorbateeglutathione cycle. Front. Plant Sci. 8. Tripathi, D.K., Shweta, S.S., Yadav, V., Arif, N., Singh, S., Dubey, N.K., Chauhan, D.K., 2017g. Silicon: a potential element to combat adverse impact of UV-B in plants. In: UV-B Radiation: From Environmental Stressor to Regulator of Plant Growth, vol. 1, pp. 175e195. Tripathi, D.K., Bashri, G., Shweta, S., Ahmad, P., Singh, V.P., 2017h. Efficacy of silicon against aluminum toxicity in plants: an overview. In: Silicon in Plants: Advances and Future Prospects, vol. 1, pp. 355e366. Upadhyaya, H., Panda, S.K., Dutta, B.K., 2008. Variation of physiological and antioxidative responses in tea cultivars subjected to elevated water stress followed by rehydration recovery. Acta Physiol. Plant. 30 (4), 457e468. Upadhyaya, H., Shome, S., Tewari, S.K., Panda, S.K., 2015. Effect of Zn Np on Growth Responses of Rice. Nanotechnology: Novel Perspectives and Prospects, pp. 508e512. Upadhyaya, H., Shome, S., Tewari, S., Bhattacharya, M.K., Panda, S.K., 2016. Zinc nanoparticles induced comparative growth responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. In: Paul, S., Tewari, S. (Eds.), Frontiers of Research in Physical Sciences, pp. 71e77. Upadhyaya, H., Dutta, B.K., Panda, S.K., 2017a. Impact of zinc on dehydration and rehydration responses in tea. Biol. Plant. 1e4. Upadhyaya, H., Roy, H., Shome, S., Tewari, S., Bhattacharya, M.K., Panda, S.K., 2017b. Physiological impact of zinc nanoparticle on germination of rice (Oryza sativa L) seed. J. Plant Sci. Phytopathol. 1, 062e070. Vellosillo, T., Vicente, J., Kulasekaran, S., Hamberg, M., Castresana, C., 2010. Emerging complexity in reactive oxygen species production and signaling during the response of plants to pathogens. Plant Physiol. 154, 444e448.

322

CHAPTER 15 IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLES

Venkatachalam, P., Jayaraj, M., Manikandan, R., Geetha, N., Rene, E.R., Sharma, N.C., Sahi, S.V., 2017. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) alleviate heavy metal-induced toxicity in Leucaena leucocephala seedlings: a physiochemical analysis. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 110, 59e69. Wang, L.J., Guo, Z.M., Li, T.J., Li, M., 2001. The nano structure SiO2 in the plants. Chin. Sci. Bull. 46, 625e631. Yadav, S., Irfan, M., Ahmad, A., Hayat, S., 2011. Causes of salinity and plant manifestations to salt stress: a review. J. Environ. Biol. 32, 667e685. Yang, F., Hong, F., You, W., Liu, C., Gao, F., Wu, C., Yang, P., 2006. Influence of nano-anatase TiO2 on the nitrogen metabolism of growing spinach. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 110 (2), 179e190. Yang, K.Y., Doxey, S., McLean, J.E., Britt, D., Watson, A., Al Qassy, D., Jacobson, A.R., Anderson, A., 2017. Remodeling of root morphology by CuO and ZnO nanoparticles: effects on drought tolerance for plants colonized by a beneficial pseudomonad. Botany. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2017-0124 (ja).

FURTHER READING Boyer, J.S., 1982. Plant productivity and environment. Science 218 (4571), 443e448. Ghooshchi, F., 2017. Influence of titanium and bio-fertilizers on some agronomic and physiological attributes of triticale exposed to cadmium stress. Global Nest J. 19 (3), 458e463. Khodakovskaya, M.V., de Silva, K., Nedosekin, D.A., Dervishi, E., Biris, A.S., Shashkov, E.V., Ekaterina, I.G., Zharov, V.P., 2011. Complex genetic, photo thermal, and photo acoustic analysis of nanoparticle-plant interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (3), 1028e1033. Raskar, S.V., Laware, S.L., 2014. Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on cytology and seed germination in onion. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 3 (2), 467e473. Raven, J.A., 1982. Transport and function of silicon in plants. Biol. Rev. 58, 179e207. Singh, S., Vishwakarma, K., Singh, S., Sharma, S., Dubey, N.K., Singh, V.K., Liu, S., Tripathi, D.K., Chauhan, D.K., 2017b. Understanding the plant and nanoparticle interface at transcriptomic and proteomic level: a concentric overview. Plant Gene. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plgene.2017.03.006.