Impervious and influence in the liquid fuel production from municipal plastic waste through thermo-chemical biomass conversion technologies - A review

Journal Pre-proof Impervious and influence in the liquid fuel production from municipal plastic waste through thermo-chemical biomass conversion technologies - A review

J. Rajesh Banu, V. Godvin Sharmila, U. Ushani, V. Amudha, Gopalakrishnan Kumar PII:

S0048-9697(20)30797-X

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137287

Reference:

STOTEN 137287

To appear in:

Science of the Total Environment

Received date:

1 December 2019

Revised date:

11 February 2020

Accepted date:

11 February 2020

Please cite this article as: J.R. Banu, V.G. Sharmila, U. Ushani, et al., Impervious and influence in the liquid fuel production from municipal plastic waste through thermochemical biomass conversion technologies - A review, Science of the Total Environment (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137287

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

© 2018 Published by Elsevier.

Journal Pre-proof Impervious and Influence in the liquid fuel production from municipal plastic waste through thermo-chemical biomass conversion technologies - A Review J.Rajesh Banua, V.Godvin Sharmilab, U.Ushanic, V.Amudhad, Gopalakrishnan Kumare* a

Department of life sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur – 610 005, Tamil Nadu, India b Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India c Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore d Department of Chemistry, Anna University Regional Campus, Tirunelveli, India e* Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

ro

of

Abstract

Plastic waste is an environmental burden substance, which poses a high threat to the

-p

society during disposal. Rather than disposal, recycling of this waste to liquid fuel gains

re

importance owing to its high utility. Among various techniques, thermo-chemical recycling

lP

techniques hold more benefits in generating high value added liquid fuels. In this review, the details of municipal plastic waste generation are provided with a brief description of the

na

plastic waste management option and importance of recycling is explained. The overview of

Jo ur

the thermo-chemical treatment focusing on the pyrolysis, gasification and hydrocracking process was elaborated. Catalysts mediated pyrolysis have wide-open their prospective for the generation of bio-oil, hydrocarbons, syngas and deterioration of undesired substances. Generally, advance development of enthusiastic catalysts for the synthesis of bio-oil would be vital for scaling up the pyrolysis process to succeed in commercial manufacture of biofuels from waste plastics. Overall rate treatment depends on operating parameter which determines the process efficiency and product yield. Hence, critical assessment of various parameter that has remarkable effect in the thermo-chemical treatment process was documented in detail. Moreover, endorsements of liquid fuel production, economic viability, and energy requirement of the treatment process, were delivered to attain effectual plastic wastes management.

Journal Pre-proof

Keywords: Plastic; Pyrolysis; Gasification; Liquid fuel; Cost e*

Corresponding Author : Dr. Gopalakrishnan Kumar, Faculty of Environment and Labour

Safety,

Ton

Duc

Thang

University,

Ho

Chi

Minh

City,

Vietnam,

Email:

[email protected]

Introduction

of

1.

ro

Plastic is a synthetic organic polymer fulfills human needs in daily activities with its

-p

significant properties such as permanency, light weight, corrosion resistant, low cost, process

re

ability, etc. Now-a-days, plastic materials are used for domestic purpose, packing, textile

lP

products, appliances in electrical and transport sectors for insulation, automotive parts fabrication, aerospace and sheets for industrial application. Plastic utility step up rapidly and

na

steadilty owing to its advantages of adaptability, quite low in cost, and permanency (due to their high chemical stability and low degradability). Hence, plastic waste becomes a major

Jo ur

component in the generated municipal solid waste (Panda et al., 2010). Polyethylene and polypropylene plastic has been produced in higher quantity owing to its large scale application in construction, packaging, electrical and electronics materials, agricultural sector and also in health care centers. This in turn, increases the plastic waste generation and cause high risk to environment. Based on the source of generation, this plastic waste has been classified into industrial and municipal plastics waste that poses different characteristics and different management options. Global production of plastic materials reached upto 300 million tons (Mt) per year (Eriksen et al., 2014; Miandad et al., 2016). About 6300 Mt of plastic wastes has been generated in the year 1950 to 2015 of which 9% was recycled, 12% was incinerated, and 79%

Journal Pre-proof was accumulated in landflls (Babayemi et al., 2019). China was the largest producer of plastic of 60 million tones followed by United States, Germany and Brazil generate 38 million tones, 14.5 million tones 12 million tones, respectively (Geyer et al., 2017). In India, according to the report of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in September 2017 it was documented that 25,940 tonnes of plastic waste per day was generated from 60 main municipalities with the

per captia consumption of about 11 Kg/year (CPCB 2019). About

94% of worldwide plastic waste comprises of recyclable thermoplastic, such as PET

of

(polyethylene terephthalate) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride). The residual waste belongs to

ro

non-recyclable thermoset plastics, such as sheet molding compound (SMC), fibre reinforced

-p

plastic (FRP) and multi-layer thermocol, (Zhang et al., 2018). This increased plastic waste

re

agglomeration and lack of adequate plastic waste management lead to crucial issues because of its non-degradability properties. Next to biodegradable waste, plastic waste holds 17.4%

lP

high constituents in the MSW (Municipal solid waste) (Nizami et al., 2015; 2016). In the

na

United Kingdom based on the type of plastic product distribution in the market scale, average plastic consumption increased in excess of 5 million tonnes per year. The global status of

Jo ur

plastic consumption in various sectors is shown in Fig.1. The aim of this review is to focus on the plastic waste management option along with importance of recycling and recovery measures and the detailed study of liquid fuel production from plastic waste was well illustrated. Various techniques and their influential parameters in liquid fuel production were also discussed. 2.

Plastic waste management and disposal options Dumping of plastic waste after fragmenting it to pieces in the form of microplastics (less

than 5 mm) may persist for long period and are highly hazardous to marine and freshwater environment due to non-degradability property (Li et al., 2016; Corradini et al., 2019; Ksenia et al., 2019). This necessitates the proper disposal method of municipal plastic waste (MPW)

Journal Pre-proof and techniques such as landfilling, incineration and recycling are in practice recently (Hermabessiere et al., 2017; Gallo et al., 2018; Hahladakis et al., 2018). The exposed scrapyards and MPW disposal by landfilling gives off leachate as by-products, which are highly toxic. This released leachate into the environment affects the soil value. Furthermore, infiltration of the toxic substances into the ground water worsen its quality and also dumping of MPW with leachate constituents in surface water affects the aquatic life. Since these plastic by-products are less soluble in water, it intensifies the bio-magnification of toxic

of

substance of plastics. Very low biodegradability of plastic materials and requirement of large

ro

land area hinders the landfilling method as disposal method. Ignition of MPW through

-p

incineration demands lot of energy along with contaminated gas generation (Nagy and Kuti,

re

2016). These gases are injuries to ecosystem and active creatures (Flora, Fauna, and human beings). Breaking polymeric chain of MPW by chemical technique is most effective method.

lP

Still broad far-reaching operation and chemically treated plastic disposal are under threat to

na

environment with less economic viability (Ritchie, 2018). Some environmental concerns such as pollution emission on incinerating plastic waste and high-energy consumption affects the

Jo ur

feasibility of incineration method in real-time for plastic waste management. (North and Halden, 2013). Efficient steps are taken to solve these complications associated with MPW recycling process. Conversion of plastic waste into usable fuels is found noteworthy technique in MPW management. 3.

Importance of plastic waste recycling and recovery

Recycling is an alternative method for MPW disposal in landfill or incineration. The major advantage of the process is environmental protection and convert the harmful MPW to useful products (Ouda et al., 2016). Among the various recycling methods (Primary, secondary and tertiary method), tertiary recycling has worldwide reach since it converts waste plastic material into petrochemicals and fuels products. This makes tertiary recycling

Journal Pre-proof as an economically viable and environmentally friendly method of waste plastic management. This recycling process is carried out by chemical as well as thermal techniques (Rubel et al., 2019). The chemically induced solvolysis method such as glycolysis, methanolysis, and hydrolysis was preferred for condensation polymers such as polyesters and polyurethanes. Recycling of plastic waste to energy fuel meets the excess energy demand. Thus, petrochemical derived valuable energy fuel having high calorific value was obtained through recycling process which gained more interest recently. Of various method of recycling,

of

thermochemical process is one such routes for plastic waste recycling. This have proven to

ro

be an better option in production of liquid fuel. The reason behind the success of this

-p

recycling process is de polymerization of MPW which result in high output product yield and

re

minimum waste residue for better sustainability. Thermo-chemical methods such as gasification, thermal cracking or pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, and hydrocracking have been

lP

used to recycle the polymers (PE, PP, PS, and PVC). High fuel consumption due to high

na

population increases energy demand which is increased from 270 exajoues/year (1972) to 840 exajoules/year (2020). Among various fuel, crude oil obtained from plastic pyrolysis has

Jo ur

market demand of 57% in 2018. This oil has wide application such as gasoline to fuel car, diesel fuel, residual fuel, in ship, power factories and for electricity generation with overall market value of 0.81 billion USD. Apart from its applicability as an alternative to conventional fossil fuels, waste plastic can also be used in synthesis and characterization of lubricant additives Hydrogenation process have higher energy converaion rate of 95wt%. In addition, the global market demand of syngas and its derivatives is 18900MW in 2019 (Miandad et al., 2019). These global energy demand and erratic fuel market motivates the polymer recycling to liquid fuel.

