- Email: [email protected]
Implications of nanoscale technologies: national policy studies and global interests at the national academies
Abstracts / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 2 (2006) 269–312 diagnosis with a single drop are reported. For in-vivo or future in-vivo application, an optics based nanosensor with single molecule sensitivity for nucleic acids is then demonstrated. As to bedside application, a nanomechanics-based multiplexed sensor for noninvasive diagnosis/monitoring based on expiratory gas analysis is then demonstrated and its diagnostic power is documented in a patient series. Finally, a generic carrier platform based on polymeric nanocontainers with integrated biomolecules for diagnostic and therapeutic application is presented and its interaction with cells and whole organisms shown. Patrick Hunziker, MD has received his training in internal medicine, cardiology and intensive care medicine at University Hospitals in Switzerland and at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Currently, he is Deputy Head of the Intensive Care Clinic at the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland. Since the late nineties, his research group has explored ways to transfer nanotechnologies from the research lab to medically relevant contexts, on one side focusing on clinical applicability of novel diagnostic approaches, but also including therapeutic aspects and ethical concerns. He is member of the National Center of Competence in Research Nanoscience. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.030
41
Saturday, September 9th (5:00) Concurrent Symposium VIII: Diagnostic Nanomedicine
Design of multifunctional peptide nanoparticles for diagnostic applications Burkhard P, The Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Remarkably, small viruses are composed of one single peptide chain folding into a capsid structure with icosahedral symmetry. By a superposition of different protein oligomerization domains onto the symmetry axes of the icosahedron, a nanoparticle with icosahedral symmetry can be designed. In agreement with the computer model, the electron micrographs of our designed nanoparticles show a diameter of about 18nm. As shown in the schematic diagram such peptide nanoparticles can be functionalized in several ways: At either end the peptide chain can be extended with peptide sequences of a particular function. We have attached targeting peptides like somatostatin or bombesin to the nanoparticle. Such nanoparticles will interact with their respective receptors on cancer cells. By means of covalent linkage specific dyes (fluoresceine), chelators (DOTA - for the binding of radionuclids for radiotherapy), or drugs can be attached at the ends of the peptide. The high density of dyes will significantly increase the signal to noise ratio in imaging applications. (2) The central cavity of the nanoparticle with a diameter of about 6nm is ideally suited for the encapsulation of quantum dots. E.g. SeCd nanocrystals can be used as highly efficient fluorescence probes, gold nanoparticles as contrasting agents for electron microscopy and iron nanoparticles as probes for MRI imaging. (3) The cavity of the pentameric coiled-coil domain allows to incorporate small hydrophobic molecules like vitamin D3. (4) Finally, the trimeric coiled-coil can be modified to allow binding of nucleic acids and ultimately a gene delivery system can be engineered. Peter Burkhard (Ph.D. University of Basel, Switzerland) is an Associate Professor of Nano-Biotechnology at the University of Connecticut in Storrs. His lab is working on the structure - based rational design of small proteins that are able to self-assemble into nanoparticles with icosahedral symmetry. They are investigating the biophysical properties of these nanoparticles and their possible medical applications. Functionalized nanoparticles are being designed for
283
applications such as drug targeting and delivery systems. Synthetic vaccines are being developed by using these nanoparticles as repetitive antigen display systems. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.031
42
Saturday, September 9th (3:30) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Health and medicine in the national nanotechnology initiative Lippel PH, Teague EC, McNeil SE, National Nanotechnology Coordinating Office, Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, National Cancer Institute Arlington, VA, USA The agencies participating in the National Nanotechnology Initiative support responsible development of nanotechnology, for medicine as well a variety of other commercial applications, through: ! investment in research and development programs; ! sponsorship of activities that support regulatory decision making; ! development of open-access infrastructure for use in developing and testing materials, devices, and systems, and by ! engaging in dialogue