- Email: [email protected]
Impacts of biomass power generation and CO2 taxation on electricity generation expansion planning and environmental emissions
07 Alternative energy sources (solar energy) ation by competitors and varying transportation costs. In the current Thai situation, only a state-of-the-art combustion plant seems to be able to operate economically on residues. It is concluded that assessing the risks connected to the fuel supply is vital for the successful operation of large-scale bio-energy projects.
02/02068 Impacts of biomass power generation and CO2 taxation on electricity generation expansion planning and environmental emissions Santisirisomboon, J. et al. Energy Policy, 2001, 29, ([2), 975-985. Thailand has a high potential to utilize renewable energy for electricity generation especially from agricultural waste; however, at present only a small fraction of biomass is used for energy purposes. This study aims to estimate the potential of biomass power generation and its impact on power generation expansion planning as well as mitigating carbon dioxide emission from the power sector. The harvest area and crop yield per area are taken into consideration to estimate the future biomass availability. The supplies of biomass are then applied as a constraint in the least cost electricity generation expansion-planning model, The cost of CO2 emissions is also added to the fuel costs as carbon taxation to make biomass power generation competitive to fossil fuels, then the optimum value of CO2 charge is found out. In addition, levels of COz limitation from power generation are also introduced to mitigate CO2 emissions.
02/02069 Issues and approaches in animal waste utilization in Canada Gogolck, P. E. G. Proceedings - Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2000, (17), 1662-1670. A review with references. Animal husbandry forms a large part of the Canadian agricultural economy. It is moving towards greater concentration, of animals. Local, provincial and federal governments are addressing issues such as odour, water contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions: Producer organizations are also quite active on these issues. The Canadian climate has a strong influence on the technologies that are appropriate for dealing with animal wastes. This paper presents a survey of the issues and approaches in animal waste utilization in Canada, with a focus on recent developments in energy production from hog manure.
residues (in total about 7 PJ) is 1.4-3.5 euro GJ a. Three promising routes for electricity generation were selected: co-firing with peat in the new to be built Europeat power plant, small scale CHP generation with fixed bed gasifiers, and co-firing in the Moneypoint coal fired plant. Co-firing in the Europeat plant is the most attractive. The electricity production costs are 0.033-0.053 euro kW -1 h 1 as compared to 0.041 euro kW ~x h 1 for peat based electricity. Costs per avoided tonne of CO2 are between - 7 and 12 euro. Electricity generation from wood could fill about 14% (about 1.0 Mtonne CO2eq.) of the Irish 'Kyoto gap'.
02/02072 Straw quality for its combustion in a straw-fired power plant Alica, J. H. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2001, 21, (4), 249-258. ENERGIA HIDROELI~CTRICA DE NAVARRA, S.A. (Navarra, Spain) is erecting a 25 MW power generation plant using straw for electricity generation. Cereal straws have proved to be difficult to burn in most existing combustion systems. During the last two years, a study has been carried out in Navarra to investigate the possibilities of improving the fuel quality of straw by a reduction in its K ÷ and CI contents. The simple leaching of K + and CI with water by exposure to natural rainfall in the field resulted in considerable reductions of these two elements. A reduction in the K content of the cereal plants caused by exposure to natural rainfall has been observed during plant ripening (before crop harvesting). Some varieties of straw show lower initial K * contents, making them more suitable for this purpose. There seems to be no clear correlation between the relative decrease in K ÷ content and the amount of accumulated rainfall. Our results have also shown a very close correction between K + content and electrical conductivity. The simplicity of this latter measurement makes this parameter a very interesting option to test the straw quality directly in the field. Structural components of the straw were not decomposed during the time when we left the straw in the field. Finally, the CI content in straw was increased when the CI dose from the fertilizer was increased. On the other hand, the content of K + was not influenced by the applied amount of K + fertilizer.