4.

Thermo-chemical recycling techniques for liquid fuel production

Journal Pre-proof The rising of plastics requirement exaggerated the petroleum wealth accessibility since plastics are the petroleum-based substance. A little possibilities that have been deliberated for recycling plastic waste management with energy recovery process occure through thermochemical technique. In 2014 there were 84 plants in the United States that converted about 30 million tons of MSW per year into energy resoueces (CalRecycle, 2018). During thermochemical, MPW are depolymerized into monomers or to other chemicals. In addition, the final products obtained was refined into liquid fluid or to recyclable plastics. Compared to

of

other recycling process, thermo-chemical recycling requires less sorting and highly efficient.

ro

This technique is classified into pyrolysis, gasification and hydrogenation process which was

-p

shown in Fig. 2. Table 1. Potrays the different thermo-chemical process and their operating

re

condition influencing liquid fuel generation from various plastic waste. 4.1. Pyrolysis

lP

Numerous functional and ecological benefits motivates the attention towards the

na

pyrolysis of MPW. The pyrolysis process was explained in Fig. 3. It is the thermal process of degrading the long chain polymers with or without catalyst presence in inert atmosphere

Jo ur

(Barisci & Salim. 2014). Based on heat and pressure control during this process, the MPW is converted into small or minor complex ones. High residence time with less intense heat are necessary for producing products such as tars, gases and char (Fivga and Dimitriou, 2018). It does not require any flue gas cleansing which was treated prior to utilization . Liquid oils and waxes are the valuable products obtained in the range of 75 – 80 wt. % at the temperature of 500 to 650o C (Devy et al., 2016). In addition, remained char output is used as a fuel or feedstock for various petrochemical processes. It prevents emission of greenhouse gases and excellent alternative to conventional MPW disposal. During pyrolysis process, the plastic substances are crushed into small molecules and was heated above 600°C to generate small gas molecules whereas heated at low temperature less than 400°C generates viscous liquids

Journal Pre-proof fuels (Sharma et al., 2014). Nearly, 30 to 40 % of plastic in electronic appliances consist of halogenated and non-halogenated flames, which is considered a better substance for pyrolysis. Major advantages of pyrolysis process are reduction in carbon dioxide emission, landfilling leachate emission, rapid product commercialization and products can be processed to form electricity and heat energy. Slow pyrolysis is attributed to char generation as it involves slow heating rate with low temperature below 500°C. Fast pyrolysis is ascribed with the high heating rate up to 1000°C per second when combines with temperature below 660°C

of

leads to liquid intermediates afore the interruption down of greater molecular compounds into

ro

gaseous by-products. Plasma pyrolysis is the practice of pyrolysis at very high temperature

-p

over 1000°C via plasma torches without an air supply, which converts hazardous waste into

re

synthetic gas (mainly CO and H2) and other end-products (Huang et al., 2010). In the past decade, thermal pyrolysis of various pure and waste plastics has been

lP

studied broadly. Numerous research was undergone for polyethylene (Kumar and Singh,

na

2013; Zeaiter, 2014; Ahmad et al., 2014), polystyrene (Nhamo et al., 2016; Thakur et al., 2018) and polypropylene (Mangesh et al., 2019). In the meanwhile, merely a little study

Jo ur

underwent for plastics such as polyvinylchloride (BPF, 2015), polymethyl methacrylate (Suriye et al., 2015), polyurethane (Wang et al., 2019) and polyethylene terephthalate (Dhahak et al., 2019).

The topmost insignificance of thermal pyrolysis high energy consumption and liquid oil produced during the process comprises of impurities (Borsodi et al., 2011). A study was made with plastic waste such as PS, PE, PP and PET. Miandad et al. (2016b) performed a small scale pyrolysis process at the operating temperature of 450°C for the processing time 75 min. Among other waste PS produced 80.8% liquid oil. The product contained maximum of styrene with small amount of ethylbenzene and toluene. improvement of oil quality was required to make the pyrolysis oil suitable for transport purpose due to the presence of

Journal Pre-proof impurities such as sulfur, chlorine, solid residue, moisture, and acids. Furthermore, the thermal pyrolysis of polyethylene (PE) type plastics such as low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene along with polypropylene (PP) is problematic to undergo pyrolysis due to their low thermal conductivity and presence of crossed chain hydrocarbon structures (Park et al., 2019). Unpolluted plastic thermal pyrolysis in the lack of catalyst generates a high boiling point wax-like mix that involves additional improvement (Sophonrat et al., 2018). The gaseous by-products acquired through thermal pyrolysis are not appropriate for

of

the usage of fuel, and forcing additional purifying to promote the usage as fuel (Sogancioglu

ro

et al., 2017). A limited researcher has chase to develop thermal pyrolysis of plastics without

-p

using any catalyst, but failed to prove the significant enhancements, on the other hand further

re

increased the level of complication and expenses of the process (Serrano et al., 2003; Seth

4.2. Gasification

lP

and Sarkar, 2004).

na

It is the process of indirect combustion of MPW to fuel or synthetic gases through partial oxidation of waste in the presence of oxidants. The part of fuel was combusted to

Jo ur

generate heat energy that results in the generation of the hot fuel gases with low calorific values containing partially oxidized products (Shen et al., 2015). These gases are termed as syngas, which contains undesired products such as particulate matters, alkali metals, sulphides, tar, etc. The gasification process is high potent than combustion techniques (Singh et al., 2019). The reactors utilized for gasification are fixed bed, fluidized bed, entrained bed, vertical shaft, moving grate furnace, rotary kiln, plasma reactor. The syngas obtained during this process is converted to liquid fuels by the following process shown in Fig.4. 

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is the chemical catalytic process to produce liquid fuels from coal-derived syngas and natural gas. The catalyst used is iron and cobalt. The reaction was carried at the pressure of 20–40 bar and a temperature range of either

Journal Pre-proof 200-250°C or 300-350°C. Iron catalytic process (high-temperature process) gives off olefins, a lighter gasoline product. Cobalt catalytic process (low-temperature process) yields waxy products that can be cracked to diesel. 

Methanol synthesis is another chemical catalytic process that generate methanol from syngas through the reaction with carbon monoxide, hydrogen and small traces of carbon dioxide over the copper-zinc oxide catalyst. During this process, water gas shift reaction followed by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide takes place. This process

of

was carried out at the temperature - 220°C-300°C and pressure- 50-100bar to recycle

Mixed alcohols synthesis produces a mixture of methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

-p



ro

syngas.

re

and smaller amounts of heavier alcohols by using the catalyst and added alkali metals.

lP

The reaction takes place was similar to those of the Fischer Tropsch and methanol synthesis process.

Syngas fermentation is the biological method to produce ethanol or other chemicals

na



by using anaerobic microbial fermentation. Various micro-organism such as woodii,

Jo ur

Acetobacterium

Butyribacterium

methylotrophicum,

Clostridium

carboxidivorans P7, Eubacterium limosu, Moorella and Peptostreptococcus productus13, etc. utilizes syngas as energy to produce ethanol, with some forming butanol, acetate, formate and butyrate12. This process was carried out at low pressures (atmospheric to 2 bar) and low temperatures (37°C, some species exist in temperatures ranging from 5°C to 55°C). The pH depends on the micro-organism types.

4.3. Hydrogenation

Journal Pre-proof It is the process of addition of hydrogen by chemical reaction. Fig. 5 shows the hydrogenation reactor setup for plastic waste recycling. The plastic waste recycling during coal liquefaction converts the polymers to naptha and oil gas. This is process mainly employed to transform the heavy plastic molecules into lighter molecules to get high quantity liquid fuels (Serrano et al., 2015). Compared to the pyrolysis process, this process yields rich quantity of liquid products that can be used as fuel for transport as well as for energy production. In addition, it is a low thermal process with reduced generation of unsaturated

of

hydrocarbons, olefins, cokes and aromatic compounds. Usage of hydrogen results in the

ro

elimination of heteroatoms such as chlorine, bromine and fluorine availability in plastic

-p

(Panda et al., 2010). During this hydrogenation process, bifunctional catalyst at 300–450°C

re

temperature and 2–15 MPa cold hydrogen pressure are used to enhance the hydrocracking process in stirred batch autoclave. This heat energy cleaves the hydrocarbon bond that is an reaction.

Hydrogen

pressure

lP

endothermic

suppresses

the

undesirable

coking

or

5.