with other parties interested in advancing nanotechnology (including commercial entities, non-governmental organizations, and other governments) nationally and internationally. These activities are coordinated through the Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology and its working groups (WGs). Health and medicine have been particularly active issues in the Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications WG and the Global Issues in Nanotechnology WG. This talk will review the role of these working groups and various federal agencies in the NNI’s health and medicine efforts, identify major ongoing efforts, and highlight some recent NNI-sponsored research results. Philip Lippel is a Policy Analyst at the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, working with NNCO staff to harmonize the activities of the 25 Federal agencies now participating in the National Nanotechnology Initiative, and to keep Congress, the public, and other interested parties up to date on bnanoQ research and development. He also serves as Executive Secretary for the NSET Subcommittee’s Working Groups on Global Issues in Nanotechnology and Nanotechnology Innovation and Liaison with Industry. Dr. Lippel came to the NNCO after 14 months as a AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow at the National Science Foundation, where he worked on a variety of science communication and policy issues- including nanotechnology and science education- in NSF’s Office of Legislative and Public Affairs. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.032
43
Saturday, September 9th (3:55) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Implications of nanoscale technologies: national policy studies and global interests at the national academies Wong TM, The National Academies’ National Research Council (NRC), Washington DC, USA The National Academies conduct science and engineering studies towards meeting the challenges of the nation’s S&T policy. The Academies engage leaders from universities, government, and industry to establish policy and guidelines grounded in science and technology research. The Academies’ studies and programs will be discussed to examine policy issues and their implications for nanoscale technologies.
284
Abstracts / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 2 (2006) 269–312
Dr. Tamae Maeda Wong Ph.D. is program director with the National Academies’ National Research Council (NRC). She conducts scientific and engineering studies that promote effective S&T policy and management. Dr. Wong has been with the National Research Council since 1992, directing international scientific programs and addressing multidisciplinary technical policy issues. She has supported the collaboration of young investigators, addressed universality of science and scientific information, organized workshops on the impact of new technologies, and fostered research-based science and mathematics education. She has addressed issues in chemical sciences, nanotechnologies, environmental engineering, and health safety and security. Prior to joining the National Academies, she conducted interdisciplinary research in semiconductor surface technologies, polymeric materials characterization, and nonlinear laser optics at Brookhaven National Laboratories and Georgetown University. She holds a Ph.D. and M.S. in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania and a B.A. in Physics from Bryn Mawr College. Active in support of education and diversity, she has organized international conferences on teaching and learning mathematics and initiated programs for women in science. She was Editor of the Association for Women in Science magazine and served on the Editorial Advisory Board of the American Chemical Society, Chemical and Engineering News. She also serves on secondary education advisory committees such the NSF-funded bHands-On-OpticsQ program of the Optical Society of America and the International Society for Electrical Engineers.
their culture media and selected reagents throughout the chips. Target measurements for this system include neurotoxins and a variety of air and fluid-borne contaminants.
doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.033
The challenges of regulating known unknowns Wilson RF, Washington & Lee University, Lexington, VA, USA
44
This paper briefly examines our emerging knowledge base about human hazards posed by NSPs, focusing on two particular risks: the risk posed by inhalation and the risk posed by those products that are applied topically. It then summarizes the reasons why the current regulatory framework is inadequate to respond to these risks and why regulators believe their hands are tied until new legislation is enacted. This paper argues that this regulatory inaction leaves a significant role for private insurance market, but that regulators should support this market in material ways.