Geothermal energy 02/02070 Methods of processing a variety of biomass fuel types to co-fire with coal Jones, J. R. et al. Proceedings - Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2000, (17), 1899-1904. The cofiring of biomass with coal is currently of great interest because biornass is not considered a major greenhouse gas contributor, and is a renewable source of energy. Given the significant morphological differences which occur between biomass and coal, as well as the large variety of potential biomass fuels, it is important that the unique morphological aspects of biomass be addressed to allow fossil fuels plant operators to optimize efforts to co-fire biomass fuels with pulverized coal. The Biomass Team of the Separations and Gasification Engineering Division of the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) began an initiative to characterize a variety of biomass fuels in regard to their processing characteristics, size and morphology and microscopic properties for coflring with coal. These fuels have included switch grass, alfalfa pellets, palletized sawdust, raw sawdust, willow and waste paper. The processing machines employed included a paper shredder and a hammer mill. Most of the biomass fuels provide caloric values of 6000 to >7000 BTU/Ib. Ash values for these biomass fuels range from <1-19%. Moisture content can be 1-25%. The oak and oak-maple sawdust provided the highest BTU/Ib. The switch grass and the hybrid willow have caloric values of 6900--7700 BTU/Ib. Rates of processing the biomass materials vary between 200-300 lbs/h.
02/02071 Ireland
Potentials for electricity production from wood in
van den Brock, R. et al. Energy, 2001, 26, (ll), 991-1013. Greenhouse gas emissions in Ireland are expected to be 25% higher in 2010 as compared to 1990, whereas Ireland's Kyoto commitment is a maximum rise of 13%. One of the measure taken to reduce this gap (about 7 Mtonne COz-eq.) could be the development of biomass based electricity production. This study focuses on various biomass resources and a range of conversion technologies, in order to select promising routes for biomass based electricity in the short term. This article extends previous analyses by: (i) including the use of forest residues and sawmall residues as potential biofuels; (ii) considering both cofiring in retrofitted existing peat stations and co-firing in the new to be built Europeat power plant; and (iii) including other promising conversion technologies to generate electricity from biomass. Although the potential for energy crops in Ireland could be large, their cost is relatively high, 4.7-8.2 euro G J-l, dependent on the type of land used. Lower cost biomass can be obtained from currently unutilized forest residues. It was estimated that about 3.4 PJ could be extracted from the forests at a cost of 2-3 euro GJ i. The present market price of sawmill
268
Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2002
02/02073
Geothermal energy utilization in Turkey
Gunerhan, G. G. e / a l . Int. J. Energy Res., 2001, 25, (9), 769-784. This paper investigates the status of geothermal development in Turkey as of the end of 1999. Turkey is one of the countries wit significant potential in geothermal energy. Resource assessments have been made many times by the Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate (MTA) of Turkey. The main uses of geothermal energy are mostly moderate- and low-temperature applications such as space heating and domestic hot water supply, greenhouse heating swimming and balneology, industrial processes, heat pumps and electricity generation. The data accumulated since 1962 show that the estimated geothermal power and direct use potential are about 4500 MWe and 31500 MWt, respectively. The direct use capacity in thermal applications is in total 640 MWt, representing only 2 per cent of its total potential. Since 1990, space heating and greenhouse developments have exhibited a significant progress. The total area of greenhouse heated by geothermal energy reached up to about 31 ha with a heating capacity of 69.61 MWc. A geothermal power plant with a capacity of 20.4 MW¢ and a CO2 factory with a capacity 40 000 ton year 1 have been operated in the Denizli-Kizildere field since 1984 and 1986, respectively. Ground source heat pumps have been used in residential buildings for heating and cooling for approximately 2 years. Present applications have shown that geothermal energy in Turkey is clean and much cheaper compared to the other energy sources like fossil fuels and therefore is a promising alternative. As the projects are recognized by the public, the progress will continue.
Solar energy 02/02074 A hybrid power generation system: solar-driven Rankine engine-hydrogen storage Yang, W. et al. Int. J. Energy Res., 2001, 25, (12), 1107-1125. This paper reports on the feasibility of a hybrid power generation system consisting of a solar energy-driven Rankine engine and a hydrogen storage unit. Solar energy, the power for the hybrid system, is converted into electrical power through a combination of a solar collector, a tracking device to maintain proper orientation with the sun and a Rankine cycle engine driving an electrical power generator.