Jo ur

the product yield.

na

repolymerization process. It is highly preferred to direct disintegration of MPW to enhance

Process parameters condition

During thermo-chemical process, the by-product yield and process efficiency mainly dependes on few parameters such as temperature, type of reactors, pressure, residence time and catalysts. The key role of the parameters is to influence the final products (liquid oil, gaseous and char) quanity and quality. Detailed analyses of these parameters are provided below:

5.1. Temperature

Journal Pre-proof Important parameters that regulates the breaking up the reaction chain of the polymers is the temperature. The collapse of molecules is hindered by the Van der Waals force. On increasing the temperature, the vibration of the polymer molecules augments and causes evaporation. The increment in energy induced by Van der Waals force along the polymer chains than the C–C bond enthalpy in the chain which results in the rupture of carbon chain (Abbas-Abadi et al., 2014). Degradation of plastic during thermo-chemical process was measured using thermogravimetry analyzer. The temperature has a high impact in efficiency

of

of the liquid fuel production during pyrolysis process. During the temperature variation from

ro

250°C to 500°C , the poplypropylene plastic yields 69.82 wt% at 300°C whereas 82.12 wt%

-p

of liquid fuel was obtained at 500oC. On pyrolysis of beverage bottles, maximum fuel

re

obtained at 450°C. Hence on increasing the temperature constantly from 400°C to 450°C, the generation of liquid fuel raised from 76% to 80.8 %. During gasification process, the

lP

temperature rise improved the gas formation followed by subsequent decrement in the char

na

and tars. The composition and quantity of syngas generation are augmented with the enhancement in the temperature. This, in turn, improves the liquid fuel production. Mainly,

Jo ur

the composition of hydrogen was increased and carbon monoxide content decreases in higher temperature. Tar formation during gasification also has a considerable impact due to temperature variation. By improving the operative temperature above 800°C reduce the tar formation thereby favoring the formation of slag. Hydrogenation of plastic waste for generating liquid fuel also influenced by temperature variation. Increment in temperature improves conversion reaction during hydrogenation. This results in higher degradation of plastic and enhances the yield of oil and liquid fuel. The temperature rises from 370°C to 390°C in this process and enhance the conversion rate to 90% with probable liquid fuel increment (Murthy et al., 1996). The researcher reported that the hydrocracking the plastic

Journal Pre-proof waste up to 430°C improves the oil generation beyond that oil yield was decreased (Munir et al., 2017).

5.2. Pressure

Potential influential parameter of the thermo-chemical process is the pressure. Atmospheric Pressure has an impact on product distribution during pyrolysis process. It was found that the pressure variation from 0.1–0.8 MPa during pyrolysis of plastic at high

of

temperature results in increment in the product yield by 6 wt% (Zhang et al., 2018). Also,

ro

there found a variation in the carbon. Apart from this, during the pyrolysis process pressure

-p

substantial impact on the double bond formation rate. Double bond formation decreases with

re

the pressure increment which directly affects the scission rate of C–C links in polymer. Also, residence time also influenced by pressure variation at lower temperature. On rising the

lP

temperature of pyrolysis process above 430°C, the impact of pressure on residence time turn

na

out to be less evident. During hydrogenation process, hydrogen pressure plays a vital role since it involves in the formation of free radicals for hydrocarbon cracking. Hydrogen

Jo ur

pressure increment from 1.83 MPa to 5.27 MPa showed a considerable impact in plastic waste conversion to liquid fuel. The conversion rate was 84.9% at the 1.83 MPa that increased to 98.9 % at 5.27 MPa. Various researchers (Akah et al., 2015; Fivga and Dimitriou, 2018; Devy et al. 2016) observed a better variation in rates of hydrocracking at lesser pressures than at higher hydrogen pressures. Improving the hydrogen pressure from 1.5 MPa to 3.5 MPa with temperature 270 °C having residence time 5.0 min using 10:1 catalyst to feed ratio enhanced the conversion rate from 45.3–90.0% with the increment in gasoline yield from 20.0–53.1% was observed. Further increment in pressure from 3.5 MPa to 5.5 MPa, the conversion, gas and gasoline yields almost remained constant. In addition, hydrogenation of plastic mixture (50% HDPE, 30% PET, and 20% Polystyrene) showed a

Journal Pre-proof initial decrement in the conversion efficiency and oil yield and increased further increment in hydrogen pressure 2.3 to 8.6 MPa, but the gas yields remained relatively unaffected. The conversions rate of the process was 87.8%, 75.1%, and 82.5%, respectively for each pressure variation.

5.3. Types of reactors

Another important parameter influencing thermo chemical process is the type of reactor

of

used. Most plastic pyrolysis in the lab scale was performed in batch, semi-batch or

ro

continuous-flow reactors such as fluidized bed, fixed-bed reactor and conical spouted bed

-p

reactor (CSBR) (Arabiourrutia et al., 2012). High yield of liquid oil (98.7 wt%) was achieved

re

in fluidized bed reactor during pyrolysis process (Budsaereechai et al., 2019). In case of using batch reactor the yield was about 89.5 wt%. The Batch pressurized autoclave reactor gives off

lP

97.0 wt% oil yield during polystyrene plastic waste pyrolysis. Pyrolysis in batch and semi-

na

batch reactor was performed at 300–800°C. Using catalysts in batch reactor has the tendency of coke formation that may reduce the catalyst efficiency over time. Providence stirrer in the

Jo ur

batch reactor may effectively improves the liquid fuel yield. Usage of fluidized bed reactor has injecting feedstocks due to its shape irregularities. Usage of catalysts in pyrolysis process assist in reusing the catalyst several times. CSBR is a favourable good mixing reactor that has the efficiency to process various particle distribution. Miteya et al., 2016 preferred CSBR to pyrolysis HDPE with HY zeolite catalyst at 500°C which yield

68.7 wt% gasoline.

Gasification reactor utilized for MPW management are fixed bed, fluidized bed, entrained flow, Rotary kiln and Plasma gasifier. A fixed bed gasifier has higher conversion efficiency which has large temperature gradient. The heat transfer coefficient was between 20 – 100 W/m2K. The fluidized bed gasifier combusts the waste particle of size 150 mm that is an excellent reactor with proper temperature regulation. However, conversion efficiency was

Journal Pre-proof poorer than other reactors. The circulating fluidized bed gasifier at the temperature between 900 – 1000oC has good performance with better conversion rate. Entrained flow gasifier is not suitable for large scale application with very less efficiency. The rotary kiln was widely used gasifier which consumes more residence time with high conversion efficiency. Plasma gasifier was operated in the temperature range of 1500 to 5500°C which is excellent reactor having efficiency as high as 100 % (Kunwara et al., 2016). Eventhough, there are various gasification process, it is significant to consider the efficient gasification system to achieve

ro

of

better energy output, system efficiency and minimum investment with less operating cost.

-p

5.4. Residence duration

re

The average duration of particles that remains within the reactor and has an impact on the product distribution is known as residence duration. Higher residence duration increases

lP

conversion rate to yield thermally stable products of light molecular weight hydrocarbons and

na

non-condensable gas (Al-Salem et al., 2017). Pyrolysis of HDPE yielded high quantity of liquid fuel products at longer residence duration of 2.57s at 685°C. In higher temperature

Jo ur

above 685°C, product generating efficiency fails at a similar residence time which confirms the dependency of residence duration on temperature on product distribution during plastic pyrolysis. In case of gasification process, the residence duration depends on the reactor type and design. For fixed bed gasifier design, the residence duration varies to the limited extent and for fluidized bed gasifiers, the residence duration varies as per the superficial gas velocity change and grate element movement velocity. Rotary kiln has longer residence duration of 1 to 2 hours. Moving grate reactor has higher than 1-hour residence duration. Residence duration has high influence in hydrogenation process. Time variation from 20 min to 60 min showed an impact on the hydrogenation of polypropylene plastic waste. Liquid fuel obtained was 90% at 20 minutes and 100% in 60 minutes. The rate of hydrogenation was constantly

Journal Pre-proof measured and compared with varied duration of reaction. Residence time of 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes improved the hydrogenation efficiency as 43 %, 62 %, 77 % and 96 %, respectively. The moderate reaction time yields high amount of liquid fuel with respect to time increment at the constant high temperature and active catalyst presence. The residence duration at which the maximum oil yield depends upon the reaction environments and the plastic recycled. The residence duration of higher than 60 min is not suggested for an active

of

catalyst at moderate temperature conditions during hydrogenation.

ro

5.5. Presence of catalyst

-p

The major role utilizing catalyst in the reaction is that it can improve the reaction rate

re

and it does not alter the constituent of the reaction process i.e., it speeds the reaction and remains unchanged until the process end. Therefore, utility of catalysts was high with

lP

commercial significance. This catalyst has a major influence in pyrolysis since it promotes

na

catalytic degradation to obtain product such as diesel and gasoline and olefins. Types of catalyst used for liquid fuel generation during pyrolysis process are potrayed in Table 2.

