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Improved rolling system of railway stock on brake shoe
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ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Procediaonline Computer 00 (2019) 000–000 Available at Science www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263
ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE 2018) ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE 2018)
Improved rolling system of railway stock on brake shoe Improved rolling system of railway stock on brake shoe Anastasia Pinchuka,a,*, Pavel Dadoenkovaa, Dmitry Halutinaa, Ilia Koragoaa Anastasia Pinchuk *, Pavel Dadoenkov , Dmitry Halutin , Ilia Korago a a
Institute of Transport, Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, Riga LV-1006, Latvia Institute of Transport, Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
Abstract Abstract The paper discusses an improved rolling system of railway rolling stock on a brake shoe. In the beginning, to determine the expediency of the paper, the current brakesystem shoe with added rolling elements contributing safe rolling of the stockto on the shoethe is The paper discusses an improved rolling of railway stock on a braketo shoe. In the beginning, determine considered. Additional elements are laser andshoe parktronic. These elements are mounted a portable that isonattached expediency of the paper, the current brake with added elements contributing to on safe rolling ofdevice the stock the shoeto isa standard shoe. The elements facilitate safeand fixing of the rolling by the as well as thethat driver. The driver considered. Additional elements are laser parktronic. These stock elements are operator mounted on-duty on a portable device is attached to a reads the shoe. signalThe fed elements to the driver’s cabin viafixing the retransmitter about thebydistance left toon-duty complete thedriver. wheelThe set on the standard facilitate safe of the rolling stock the operator as rolling well asofthe driver brake the shoe. Thisfed system of theabout rolling namely, rolling of a rolling wheel pair on wheel the shoe. It also reads signal to theimproves driver’s accuracy cabin viaofthefastening retransmitter thestock, distance left to complete of the set on the improves work of the operator on-duty. most of importantly, train departs, signal brake shoe. Thissafety system improves accuracy ofAnd, fastening the rollingwhen stock,the namely, rolling the of adriver wheelreceives pair on athe shoe.through It also the retransmitter lettingofhim whether the And, shoesmost remain under the wheel pairs. improves work safety the know operator on-duty. importantly, when the train departs, the driver receives a signal through the retransmitter letting him know whether the shoes remain under the wheel pairs. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. by Elsevier B.V. This is an open accessPublished article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the the ICTE in in Transportation Transportation and and Logistics Logistics 2018 2018 (ICTE2018). (ICTE2018). Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICTE Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE2018). Keywords: Rolling system; Railway; Brakeshoe; Pulse rangefinder; Parktronic Keywords: Rolling system; Railway; Brakeshoe; Pulse rangefinder; Parktronic
1. Introduction 1. Introduction Safety of train traffic and reduction of manual labor partially related to fixing and controlling the speed of cars on train traffic reduction manual labor by partially to fixing andascontrolling the speed of cars on railSafety yards of to prevent themand from rolling of down the slope using related brake devices such shoes, manually placed under yardspair to prevent from rolling down slopetransport. by using brake devices such as shoes, manually placed under arail wheel of a car,them is a constant problem in the railway a wheel pair of a car, is a constant problem in railway transport.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +371-2214-5500. E-mail address:author. [email protected] * Corresponding Tel.: +371-2214-5500. E-mail address: [email protected] 1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1877-0509 © 2019 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer is review under responsibility ofthe theCC scientific committee the ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE2018). This an open access article under BY-NC-ND licenseof(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE2018).