02/02068 Impacts of biomass power generation and CO2 taxation on electricity generation expansion planning and environmental emissions Santisirisomboon, J. et al. Energy Policy, 2001, 29, ([2), 975-985. Thailand has a high potential to utilize renewable energy for electricity generation especially from agricultural waste; however, at present only a small fraction of biomass is used for energy purposes. This study aims to estimate the potential of biomass power generation and its impact on power generation expansion planning as well as mitigating carbon dioxide emission from the power sector. The harvest area and crop yield per area are taken into consideration to estimate the future biomass availability. The supplies of biomass are then applied as a constraint in the least cost electricity generation expansion-planning model, The cost of CO2 emissions is also added to the fuel costs as carbon taxation to make biomass power generation competitive to fossil fuels, then the optimum value of CO2 charge is found out. In addition, levels of COz limitation from power generation are also introduced to mitigate CO2 emissions.
02/02069 Issues and approaches in animal waste utilization in Canada Gogolck, P. E. G. Proceedings - Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2000, (17), 1662-1670. A review with references. Animal husbandry forms a large part of the Canadian agricultural economy. It is moving towards greater concentration, of animals. Local, provincial and federal governments are addressing issues such as odour, water contamination, and greenhouse gas emissions: Producer organizations are also quite active on these issues. The Canadian climate has a strong influence on the technologies that are appropriate for dealing with animal wastes. This paper presents a survey of the issues and approaches in animal waste utilization in Canada, with a focus on recent developments in energy production from hog manure.
residues (in total about 7 PJ) is 1.4-3.5 euro GJ a. Three promising routes for electricity generation were selected: co-firing with peat in the new to be built Europeat power plant, small scale CHP generation with fixed bed gasifiers, and co-firing in the Moneypoint coal fired plant. Co-firing in the Europeat plant is the most attractive. The electricity production costs are 0.033-0.053 euro kW -1 h 1 as compared to 0.041 euro kW ~x h 1 for peat based electricity. Costs per avoided tonne of CO2 are between - 7 and 12 euro. Electricity generation from wood could fill about 14% (about 1.0 Mtonne CO2eq.) of the Irish 'Kyoto gap'.
02/02072 Straw quality for its combustion in a straw-fired power plant Alica, J. H. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2001, 21, (4), 249-258. ENERGIA HIDROELI~CTRICA DE NAVARRA, S.A. (Navarra, Spain) is erecting a 25 MW power generation plant using straw for electricity generation. Cereal straws have proved to be difficult to burn in most existing combustion systems. During the last two years, a study has been carried out in Navarra to investigate the possibilities of improving the fuel quality of straw by a reduction in its K ÷ and CI contents. The simple leaching of K + and CI with water by exposure to natural rainfall in the field resulted in considerable reductions of these two elements. A reduction in the K content of the cereal plants caused by exposure to natural rainfall has been observed during plant ripening (before crop harvesting). Some varieties of straw show lower initial K * contents, making them more suitable for this purpose. There seems to be no clear correlation between the relative decrease in K ÷ content and the amount of accumulated rainfall. Our results have also shown a very close correction between K + content and electrical conductivity. The simplicity of this latter measurement makes this parameter a very interesting option to test the straw quality directly in the field. Structural components of the straw were not decomposed during the time when we left the straw in the field. Finally, the CI content in straw was increased when the CI dose from the fertilizer was increased. On the other hand, the content of K + was not influenced by the applied amount of K + fertilizer.