Jo ur

Numerous catalysts such as silica–alumina, zeolite, MCM-41, FCC and metal oxide have been utilized in pyrolysis of plastic waste (Agudo et al., 2007). Zeolite is a microporous mineral comprising of hydrated aluminosilicates of sodium, potassium, calcium, and barium. They can be enthusiastically dehydrated and rehydrated, hence utilized as commercial adsorbents and catalysts. Among various catalyst zeolite has gained a chief significance due to its porous structure and different kinds of zeolite utilized are Y-zeolite, HZSM, and ZSM-5 (Miandad et al., 2016c). A bench-scale study was made to optimize the processing condition for the conversion of HDPE plastic into crude oil through catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis. An enhancement in the production of gasoline was observed with catalyst Yzeolite and Diesel-range production was observed with MgCO3 catalyst. The process without

Journal Pre-proof catalyst produced maximum of diesel and vacuum gas oil fractions. Erawati et al. (2018) pyrolysis plastics with various ratios of natural zeolite such as 67:33, 75:25, 80:20, and 83:17 wt%. The study established, at the temperature of 440 °C, the liquid yield was greater of about 68.42%. in the meanwhile, the ratio corresponding to 83:17 wt%, raw material to zeolite had higher liquid yield of about 87.31%. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst is the modified version of combined catalyst such as zeolite minerals with a binder silica-alumina. The chief element of FCC catalyst for above 40 years is Zeolite-Y due to its great product

of

choosiness and thermal constancy (Nolte and Shanks, 2016). FCC catalyst is generally

ro

utilized in the gasoline refining industry to crash heavyweight oil portions from unpolished

-p

petroleum into lighter and more desired gasoline for commercial usage (Nolte and Shanks,

re

2016).The finest catalyst to enhance liquid oil yield from plastic via pyrolysis is FCC catalyst. FCC catalyst is capable of producing great liquid oil of around 90 wt% for HDPE

lP

and PP pyrolysis whereas the maximum oil yield via silica-alumina for HDPE and PP was in

na

the range of 85–87 wt%. In addition, that ‘spent FCC catalyst’ can be utilized as an alternative for fresh FCC, therefore it gained additional attractive towards cost-effective

Jo ur

catalyst. Pyrolysis on Polypropylene plastic within 250–400 °C by means of micro steel apparatus, they précised that the maximum liquid oil yield was attained at temperature of 300 °C about 69.82 wt% with over-all transformation of 98.66%. Ding et al. (2018) stated a double catalyst bed of CaO and HZSM-5 for enlightening hydrocarbon harvest through the coupling of biomass such as hemicellulose and plastics. Stefanidis et al. (2016) utilized MgO sustained on carbon (MgO/C) and attained high production of aromatic hydrocarbons during the pyrolysis of lignin, due to its greater surface area and well-balanced acid/base sites. Furthermore, MgO/C exhibited a strong positive interaction in the direction of aromatic hydrocarbons production in the course of co-pyrolysis of biomass (e.g., lignin) and plastics (e.g., low-density polyethylene).

Journal Pre-proof Hydrogenation also influenced by catalytic presence. The addition of catalyst reduces the temperature requirement and residence duration of the hydrogenation process. The catalyst such as alumina and silica has low acidic function supports weak hydrogenation process. The strong hydrogenation was induced by the catalyst such as sulfated zirconia, zeolite, or amorphous silica-alumina, Pt, Zeolite (Khabib et al., 2014). The affordable concentration of required catalyst is in the range of 3–10% is suggested. A commercial catalyst NiW+10%HY used for hydrogenation of waste polythene yielded liquid product 83

of

%.The hydrogenation of plastic waste using catalyst (0.5%Pt/SO4/ZrO2) and the cracking

Cost and Energy analysis

-p

6.

ro

catalyst (SO4/ZrO2) improved the total conversion efficiency from 30.0% to 55.1%.

re

Energetic analysis and economic viability is the key factor for commercializing liquid fuel generation from plastic fuel. During thermo-chemical process, the energy gets consumed

lP

and released in various reaction duration.

na

The annual cost for the pyrolysis process (Jaihrul et al., 2012) was estimated by the equation: Annual cost ($) = Operating cost + (annualized capital cost—annualized salvage value). (

Jo ur

Annual Capitalized cost =

)

(

)

Where, ip is the interest rate and Np is the plant life period. The construction cost was estimated using the formula, Construction Cost = ∑

(

)

Where, Nc is the construction period, ic is the construction interest rate and ip is the project financing rate. During the gasification process, the conversion of the plastic waste to fuel was assessed by energy conversion rate estimation (Pettinau et al., 2011) which is given by the formula,

Journal Pre-proof Energy conversion rate = (

)

The energy and cost parameter was given Table 3. Plastic waste of higher calorific value of above 40 MJ/kg can generate high energy liquid fuel. Pyrolysis of various waste material such as waste automative oil, plastic waste, sewage sludge, used car tyres produces energy of 85%, 81%, 8% and 50%, respectively. In addition, the syngas generation during gasification

of

of waste yields about 60 – 90 % of diesel fuel as energy (Alnouss et al., 2019). The plastic

ro

waste on pyrolysis The Fig. 6 details the cost estimation during the thermo chemical process. During cost estimation input and output energy holds an active role which determines the

-p

proficiency of the treatment process. In input energy, operational cost and the investment cost

re

are to be estimated. The investment cost includes the equipment cost, construction cost, cost

lP

incurred in automation and control section of the thermo chemical plant and other cost. Operational cost take account of the operational and maintance expenditure spent for labour,

na

machinery replacement and repair, and for overall operations. Fixed capital cost which was invested in the treatment process determines the maintenance, insurance and overhead cost.

Jo ur

Output energy is the fuel energy obtained after thermo – chemical treatment. The net cost was estimated as follow:

Net Cost = Output Cost – Input cost.

Currently, cost consumption in pyrolysis of plastic products was in high rivalry towards the fuel generation from fossil fuels. The pyrolysis technology has to overcome numerous hurdles prior to commercialization in technical and non-technical aspects. Though production cost of pyrolysis product was high, the total capital cost incurred for the constructing pyrolysis plant is about 10% – 15% of the total capital cost and also product yield was more compared other techniques. Remaining cost incurred on operational and purpose. Commercially pyrolysis plant is implemented in real scale for plastic waste management.

Journal Pre-proof Japan has largest pyrolysis plant to recycle plastic waste to oil in the Klean industry. Nearly, 14,800 t/ year of plastic was treated to yield about 8.75 million liters of oil. 7.

Future perspectives Enlightening public compassion and consciousness are habitually reflected as one of the

keen issue on the waste-to-energy application. In order to progress awareness on plastic segregation from household waste, a schooling and municipal sector, Steps has to be taken for commercializing the thermo-chemical treatment for producing liquid oil. The technology

of

should be equipped with a combined scheme of thermo –chemical machine and shredding

ro

machine. The method necessity to handle with challenge of flexibility and convenient

-p

shipping from one site-based waste recycle to another site for operation or training purpose.

re

The technology is expected to exhibit the benefit of plastic waste to be converted as an alternative source of burnable oil for household. Generally delivered in the collected works as

lP

unique and utmost active resolutions for declining the greenhouse gas emissions. These

na

methods involve great investments which are returned through the heat sales. An alternative way of enriching plastics transformation into bioenergy is blending the

Jo ur

PW with other biomass which are hydrogen scarce substance. Because plastics such as PE, PP are rich in H/C ratio subsequently when it binds with biomass poor in hydrogen will leads to upgraded bio-oils. Polypropylene as a polymer blend to enhance pyrolysis biomass comprises of cellulose, lignocellulose and hemicellulose. The outcome established an observable transformed in the quantity and chemical properties of the liquid portions produced during the co-pyrolysis process. The measures of liquid products declined by 1.5– 2.5%, for the addition of 30% m/m polypropylene whereas the solid and gas portions showed upsurge. The raise in biomass degassing through the addition of polypropylene also changes the chemical nature of the individual fractions produced by increasing the oxygen stuffing of the solid and gaseous products. The reaction ensued a process gas with energy more than 6

Journal Pre-proof MJ/kg of pyrolysis gas was noticed in the pure biomass due to radical reactions. Mixed plastic waste and cellulose together encourages the production of aromatic compound with a huge upsurge in the production of ethylbenzene as associated with solo cellulose biomass. On co-pyrolysis of wood with the plastic, remarkable pyrolysis oil was yielded by synergetic effect which efficiency depends on the types of plastic used and its structural component. An excellent future perspective will be the upgrade of the end-products by utilizing low cost catalyst such as CaO, MgO. The existence of CaO alone and steam had an

of

undesirable impact on PS degradation, decreasing the oil yield. CaO amplified gas and liquid

ro

yield during treatment of the mixed plastic waste, which was further upgraded in the

-p

existence of Ca(OH)2. In cooperation, CaO and Ca(OH)2 enriched the over-all gas and oil

re

produce of mixed plastics, attaining a supreme oil yield of 52.2 wt% in the existence of

of residue lasted.

lP

steam. Moreover, solids were virtually entirely decomposed at 700°C, with merely 0.2 wt%

na

Another upgrading process is the coupling of numerous catalyst to acquire significance of each catalyst mutually. For instance, supporting metal on inorganic support

Jo ur

such as zeolite enhances the progress and meanwhile inhibit the HCl generation. In the same way, it is essential to inhibit the formation of chlorine compounds to get chlorine free endproduct (Lopez-Urionabarrenechea et al. 2015; Yao et al., 2017). High amount of Ni/ZSM-5 and Ni/SAPO-11 zeolites in catalyst blends upsurge the production of gases and pyrolysis oil, in meanwhile upsurge the quantity of aromatics or the hydrogen in gases. On the other hand, the existence of red mud in larger quantity additionally upsurge the hydrogen concentration. As regards with storage property and transport steadiness an augmented aging test at 80°C up to 1 week was executed. The impact of red mud and/or Ca(OH)2 showed considerably improved aging time and extreme reduction in the quantity of chlorinated complexes.