Saturday, September 9th (4:20) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Life on a chip: nanobioscience R & D at CNSE Castracane J, Feng X, Tang O, Welch J, Szaro BG, Gracias A, Tokranova N, Xu B, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, USA Recent years have been marked by the emergence of new disruptive physical, chemical, and biological innovations that are driven by the vast scientific and technical capabilities provided by nanotechnology. The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to engineer the individual building blocks of matter at the molecular level, atom by atom, to form a link between the nanoscale and the micro- and even, macroscale with precisely controlled functionality and customized properties/performance. Through the exploitation of intrinsic and engineered behaviors of such materials, unique biosensors can be created. Integrating cells/tissues/biomolecules with computer chip platforms leverages Nature and state of the art IC fabrication methods. The linkage between animate and inanimate components provides the key to expanding the range of possible experiments and resulting sensors. Recent results from Bio/Nanotechnology research projects at the University at Albany’s College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) will be presented against a backdrop of the infrastructure development at CNSE. Specifically, this presentation focuses on the development of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)-based devices for lab-on-a-chip bio-applications. These biochips are designed to allow cell secretion (exocytosis) studies by enabling parallel electrochemical detection with millisecond resolution. This secretion is triggered by toxins in the cell’s environment. Initial prototypes of micro-arrays have been produced with microelectrodes on various substrates using wafer-level IC fabrication methods. Amphibian cells have been grown directly on these prototype micro-arrays. Further, these micro-arrays were produced with an integrated, 3-dimensional microfluidic network for the transport of living cells,
Dr. Castracane is Professor and Head of the Nanobioscience Constellation in the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) at the University at Albany-SUNY, Director of the New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Nanomaterials and Nanoelectronics (CATN2) and Director of Technology of Albany NanoTech. His research interests encompass fundamental materials science, optoelectronics, MEMS, and emerging fields such as molecular electronics and spintronics. His current research focus is on nanobioscience. Prior to joining CNSE in 1998, Dr. Castracane’s private sector experience involved positions at R & D companies including Chief Operating Officer. His publication record spans over 100 articles, numerous invited/keynote presentations and ten patents issued/pending. Dr. Castracane received the B.S. degree in Physics from Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, in 1976 and the Ph. D. degree in Physics from The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, in 1982. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.034
37
Saturday, September 9th (4:45) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Robin Fretwell Wilson is a Visiting Professor of Law at Washington and Lee University School of Law and a Professor of Law at the University of Maryland. Professor Wilson is a faculty affiliate of the University of South Carolina Nanocenter, a member of the University of Maryland Center for Nanomedicine and Cellular Delivery, and the founder of the Nanotechnology Regulatory Working Group. Her most recent book, RECONCEIVING THE FAMILY (ROBIN FRETWELL WILSON, ED., CAMBRIDGE UNIV. PRESS, 2006), addresses the use of empirical studies in legal regulation. She may be reached at [email protected]. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.035
46
Saturday, September 9th (5:10) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Ethics in nanomedicine: a needs-assessment and proposals for the future Johnson S, Novel Technologies, Research, and Innovation (ENTRI) program of the Alden March Bioethics Institute As nanotechnology emerges as a vital and promising tool for the practice of medicine, it is becoming clearer that there exists a need for ethics scholarship and training in nanomedicine. This presentation will consist of a
41
Saturday, September 9th (5:00) Concurrent Symposium VIII: Diagnostic Nanomedicine
Design of multifunctional peptide nanoparticles for diagnostic applications Burkhard P, The Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA Remarkably, small viruses are composed of one single peptide chain folding into a capsid structure with icosahedral symmetry. By a superposition of different protein oligomerization domains onto the symmetry axes of the icosahedron, a nanoparticle with icosahedral symmetry can be designed. In agreement with the computer model, the electron micrographs of our designed nanoparticles show a diameter of about 18nm. As shown in the schematic diagram such peptide nanoparticles can be functionalized in several ways: At either end the peptide chain can be extended with peptide sequences of a particular function. We have attached targeting peptides like somatostatin or bombesin to the nanoparticle. Such nanoparticles will interact with their respective receptors on cancer cells. By means of covalent linkage specific dyes (fluoresceine), chelators (DOTA - for the binding of radionuclids for radiotherapy), or drugs can be attached at the ends of the peptide. The high density of dyes will significantly increase the signal to noise ratio in imaging applications. (2) The central cavity of the nanoparticle with a diameter of about 6nm is ideally suited for the encapsulation of quantum dots. E.g. SeCd nanocrystals can be used as highly efficient fluorescence probes, gold nanoparticles as contrasting agents for electron microscopy and iron nanoparticles as probes for MRI imaging. (3) The cavity of the pentameric coiled-coil domain allows to incorporate small hydrophobic molecules like vitamin D3. (4) Finally, the trimeric coiled-coil can be modified to allow binding of nucleic acids and ultimately a gene delivery system can be engineered. Peter Burkhard (Ph.D. University of Basel, Switzerland) is an Associate Professor of Nano-Biotechnology at the University of Connecticut in Storrs. His lab is working on the structure - based rational design of small proteins that are able to self-assemble into nanoparticles with icosahedral symmetry. They are investigating the biophysical properties of these nanoparticles and their possible medical applications. Functionalized nanoparticles are being designed for