Geothermal energy 02/02070 Methods of processing a variety of biomass fuel types to co-fire with coal Jones, J. R. et al. Proceedings - Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, 2000, (17), 1899-1904. The cofiring of biomass with coal is currently of great interest because biornass is not considered a major greenhouse gas contributor, and is a renewable source of energy. Given the significant morphological differences which occur between biomass and coal, as well as the large variety of potential biomass fuels, it is important that the unique morphological aspects of biomass be addressed to allow fossil fuels plant operators to optimize efforts to co-fire biomass fuels with pulverized coal. The Biomass Team of the Separations and Gasification Engineering Division of the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) began an initiative to characterize a variety of biomass fuels in regard to their processing characteristics, size and morphology and microscopic properties for coflring with coal. These fuels have included switch grass, alfalfa pellets, palletized sawdust, raw sawdust, willow and waste paper. The processing machines employed included a paper shredder and a hammer mill. Most of the biomass fuels provide caloric values of 6000 to >7000 BTU/Ib. Ash values for these biomass fuels range from <1-19%. Moisture content can be 1-25%. The oak and oak-maple sawdust provided the highest BTU/Ib. The switch grass and the hybrid willow have caloric values of 6900--7700 BTU/Ib. Rates of processing the biomass materials vary between 200-300 lbs/h.
02/02071 Ireland
Potentials for electricity production from wood in
van den Brock, R. et al. Energy, 2001, 26, (ll), 991-1013. Greenhouse gas emissions in Ireland are expected to be 25% higher in 2010 as compared to 1990, whereas Ireland's Kyoto commitment is a maximum rise of 13%. One of the measure taken to reduce this gap (about 7 Mtonne COz-eq.) could be the development of biomass based electricity production. This study focuses on various biomass resources and a range of conversion technologies, in order to select promising routes for biomass based electricity in the short term. This article extends previous analyses by: (i) including the use of forest residues and sawmall residues as potential biofuels; (ii) considering both cofiring in retrofitted existing peat stations and co-firing in the new to be built Europeat power plant; and (iii) including other promising conversion technologies to generate electricity from biomass. Although the potential for energy crops in Ireland could be large, their cost is relatively high, 4.7-8.2 euro G J-l, dependent on the type of land used. Lower cost biomass can be obtained from currently unutilized forest residues. It was estimated that about 3.4 PJ could be extracted from the forests at a cost of 2-3 euro GJ i. The present market price of sawmill
268
Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2002
02/02073
Geothermal energy utilization in Turkey
Gunerhan, G. G. e / a l . Int. J. Energy Res., 2001, 25, (9), 769-784. This paper investigates the status of geothermal development in Turkey as of the end of 1999. Turkey is one of the countries wit significant potential in geothermal energy. Resource assessments have been made many times by the Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate (MTA) of Turkey. The main uses of geothermal energy are mostly moderate- and low-temperature applications such as space heating and domestic hot water supply, greenhouse heating swimming and balneology, industrial processes, heat pumps and electricity generation. The data accumulated since 1962 show that the estimated geothermal power and direct use potential are about 4500 MWe and 31500 MWt, respectively. The direct use capacity in thermal applications is in total 640 MWt, representing only 2 per cent of its total potential. Since 1990, space heating and greenhouse developments have exhibited a significant progress. The total area of greenhouse heated by geothermal energy reached up to about 31 ha with a heating capacity of 69.61 MWc. A geothermal power plant with a capacity of 20.4 MW¢ and a CO2 factory with a capacity 40 000 ton year 1 have been operated in the Denizli-Kizildere field since 1984 and 1986, respectively. Ground source heat pumps have been used in residential buildings for heating and cooling for approximately 2 years. Present applications have shown that geothermal energy in Turkey is clean and much cheaper compared to the other energy sources like fossil fuels and therefore is a promising alternative. As the projects are recognized by the public, the progress will continue.
Solar energy 02/02074 A hybrid power generation system: solar-driven Rankine engine-hydrogen storage Yang, W. et al. Int. J. Energy Res., 2001, 25, (12), 1107-1125. This paper reports on the feasibility of a hybrid power generation system consisting of a solar energy-driven Rankine engine and a hydrogen storage unit. Solar energy, the power for the hybrid system, is converted into electrical power through a combination of a solar collector, a tracking device to maintain proper orientation with the sun and a Rankine cycle engine driving an electrical power generator.