Journal Pre-proof As a concluding, it can be suggested that combination of various catalyst, combination of plastics with other biomass, and further optimizing their ratios will help in progressing the contaminant free (HCl, Chloride compound) end-product. Usage of these recovered oil in engines is under in lab-scale research. Further progressing it in larger scale could diminishs the fossil fuel usage which in turn has a high negative impact on environment. The usage of green-house gases such as CO2 as a gasifying agent will be a better path to reduce CO2, CO and landfill plastics. Further exploration of these gasifying

of

agent and their optimum ratios should be investigated thoroughly will be considered as a

ro

great challenge for future standpoints. The effect of contamination in waste plastics is still not

-p

clear due to the deviation of the pollution on different waste plastics. Virgin and waste

re

plastics on the process and the product distribution should be investigated on the semi-scale plant. The detailed interaction among different plastic materials during the cracking reactions

lP

is unknown, thus further investigation is needed to quantitatively analyze the interaction

8. Conclusion

Jo ur

technology.

na

effect of different waste plastics. This could be very valuable for commercialization of the

The environmental influence of plastic solid waste have revealed that thermochemical treatments, such as gasification, hydrogenation or pyrolysis, result in the drop of the environmental effects, in contrast to landfilling. Pyrolysis is a progressive waste handling practice. The crucial role of the parameter that is involved in progressing plastic treatment process will be deliberated. Moreover, pyrolysis, gasification and hydrogenation ends with high calorific value added bio-oil, syngas and char which can be utilized as fuels both for internal feeding of the plant or in external systems as alternative to fossil fuels. Therefore, liquid fuel obtained as end-products agreeing with the environmental strategic standards that certify this treatment technique as sustainable environmental resolution for treatment of

Journal Pre-proof plastic waste. However, inadequate market standards on fuel products consequence to controversial effects are considered as an issue for scheme restrictions, expectations and functional unit. Additional research is compulsory to recognize the in-depth configuration of formed gases and other byproducts to make it as an alternative fuel and their impact on ecological concerns. Comprehensive life cycle assessment of catalytic pyrolysis as well as feedstock have to be completely understand for the commercial, ecological and global sustainability of this technology. Eventhough usage of plastic waste fuel has limited research

of

works, this review details the potency of utilizing the plastic waste as an alternative liquid

ro

fuel. Thermochemical process deserves greater attention for balanced and sustainable fuel

-p

generation for regional economic development through steady energy supply. Hence, further

lP

References

re

research is mandatory in the field thermochemical process to have better advancement.

na

Abbas-Abadi MS, Haghighi MN, Yeganeh H. 2013. Evaluation of pyrolysis product of virgin high density polyethylene degradation using different process arameters in a stirred

Jo ur

reactor. Fuel Process Technol 109, 90–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.09.042. Abbas-Abadi, M.S., Haghighi, M.N., Yeganeh, H., McDonald, A.G., 2014. Evaluation of pyrolysis process parameters on polypropylene degradation products. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 109, 272-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.023. Abbas-Abadi, M.S., Haghighi, M.N., Yeganeh, H., McDonald, A.G., 2014. Evaluation of pyrolysis process parameters on polypropylene degradation products. J Anal Appl Pyrol 109, 272–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2014.05.023.

Journal Pre-proof Aguado, J., Serrano, D.P., Miguel, G.S., Castro, M.C., Madrid, S., 2007. Feedstock recycling of polyethylene in a two-step thermo-catalytic reaction system. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 7, 415-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2006.11.008. Ahmad, I., Khan, M.I., Ishaq, M., Khan H., Gul K., Ahmad W., 2013. Catalytic efficiency of some novel nanostructured heterogeneous solid catalysts in pyrolysis of HDPE. J Poly Degrad Stab 98, 2512–2519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.009.

of

Ahmad, I., Khan, M.I., Khan, H., Ishaq, M., Tariq, R., Gul, K., 2014. Pyrolysis study of

ro

polypropylene and polyethylene into premium oil products. Int. J. Green Energy 12,

-p

663-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2014.880146.

re

Akah, A., Hernandez-Martinez, J., Rallan, C., Garforth, A.A., 2015. Enhanced feedstock

lP

recycling of post-consumer plastic waste. Chem Eng Trans 23, 2395–2400. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1543400 .

na

Alnouss, A., Mckay, G., & Al-Ansari, T. (2019). Production of syngas via gasification using

Jo ur

optimum blends of biomass. J Clean Prod. 118499. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118499. Al-Salem, S.M., Antelava, A., Constantinou, A., Manos, G., Dutta, A. 2017. A review on thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic solid waste (PSW). J. Environ. Manag. 197, 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.084. Anuar Sharuddin, S.D., Abnisa, F., Wan Daud, W.M.A., Aroua, M.K. 2017. Energy recovery from pyrolysis of plastic waste: Study on non-recycled plastics (NRP) data as the real

measure

of

plastic

waste.

Energ.

Convers.

Manage.

148,

925-934.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.06.046. Arabiourrutia, M., Elordi, G., Lopez, G., Borsella, E., Bilbao, J., Olazar, M. 2012. Characterization of the waxes obtained by the pyrolysis of polyolefin plastics in

Journal Pre-proof a

conical

spouted

bed

reactor.

J.

Anal.

Appl.

Pyrolysis

9,

230-237.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.12.012. Arena, U., Zaccariello, L., Mastellone, M.L., 2010. Fluidized bed gasification of wastederived fuels. Waste Manag 30, 1212–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.038. Barişçi, S., SalimÖncel, M., 2014. The Disposal of combed cotton wastes by pyrolysis. Int J

of

Green Energy 11 (3), 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2013.772516. Babayemi, J. O., Nnorom, I. C., Osibanjo, O., Weber, R., 2019. Ensuring sustainability in

ro

plastics use in Africa: consumption, waste generation, and projections. Environ Sci Eur

-p

31(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-019-0254-5.

re

Borsodi, N., Miskolczi, N., Angyal, A., Bartha, L., Kohán, J., Lengyel A., 2011.

Petroleum

Conference,

lP

Hydrocarbons obtained by pyrolysis of contaminated waste plastics. 45th International Bratislava,

Slovak

Republic.

Catalyst.

na

https://doi.org/10.1680/warm.13.00005.

Jo ur

British Plastics Federation (BPF). Polyvinyl chloride (PVC). London; 2015. Budsaereechai, S., Hunt, A.J., Ngernyen, Y. 2019. Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste for the production

of

liquid

fuels

for

engines.

RSC

Adv.

9,

5844.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00027. CalRecycle, 2018. Thermochemical pathway and processes for conversion of organic materials

to

https://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/organics/conversion/pathways/thermochem

energy.

Journal Pre-proof Cardona, S.C., Corma, A. 2000. Tertiary recycling of polypropylene by catalytic cracking in a semibatch stirred reactor: use of spent equilibrium FCC commercial catalyst. Appl Catal B Environ 25, 151–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(99)00127-7. Cepeliogullar O, Putun AE. 2013. Utilization of two different types of plastic wastes rom daily and industrial life. In: Ozdemir C, Sahinkaya S, Kalipci E, Oden MK, editors. ICOEST Cappadocia 2013. Turkey: ICOEST Cappadocia; 1–13.

of

Chandrasekaran, S.R., Kunwar, B., Moser, B.R., Rajagopala, N., Sharma. B.K. 2015.

Energy

Fuels

299,

6068-6077.

-p

optimization.

ro

Catalytic thermal cracking of postconsumer waste plastics to fuels. 1. Kinetics and

re

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01083.

lP

Corradini, F., Meza, P., Eguiluz, R., Casado, F., Huerta-Lwanga, E., Geissen, V., 2019. Evidence of microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from sewage sludge Sci.

Total

Environ.

671,

411–420.

na

disposal.

Jo ur

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.368. CPCB and Plastic Waste Management. First Published: July 10, 2019 | Last Updated:July 12, 2019.

https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/india-is-generating-much-

more-plastic-waste-than-it-reports-heres-why. Dhahak, A., Hild, G., Rouaud, M., Mauviel, G., Valérie B.-V., 2019. Slow pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate: Online monitoring of gas production and quantitative analysis

of

waxy

products.

J.

Anal.

Appl.

Pyrolysis,

142,

104664.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2019.104664. Ding, K., Zhong, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, B., Fan, L., Liu, S., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhonge, D., Chena, P., Ruanad, R. 2018. Improving hydrocarbon yield from catalytic fast co-

Journal Pre-proof pyrolysis of hemicellulose and plastic in the dualcatalyst bed of CaO and HZSM-5. Bioresour. Technol. 261, 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.03.138. Erawati, E., Hamid, H., Ilma, A.A. 2018. Pyrolysis process of mixed polypropylene (PP) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) waste with natural zeolite as catalyst. Molekul. 13 (2). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112463. Eriksen, M., Lebreto Plastic pollution in the world’s oceans: more than 5 trillion plastic

of

pieces weighing over 250,000 tons afloat at sea n, L. C., Carson, H. S., Thiel, M.,

-p

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111913.

ro

Moore, C. J., Borerro, J. C., Reisser, J., 2014.. PloS one 9 (12), 111913.