283
applications such as drug targeting and delivery systems. Synthetic vaccines are being developed by using these nanoparticles as repetitive antigen display systems. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.031
42
Saturday, September 9th (3:30) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Health and medicine in the national nanotechnology initiative Lippel PH, Teague EC, McNeil SE, National Nanotechnology Coordinating Office, Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, National Cancer Institute Arlington, VA, USA The agencies participating in the National Nanotechnology Initiative support responsible development of nanotechnology, for medicine as well a variety of other commercial applications, through: ! investment in research and development programs; ! sponsorship of activities that support regulatory decision making; ! development of open-access infrastructure for use in developing and testing materials, devices, and systems, and by ! engaging in dialogue with other parties interested in advancing nanotechnology (including commercial entities, non-governmental organizations, and other governments) nationally and internationally. These activities are coordinated through the Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology and its working groups (WGs). Health and medicine have been particularly active issues in the Nanotechnology Environmental and Health Implications WG and the Global Issues in Nanotechnology WG. This talk will review the role of these working groups and various federal agencies in the NNI’s health and medicine efforts, identify major ongoing efforts, and highlight some recent NNI-sponsored research results. Philip Lippel is a Policy Analyst at the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, working with NNCO staff to harmonize the activities of the 25 Federal agencies now participating in the National Nanotechnology Initiative, and to keep Congress, the public, and other interested parties up to date on bnanoQ research and development. He also serves as Executive Secretary for the NSET Subcommittee’s Working Groups on Global Issues in Nanotechnology and Nanotechnology Innovation and Liaison with Industry. Dr. Lippel came to the NNCO after 14 months as a AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow at the National Science Foundation, where he worked on a variety of science communication and policy issues- including nanotechnology and science education- in NSF’s Office of Legislative and Public Affairs. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.032
43
Saturday, September 9th (3:55) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Implications of nanoscale technologies: national policy studies and global interests at the national academies Wong TM, The National Academies’ National Research Council (NRC), Washington DC, USA The National Academies conduct science and engineering studies towards meeting the challenges of the nation’s S&T policy. The Academies engage leaders from universities, government, and industry to establish policy and guidelines grounded in science and technology research. The Academies’ studies and programs will be discussed to examine policy issues and their implications for nanoscale technologies.
284
Abstracts / Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 2 (2006) 269–312
Dr. Tamae Maeda Wong Ph.D. is program director with the National Academies’ National Research Council (NRC). She conducts scientific and engineering studies that promote effective S&T policy and management. Dr. Wong has been with the National Research Council since 1992, directing international scientific programs and addressing multidisciplinary technical policy issues. She has supported the collaboration of young investigators, addressed universality of science and scientific information, organized workshops on the impact of new technologies, and fostered research-based science and mathematics education. She has addressed issues in chemical sciences, nanotechnologies, environmental engineering, and health safety and security. Prior to joining the National Academies, she conducted interdisciplinary research in semiconductor surface technologies, polymeric materials characterization, and nonlinear laser optics at Brookhaven National Laboratories and Georgetown University. She holds a Ph.D. and M.S. in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania and a B.A. in Physics from Bryn Mawr College. Active in support of education and diversity, she has organized international conferences on teaching and learning mathematics and initiated programs for women in science. She was Editor of the Association for Women in Science magazine and served on the Editorial Advisory Board of the American Chemical Society, Chemical and Engineering News. She also serves on secondary education advisory committees such the NSF-funded bHands-On-OpticsQ program of the Optical Society of America and the International Society for Electrical Engineers.
their culture media and selected reagents throughout the chips. Target measurements for this system include neurotoxins and a variety of air and fluid-borne contaminants.
doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.033
The challenges of regulating known unknowns Wilson RF, Washington & Lee University, Lexington, VA, USA
44
This paper briefly examines our emerging knowledge base about human hazards posed by NSPs, focusing on two particular risks: the risk posed by inhalation and the risk posed by those products that are applied topically. It then summarizes the reasons why the current regulatory framework is inadequate to respond to these risks and why regulators believe their hands are tied until new legislation is enacted. This paper argues that this regulatory inaction leaves a significant role for private insurance market, but that regulators should support this market in material ways.