A

techno-economic

assessment,

Energy,

lP

substitute:

re

Fivga, A., Dimitriou, I., 2018. Pyrolysis of plastic waste for production of heavy fuel

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.094.

na

Gallo, F., Fossi, C., Weber, R., Santillo, D., Sousa, J., Ingram, I., Nadal, A., Romano, D., 2018. Marine litter plastics and microplastics and their toxic chemicals components: the for

urgent

preventive

Jo ur

need

measures.

Environ.

Sci.

Eur.

30,

13.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0139-z. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J.R., Law, K.L., 2017. Production, use and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci. Adv. 3(7), https://doi.org/1700-1782. 10.1126/sciadv.1700782. Hahladakis, J.N., Velis, C.A., Weber, R., Iacovidou, E., Purnell, P., 2018. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. J. Hazard. Mater. 344, 179–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014.

Journal Pre-proof Hermabessiere, L., Dehaut, A., Paul-Pont, I., Lacroix, C., Jezequel, R., Soudant, P., Duflos, G., 2017. Occurrence and effects of plastic additives on marine environments and organisms:

a

review.

Chemosphere

182,

https://doi.org/781–793.

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.096. Hlina, M., Hrabovsky, M., Kavka, T., Konrad, M., 2014. Production of high quality syngas from argon/water plasma gasification of biomass and waste. Waste Manag 34, 63–6.

of

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.09.018.

ro

Huang, W.-C., Huang, M.-S., Huang, C.-F., Chen, C.-C., Ou, K.-L. 2010. Thermochemical

-p

conversion of polymer wastes into hydrocarbon fuels over various fluidizing cracking

re

catalysts. Fuel 89 (9), 2305-2316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.04.013.

lP

Hwang, I., Kobayashi, J., Kawamoto, K., 2014. Characterization of products obtained from pyrolysis and steam gasification of wood waste, RDF, and RPF. Waste Manag 34, 402–

na

10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2013.10.009.

Jo ur

Jahirul, M., Rasul, M., Chowdhury, A., Ashwath, N., 2012. Biofuels Production through Biomass Pyrolysis - A Technological Review. Energies, 5(12), 4952–5001. https://doi.org/10.3390/en5124952. Jambeck, J. R., Geyer, R., Wilcox, C., Siegler, T. R., Perryman, M., Andrady, A., Law, K. L., 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347 (6223), 768-771. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352. Khabib, I., Kadarwati, S., Wahyuni, S. 2014. Deactivation and regeneration of Ni/ZA catalyst in hydrocracking of polypropylene. Indones J Chem 14, 192–8. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21258.

Journal Pre-proof Ksenia, J.G., Thomas, B., Bethanie, C.-A., Birgit, G., Pedro, A.I., Anna, L., Heather, A.L., Maricel, M., Daniel, S., Leonardo, T., Michael, A.W., Jane M., 2019. Overview of known plastic packaging-associated chemicals and their hazards. Sci Total Environ. 651, 3253–3268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.015. Kumar, S., Singh, R.K., 2013. Thermolysis of high-density polyethylene to petroleum products, J. Petrol. Eng. 7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/987568.

of

Kunwar, B., Moser, B.R., Chandrasekaran, S.R., Rajagopalan, N., Sharma. B.K. 2016.

ro

Catalytic and thermal depolymerization of low value post-consumer high density

-p

polyethylene plastic, Energy 111 (2016) 884e892..

high

and

thermal

depolymerization

lP

Catalytic

re

Kunwar, B., Moser, B.R., Chandrasekaran, S.R., Rajagopalan, N., Sharma. B.K. 2016.

density

polyethylene

plastic,

of

low Energy

value 111,

post-consumer 884-892.

na

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.024.

review.

Jo ur

Kunwara, B., Cheng, H.N., Chandrashekaran, S.R., Sharmaa. B.K., 2016. Plastics to fuel: a Renew

Sust.

Energ.

Rev.

54,

421-428.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.015. Lee, J.W., Yu, T.U., Lee, J.W., Moon, J.H., Jeong, H.J., Park, S.S., 2013. Gasification of mixed plastic wastes in a moving-grate gasifier and application of the producer gas to a power generation engine. Ener Fuels 27, 2092–2098. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef301758z. Li, H., Sun, R., Dong, K., Guo, R., 2016. Refining Operations: Energy Consumption and

Emission.

J

Comput.

https://doi.org/10.1021/es5010347.

Theor.

Nanosci.

13(2),

1497–1502.

Journal Pre-proof Li, W.C., Tse, H.F., Fok, L., 2016. Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources,

occurrence

and

effects.

Sci.

Total

Environ.

566–567,

333-349.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.084. Li, X., Li, J., Zhoua, G., Fenga, Y., Wang, Y., Yua, G., Denga, S., Huanga, J., Wanga, B. 2014. Enhancing the production of renewable petrochemicals by co-feeding of biomass with plastics in catalytic fast pyrolysis with ZSM-5 zeolites. Appl. Catal. A: General

of

481, 173-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2014.05.015.

ro

Ma, C., Yu, J., Wang, B., Song, Z., Xiang, J., Hu, S., Su, S., Sun, L. 2017. Catalytic pyrolysis

-p

of flame retarded high impact polystyrene over various solid acid catalysts. Fuel

re

Process. Technol. 155, 32-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.01.018.

lP

Machiraju, A., Harinath, V., Kalyan Charan, A. 2018. Extraction of liquid hydrocarbon fuel from waste plastic, National Conference On Trends In Science, Engineering &

na

Technology by Matrusri Engineering College & IJCRT, 2018 IJCRT | National

Jo ur

Conference Proceeding NTSET Feb 2018 | ISSN: 2320-2882. Mangesh, V.L., Padmanabhan, S., Tamizhdurai, P., Narayanane, S., Ramesh, A., 2019. Combustion and emission analysis of hydrogenated waste polypropylene pyrolysis oil blended

with

diesel.

J.

Hazard

Mater.

121453.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121453. Martínez-Lera, S., Torrico, J., Pallares, J., Gil, A., 2013. Design and first experimental results of a bubbling fluidized bed for air gasification of plastic waste. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 15, 370–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-013-0129-6.

Journal Pre-proof Massaro, M.M., Son, S.F., Groven, L.J., 2014. Mechanical, pyrolysis, and combustion characterization of briquetted coal fines with municipal solid waste plastic (MSW) binders. J Fuel 115, 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.06.043. Miandad, R., Barakat, M.A., Aburiazaiza, A.S., Rehan, M., Nizami, A.S., 2016a. Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste: A Review. Process Saf Environ Protection. 102, 822-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2016.06.022

of

Miandad, R., Nizami, A.S., Rehan, M., Barakat, M.A., Khan, M.I., Mustafa, A., Ismail,

ro

I.M.I., Murphy, J.D. 2016b. Influence of temperature and reaction time on the conversion of polystyrene waste to pyrolysis liquid oil. Waste Manage. 58, 250-259.

-p

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.023.

re

Miandad, R., Barakat, M.A., Aburiazaiza, A.S., Rehan, M., Ismail, I.M.I., Nizami, A.S.

lP

2016c. Effect of plastic waste types on pyrolysis liquid oil. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad.

na

1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2016.09.017. Miandad, R., Barakat, M.A., Rehan, M., Aburiazaiza, A.S., Ismail, I.M.I., Nizami, A.S.,

zeolite

Jo ur

2017. Plastic waste to liquid oil through catalytic pyrolysis using natural and synthetic catalysts.

Waste

Manage.

69,

66-78.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.032. Miandad, R., Barakata, M.A., Rehan, M., Aburiazaiza, A.S., Gardy, J., Nizami, A.S. 2018. Effect of advanced catalysts on tire waste pyrolysis oil. Process Saf. Environ. Protection 116, 542-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.03.024. Miandad, R., Rehan, M., Barakat, M.A., Aburiazaiza, A.S., Khan, H., Ismail, I.M., Dhavamani, J., Gardy, J., Hassanpour, A., Nizami. A.-S. 2019. Catalytic pyrolysis of

Journal Pre-proof plastic waste: moving towards pyrolysis based biorefineries. Front. Energy Res. 1-14 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00027. Miranda R, Jin Y, Roy C, Vasile C. 1998. Vacuum pyrolysis of PVC kinetic study. Polym Degrad Stab 64, 127–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00186-4. Miteva, K., Aleksovski, S., Bogoeva-Gaceva, G. 2016. Catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic into

liquid

fuel,

Zastita

Materijala

(4),

600-604.

of

https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2019.00027.

57

ro

Munir, D., Abdullah, Piepenbreier, F., Usman, M.R. 2017. Hydrocracking of a plastic

-p

mixture over various micro-mesoporous composite zeolites. Powder Technol 316, 542–

re

550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2017.01.037.

lP

Murty, M.S.V., Rangarajan, P., Grulke, E.A., Bhattacharyya, D. 1996. Thermal degradation/ hydrogenation of commodity plastics and characterization of their liquefaction Fuel

Process

49,

75–80.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-

Jo ur

3820(96)01040-5.

Technol

na

products.

Nagy, A., Kuti, R., 2016. The environmental impact of plastic waste incineration. AARMS, 15, 231-237.

Nhamo, C., Willis, G., Tavengwa, B., Deborah, T.R., Innocent, P., 2016. Potential uses and value-added products derived from waste polystyrene in developing countries: A review.

Resour.

Conserv.