Saturday, September 9th (4:20) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Life on a chip: nanobioscience R & D at CNSE Castracane J, Feng X, Tang O, Welch J, Szaro BG, Gracias A, Tokranova N, Xu B, College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, USA, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, USA, Department of Chemistry, University of Albany-SUNY, Albany, NY, USA Recent years have been marked by the emergence of new disruptive physical, chemical, and biological innovations that are driven by the vast scientific and technical capabilities provided by nanotechnology. The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to engineer the individual building blocks of matter at the molecular level, atom by atom, to form a link between the nanoscale and the micro- and even, macroscale with precisely controlled functionality and customized properties/performance. Through the exploitation of intrinsic and engineered behaviors of such materials, unique biosensors can be created. Integrating cells/tissues/biomolecules with computer chip platforms leverages Nature and state of the art IC fabrication methods. The linkage between animate and inanimate components provides the key to expanding the range of possible experiments and resulting sensors. Recent results from Bio/Nanotechnology research projects at the University at Albany’s College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) will be presented against a backdrop of the infrastructure development at CNSE. Specifically, this presentation focuses on the development of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)-based devices for lab-on-a-chip bio-applications. These biochips are designed to allow cell secretion (exocytosis) studies by enabling parallel electrochemical detection with millisecond resolution. This secretion is triggered by toxins in the cell’s environment. Initial prototypes of micro-arrays have been produced with microelectrodes on various substrates using wafer-level IC fabrication methods. Amphibian cells have been grown directly on these prototype micro-arrays. Further, these micro-arrays were produced with an integrated, 3-dimensional microfluidic network for the transport of living cells,
Dr. Castracane is Professor and Head of the Nanobioscience Constellation in the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) at the University at Albany-SUNY, Director of the New York State Center for Advanced Technology in Nanomaterials and Nanoelectronics (CATN2) and Director of Technology of Albany NanoTech. His research interests encompass fundamental materials science, optoelectronics, MEMS, and emerging fields such as molecular electronics and spintronics. His current research focus is on nanobioscience. Prior to joining CNSE in 1998, Dr. Castracane’s private sector experience involved positions at R & D companies including Chief Operating Officer. His publication record spans over 100 articles, numerous invited/keynote presentations and ten patents issued/pending. Dr. Castracane received the B.S. degree in Physics from Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, in 1976 and the Ph. D. degree in Physics from The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, in 1982. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.034
37
Saturday, September 9th (4:45) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Robin Fretwell Wilson is a Visiting Professor of Law at Washington and Lee University School of Law and a Professor of Law at the University of Maryland. Professor Wilson is a faculty affiliate of the University of South Carolina Nanocenter, a member of the University of Maryland Center for Nanomedicine and Cellular Delivery, and the founder of the Nanotechnology Regulatory Working Group. Her most recent book, RECONCEIVING THE FAMILY (ROBIN FRETWELL WILSON, ED., CAMBRIDGE UNIV. PRESS, 2006), addresses the use of empirical studies in legal regulation. She may be reached at [email protected]. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2006.10.035
46
Saturday, September 9th (5:10) Concurrent Symposium IX: Commercialization, Ethics and Policy of Nanomedicine
Ethics in nanomedicine: a needs-assessment and proposals for the future Johnson S, Novel Technologies, Research, and Innovation (ENTRI) program of the Alden March Bioethics Institute As nanotechnology emerges as a vital and promising tool for the practice of medicine, it is becoming clearer that there exists a need for ethics scholarship and training in nanomedicine. This presentation will consist of a