Recy.

07,

157-165.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.10.031. Nileshkumar, K.D., Jani, R.J., Patel, T.M., Rathod. G.P. 2015. Effect of blend ratio of plastic pyrolysis oil and diesel fuel on the performance of single cylinder CI engine. IJSTE – Int. J. Sci. Technol. Eng. 1 (11). Manuscipt Id: IJSTEV1I11037.

Journal Pre-proof Nizami, A.S., Rehan, M., Ouda, O.K.M., Shahzad, K., Sadef, Y., Iqbal, T., Ismail, I.M.I., 2015. An argument for developing waste-to-energy technologies in Saudi Arabia, Chem. Eng. Transac. 45, 337-342. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1545057. Nizami, A.S., Shahzad, K., Rehan, M., Ouda, O.K.M., Khan, M.Z., Ismail, I.M.I., Almeelbi, T., Basahi, J.M., Demirbas, A., 2016. Developing waste biorefinery in makkah: A way forward to convert urban waste into renewable energy. Appl. Energy. 186 (2), 189-196.

of

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.04.116.

ro

Nolte, M.W., Shanks, B.H. 2016. A perspective on catalytic strategies for deoxygenation in

-p

biomass pyrolysis. Energy Technol. 5, 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201600096.

re

North, E.J., Halden, R.U., 2013. Plastics and environment health, Rev. Environ. Health, 28

lP

(1) 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2012-0030. Onwudili J.A., Insura N, Williams PT. 2009. Composition of products from the pyrolysis of

time.

J

Anal

Appl

Pyrol

86,

293–303.

Jo ur

residence

na

polyethylene and polystyrene in a closed batch reactor: effects of temperature and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2009.07.008. Onwudili, J.A., Insura, N., Williams, P.T., 2009. Composition of products from thepyrolysis of polyethylene and polystyrene in a closed batch reactor: effects of emperature and residence

time.

J

Anal

Appl

Pyrol

86,

293–303.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2009.07.008. Ouda, O.K.M., Raza, S.A., Nizami, A.S., Rehan, M., Al-Waked, R., Korres, N.E. 2016. Waste to energy potential: A case study of Saudi Arabia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 61, 328-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.005.

Journal Pre-proof Panda, A.K., Singh, R. K., Mishra, D. K. (2010). Thermolysis of waste plastics to liquid fuel. A suitable method for plastic waste management and manufacture of value added products: a world prospective. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 14 (1), 233-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.005. Park, K.-B., Jeong, Y.-S., Kim, J.-S. 2019. Activator-assisted pyrolysis of polypropylene. Appl Energy. 253, 113558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113558.

of

Pettinau, A., Frau, C., Ferrara, F., 2011. Performance assessment of a fixed-bed gasification

ro

pilot plant for combined power generation and hydrogen production. Fuel Process

-p

Technol 92, 1946–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.05.014.

re

Ratnasari, D.K., Nahil, M.A., Williams, P.T., 2017. Catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics

lP

using staged catalysis forproduction of gasoline range hydrocarbon oils. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 124, 631-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.12.027.

Jo ur

on-plastics

na

Ritchie, H., 2018. Blog: FAQs on Plastics. September 2 2018. https://ourworldindata.org/faq-

Rubel, H., Jung, U., Follette, C., Alexander, M.F., Santosh A., Miriam, B.D. 2019. A Circular Solution to Plastic Waste, BCG Publications. Sancho, J.A., Aznar, M.P., Toledo, J.M., 2008. Catalytic air gasification of plastic waste (polypropylene) in fluidized bed. Part I: use of in-gasifier bed additives. Ind Eng Chem Res 47, 1005–10. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie071023q. Serrano D.P., Escola J.M., Briones L., Medina, S., Martínez, A. 2015. Hydroreforming of the oils from LDPE thermal cracking over Ni–Ru and Ru supported over hierarchical beta zeolite. Fuel 144, 287–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.12.040.

Journal Pre-proof Serrano, D.P., Aguado, J., Escola, M., Garagorri, E., 2003. Performance of a continuous screw kiln reactor for the thermal and catalytic conversion of polyethylene-lubricating oil base mixtures. Appl. Cat. B: Environ. 44 (2), 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/S09263373(03)00024-9. Seth, D., Sarkar, A., 2004. Thermal pyrolysis of polypropylene: effect of reflux-condenser on the molecular weight distribution of products. Chem. Eng. Sci. 59 (12), 2433-2445.

of

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.03.008.

ro

Sharma, B.K., Moser, B.R., Vermillion, K.E., Doll, K.M., Rajagopalan, N. 2014. Production,

plastic

grocery

bags.

Fuel

-p

characterization and fuel properties of alternative diesel fuel from pyrolysis of waste Process.

Technol.

122,

79-90.

lP

re

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.01.019.

Shehata, N., Mohamed, H.S.H., Emam, H.M., Ahmed, S.A. 2017. Fuel produced from

na

catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic. Emirates J. Eng. Res. 22 (4), 1-6. .

Jo ur

Shen, Y., Zhao, P., Shao, Q., Takahashi, F., Yoshikawa, K., 2015. In situ catalytic conversion of tar using rice husk char/ash supported nickel-iron catalysts for biomass pyrolytic gasification combined with the mixing-simulation in fluidized-bed gasifier. Appl. Energy 160, 808-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.10.074. Singh, P., Déparrois, N., Burra, K.G., Bhattachary, S., Guptaa, A.K. 2019. Energy recovery from cross-linked polyethylene wastes using pyrolysis and CO2 assisted gasification. Appl. Energy 254, 113722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113722. Sogancioglu, M., Ahmetli, G., Yel, E., 2017. A comparative study on waste plastics pyrolysis liquid products quantity and energy recovery potential, Energy Procedia, 118, 221-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.020.

Journal Pre-proof Sophonrat, N., Sandström, L., Nuran Zaini, I., Yang W., 2018. Stepwise pyrolysis of mixed plastics and paper for separation of oxygenated and hydrocarbon condensates. Appl. Energ. 229, 314-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.006. Sophonrat, N., Sandstr m, L., Svanberg, R., Han, T., Dvinskikh, S., Lousada, C.M., Yang, W. 2019. Ex situ catalytic pyrolysis of a mixture of polyvinyl chloride and cellulose using calcium oxide for HCl adsorption and catalytic reforming of the pyrolysis Ind.

Eng.

Chem.

Res.

58,

13960-13970.

of

products.

ro

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02299.

-p

Stefanidis, S.D., Karakoulia, S.A., Kalogiannis, K.G., Iliopoulou, E.F., Delimitis, A., Yiannoulakis, H., Zampetakis, T., Lappas, A.A., Triantafyllidis, K.S. 2016. Natural

re

magnesium oxide (MgO) catalysts: a cost-effective sustainable alternative to acid

lP

zeolites for the in situ upgrading of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Appl. Catal. B: Environ.

na

196, 155-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2016.05.031. Suriye, O. G., Evren, A.G., Jale H., 2015. Pyrolysis of poly(methy methacrylate) copolymers.

Jo ur

J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 113, 529-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.03.015. Syamsiro, M., Saptoadi, H., Norsujianto, T., Noviasri Cheng S., Alimuddin, Z., Yoshikawa, K. 2014. Fuel oil production from municipal plastic wastes in sequential pyrolysis and catalytic

reforming

reactors.

Energy

Proc.

47,

180-188.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.212. Thakur, S., Verma, A., Sharma, B., Chaudhary, J., Tamulevicius, S., Thakur, V.K. 2018. Recent developments in recycling of polystyrene based plastics. Curr. Opin. Green Sust. Chem. 13, 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2018.03.011.

Journal Pre-proof Urionabarrenechea, A., de Marco, I., Caballero, B.M., Laresgoiti, M.F., Adrados, A. 2015. Upgrading of chlorinated oils coming from pyrolysis of plastic waste, Fuel Process. Technol. 137, 229-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.04.015. Wang, X., Jin, Q., Wang, L., Bai, S., Mikulčić, H., Vujanović, M., Tan, H., 2019. Synergistic effect of biomass and polyurethane waste co-pyrolysis on soot formation at high temperatures.

J

Environ.

Manage.

239,

306-315.

of

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.073.

ro

Wilk, V., Hofbauer, H., 2013. Conversion of mixed plastic wastes in a dual fluidized bed

-p

steam gasifier. Fuel 107, 787–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.068.

re

Xue, Y., Johnston, P., Bai, X. 2017. Effect of catalyst contact mode and gas atmosphere

lP

during catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics. Energ. Convers. Manage. 142, 441-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.03.071.

carbonization

and

fast

pyrolysis.

Energy

141,

1156-1165.

Jo ur

hydrothermal

na

Yao, Z., Ma, X. 2017. A new approach to transforming PVC waste into energy via combined

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.008. Zeaiter, J., 2014. A process study on the pyrolysis of waste polyethylene, Fuel. 133, 276-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.028. Zhang, K., Shi, H., Peng, J., Wange, Y., Xiong, X., Wua, C., Paul K.S. Lamb, 2018. Microplastic pollution in China's inland water systems: A review of findings, methods, characteristics, effects, and management. Sci. Total Environ. 630, 1641-1653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.300.

Journal Pre-proof Conflict of Interest Statement

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

All the authors have no conflict of interest

Journal Pre-proof Credit author statement J. Rajesh Banu- Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision; V.Godvin Sharmila -Writing original draft;

U. Ushani- resources; V. Amudha – resources; Gopalakrishnan Kumar –

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

resources.

Journal Pre-proof Figure captions Fig. 1 Plastic waste generation in various sector and worldwide recycling of plastic waste Fig. 2 Thermochemical recycling techniques Fig. 3 Pyrolysis reactor setup for plastic waste recycling to fuel Fig. 4 Process for transforming syngas to liquid fuel Fig. 5 Hydrogenation reactor setup for plastic waste recycling

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Fig. 6 Cost analysis of thermo-chemical treatment of plastic waste

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Journal Pre-proof

Fig. 1 Plastic waste generation in various sector and worldwide recycling of plastic waste Source:https://www.bpf.co.uk/sustainability/plastics_recycling.aspx

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Journal Pre-proof

Fig. 2 Thermochemical recycling techniques

Dryer

Quench Cooler

Plastic Waste

CHAR

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Journal Pre-proof

Jo ur

na

Fig. 3 Pyrolysis reactor setup for plastic waste recycling to fuel

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Journal Pre-proof

Fig. 4 Process for transforming syngas to liquid fuel

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Journal Pre-proof

Fig. 5 Hydrogenation reactor setup for plastic waste recycling

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Journal Pre-proof

Fig. 6 Cost analysis of thermo-chemical treatment of plastic waste

Journal Pre-proof Table 1. Operating condition influencing Liquid fuel generation from various plastic waste

Plastic Types

Reactor used

LDPE

Pressurize d Batch

425

0.8 MPa

HDPE

Semi batch

450

1 atm

PVC

Vacuum batch

520

Liqui Reference d yield/ Syng as yield

of

Pressure/ Residen Equivalenc ce time e ratio (ER)/ Steam/Plas tic ratio(SPR)

89.9 Onwudili wt % et al., 2009 of oil

-

91.2 Abbaswt % Abadi et oil al., 2013

2 kPa

60

12.79 Miranda et wt% al., 1998 oil & 58.2 wt % HCl

-

60

23.1 wt% oil

Cepeliogul lar et al., 2013

Semi-batch 450

1 atm

-

92.3 wt% oil

Cardona et al., 2000

PS

Pressureize 425 d batch

0.31-1.6 MPa

60

97 wt% oil

AbbasAbadi et al., 2014

PP

Fluidized bed

850

0.32-0.36 ER

4.5 m3/k g

Onwudili et al., 2009

Waste polyolefi

Bubling fluidized

750

0.25-0.35 ER

lP

re

-p

ro

-4.3 60

na PP

Jo ur

PET

Gasification

Parameters Temperat ure (oC)

Pyrolysis

Proce ss

Fixed Bed

500

-

3.2 – Sancho et 4.4 al., 2009

Table

bed

Waste plastic mixuture

Moving grate gasifier

700-900

0.15 – 0.6 ER

1.2 – Martínez1.5 Lera et al., 3 m /kg 2013

PE

Bubbling fuidized bed reactor

845 - 897

0.2 – 031 ER

3 – Lee et al., 4.3 2013 3 m /kg

PE

Dualfluidiz 850 ed bed reactor

2 SPR

1.2 m3/kg

Arena et al., 2010

Refuse plastic and plastic waste

Batch fixed bed

900

1,2 SPR

0.9 m3/kg

Wilk et al., 2013

Waste plastic

Plasma gasifier

1200

-p

m3/kg

ns

HDPE

Fluidized bed reactor

350

HDPE

Steel micro 350 reactor

PP + VR Fluidized + coal bed reactor

of

-

ro

-

2 SPR

-

3.5 m3/kg

Hwang et al., 2014

-

30

74.64 wt% of liquid

Hilna et al., 2014

-

30

78.63 Ahmad et wt % al., 2013 liquid fuel

-

60

56.6 Massaro et wt% al., 2014 olefin s and gas oil

re

lP

na

Jo ur

Hydrogenation

Journal Pre-proof

430

Table 2 Types of catalyst used for liquid fuel generation during pyrolysis process.

Type of Plasti

Process Type

Catalyst Used

Pyrolysis Conditio

Liquid Fuel Obtaine

Characteristi Reference cs of liquid

Journal Pre-proof c used

ZSM-5 zeolite

450750°C

56.6 C%

-

Additives

250°C

35-45 wt%

-p PS, PE, PET

spent FCC

lP

re PE, HDPE

Zeolites-Y,

Pilot scale pyrolysis

600 °C at 80 wt% 10 °C/min

na

Isotherm al catalytic Prolysis

heating rate

Jo ur

PP, PS, PU

Li et (2014)

al.

Calorific Nileshkumar value 10980 et al. (2015) Cal/kg

ro

-

fuel

Heating rate 20°C/ms

Pyroprob e 5200 analytical pyrolyzer HD, LD, PP

d

of

LDPE Fast , PP, pyrolysis PS via

ns

Y zeolite

-

450°C

Density 0.788 gm/ml Flash Point 22 °C Calorific Chandrasekar value 49.5 an et al. MJ/kg (2015) Flash Point 77 °C

60 wt%

Calorific Syamsiro value 46.67 al. (2014) MJ/kg

et

Flash Point <10 °C 450 °C and 75 min

80.8%

Styrene 48.3% Ethylbenzene 21.2% Toluene 25.6% Flash point

Miandad et al. (2016a)

Journal Pre-proof 28.1-30.2 °C High heating Value(HHV) 41.4-41.8 MJ/kg 475°C,

86%

HHV MJ/kg

PS

Silica 41

MCM- 410 °C

67.9 wt.%

Toluene 6.75

500 °C

LDPE

Thermal catalytic cracking

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium encapsulated monovacant kegging

220-240 °C

PS

-

450 °C, 75 min

-p

MCM-41

al.

83.15 wt.%

Aromatic

Ratnasari al. (2016)

et

compounds 64.97 wt.%

87%

Alkanes 52.57%

Batool et al. (2016)

80.8%

Flash point 30.2 °C

Miandad et al. (2016b)

na

lP

Ethylbenzene 32.62

Ma et (2016)

Styrene 1.47

re

HDPE Twostage pyrolysis -catalysis

Jo ur

Heating rate 10 °C min-1

49.3 Kunwar et al. (2016)

of

YZeolite/MgCO 3)

ro

HPDE

-

HHV 41.6 MJ/kg Styrene 48% Toluene 26% Ethyl-benzene 21%

waste Twoplastic stage s pyrolysis -catalysis

MCM41:ZSM-5 1:1

500 °C of

95.85 wt.%

Aromatic compounds (C8-C12) 97 wt.%

Ratnasari al. (2017)

et

Journal Pre-proof

PS

Aluminosilicate

fixed bed reactor

525 °C

80.4

-

Shehata et al. (2017)

500 °C,

43.20

HHV 42.29 MJ/kg

Anuar Sharuddin et al. (2017)

95.74

Benzene 18.72

Xue et (2017)

Heating rate 20 °C/min

PE,PP , PS, PET

HZSM-5 zeolite

900 °C

PS, PP, PE

Natural zeolite

450 °C and 75 min

PET, PE, HDPE

-

150-200 °C

Tire waste

Activated alumina

PS, Catalytic PP, fast LDPE pyrolysis and HDPE

Bentonite clay

PS, PE, PP, and PET

Thermal activation natural zeolite

of

PVC, LDPE , PE, PS

al.

Toluene 7.17

-p

lP

re

48.6%

HHV 46.057 MJ/kg

Miandad et al. (2017)

Machiraju al. (2018)

et

32 wt.%

HHV 42-43.5 MJ/kg

Miandad et al. (2018)

700 °C, 10 °C min-1

90.5

HHV 44.763 MJ/kg Flash point 44 °C

Budsaereecha i et al. (2019)

450 °C heating rate 10°C/min

70

HHV 41.744.2 MJ/kg

Miandad et al. (2019)

450◦C for 75 min

na

Jo ur

Fixed bed type

HHV 40.2-45 MJ/kg

ro

54%

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Journal Pre-proof

Journal Pre-proof Table 3: Energy and Cost parameters S. No

Parameters Energy parameter Low Heating Value of plastic waste

35.7 MJ/kgwaste

[2]

Syngas Low Heating Value

3.5 – 10 MJ//m3

[3]

Equivalence ratio

0.4 – 0.6

[4]

Pyrolysis temperature

450-500 oC

ro

of

[1]

-p

Cost parameter Labour cost

Calculated based on labour

[6]

Utilities

[7]

Maintenance cost

[8]

Insurance cost

[9]

Overhead cost

0.708 x labour cost + 0.009 x FCC

[10]

Operating cost

0.31 x Labour cost

na

lP

re

[5]

Calculated 0.068 x Fixed capital cost (FCC)

Jo ur

0.032 x FCC

52

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Journal Pre-proof

Graphical Abstract

53

Journal Pre-proof Highlights Plastic waste can be recycled for the production of value added products Thermal based treatments are effective in extracting value added products

Jo ur

na

lP

re

-p

ro

of

Energy and economic analysis proved they are scalable.

54