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE2018). 10.1016/j.procs.2019.01.132
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2. Materials and methods 2.1. Car fixing method As the train stops, the yard operator on-duty (yardmaster) assembles the shoe from the tail of the train to provide the reel. Then he gives a command to the driver to back the train. Having received the command about backing the driver sets the train into motion. A command to stop is given by the yard operator on-duty (yardmaster). All these manipulations pose a real danger of rolling the wheels on the heels of the shoes and rolling over them, possibly leading to a rolling stock derailment, damage of the brake shoes and injury of workers. In addition, the time spent on processing of the rolling stock increases [1-4]. At the stations where only one person fixes the trains, time for train fixing and removing of brake shoes from under the wheels increases to 15–20 minutes. Since it takes quite a long time to fix the cars, it is necessary to adjust train processing standards in the technological processes of stations. Now additional signalmen must be present in yards with more than one train arriving or departing per hour. Moreover, there are extra operating costs associated with an increasing downtime of cars, significant delays of train and shunting locomotives before uncoupling and after attaching them to the train, as well as additional time to perform these operations. 2.2. Operating principle of a brake shoe Brake shoe is a device for braking the moving groups of cars (cuts) and other types of the rolling stock. In addition to the main task of braking the cars, the shoes are used to prevent the cars from moving freely. The brake effect of the brake shoe is based on replacement of rolling friction of the car (friction coefficient is 0.002) with sliding friction of the brake shoe along the rail (friction coefficient is 0.15–0.2) and the second wheel of the braked wheel pair on the other rail. Car sliding on a brake shoe is called skidding; its length depends on the state of friction surfaces of shoe-rail and rail-car wheel pairs, car weight, its axial load, speed of cars moving onto the shoe, weather conditions and other factors. The brake shoe has several advantages and consequently is the main means of keeping the rolling stock on station tracks [1-5]. However, the following drawbacks are detected in the field:
Limited holding force up to 2000 t The need for manual labor when setting and removing the shoe Lack of reliable means from accidental moving of cars with shoes in-place Different impact on the rolling surface of the wheel pair leading to a “wheel flat”, that is to uneven wear of the wheel surface in contact with the rail
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Operating principle of a pulse rangefinder The operating principle of a laser pulse rangefinder is based on measuring the time interval between the moment of radiation of a probe laser monopulse (start-impulse) and the moment of receiving radiation reflected from an object (stop-impulse). The radiation source in such devices is a pulsed laser (usually solid-state or semiconductor), the radiation of which is collimated by an optical forming system. Part of the laser radiation is retracted (for example, using a beam splitter) to the photo detector PD1 during formation of a laser pulse. Radiation reflected from the object enters the receiving channel, consisting of the receiving lens, PD2 (radiation receiver) and the signal amplifier. Time interval meter (TIM) starts working when a laser pulse is emitted by the PD1signal and terminates it
260
Anastasia Pinchuk et al. / Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
at the moment of receiving the reflected radiation at the PD2 signal, generating a digital code of the result obtained. Synchronization and control unit interprets and improves the accuracy of the results, generates a signal on the indicator, and also receives commands from the controls (see Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Rangefinder operation.
The distance to the object while moving at a constant speed of electromagnetic radiation propagation in the layer of a medium (atmosphere, space, water) can be calculated from the following equation (considering that the laser radiation travels the distance twice):
where:
ܮൌ
௱௧ ଶ
(1)
с = speed of light in vacuum Δt = the time interval between the moments of sending and receiving radiation of the probe pulse n = the refractive index of the propagation medium for the radiation wavelength used As follows from the equation (1), to reduce the error in measuring the distance to an object, it is necessary to ensure the rate constancy of radiation propagation in the medium layer and its straightness [1-2, 6-7, 11]. The laser distance measuring method is based on determining the time during which a pulse signal travels the distance from the rangefinder to the reflector twice. Laser rangefinders should measure distances from fractions of a meter to tens of kilometres, which corresponds to the measuring time interval from nanoseconds to milliseconds. 3.2. Operating principle of a parktronic Parktronic is a key device that notifies the driver of the obstacles located at the back of hauling equipment and informs also about the distance until them. Parktronic includes: Sensor elements (ultrasonic sensors) Central electronic unit Sound alert device Ultrasonic parking sensors emit waves. If an obstacle arises in the way of one of them, information about this will
Anastasia Pinchuk et al. / Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
261
be transmitted to the central unit. The data are processed, namely, the distance to the obstacle is calculated. Afterwards, the unit gives a command to the sound device. The obstacle is detected basing on the principle of echoing (pulse radiation and detection of the reflected wave). The same transducer is used for both radiation and reception [5-7]. The main purpose of the sensors is to detect presence or absence of an obstacle, and time of return of the echo at a known speed of sound propagation makes it possible to estimate the distance to the object. The circuit below shows a possibility to use one sensor to generate and receive pulses (see Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Emitter and receiver circuit.
The sound device signals an obstacle to the person driving the vehicle. As you approach the obstacle, an audio signal will become louder. The distance to the obstacle can be depicted as a bar chart on a display. Approaching of the hauling equipment to the obstacle will be displayed at the chart (see Fig. 3). The parking radar is designed to facilitate rolling of the wagons on the brake shoe.
Fig. 3. Displaying of obstacle at the chart (parktronic).
The faster the parking system is, the earlier the driver will receive information about the obstacle and will stop. The optimal value is 0.06 seconds. 3.3. GSM signal repeater operating principle The GSM signal repeater is designed to amplify a limited coverage area. The device is operated with radio frequency cables and antennas. To install the repeater there is no need to obtain a permission from mobile operators. Using the GSM signal repeater makes sense if a stable connection is required in places where the signal is weak. In addition, the GSM repeater is often used to introduce coverage in an isolated (shielded) zone. Isolation may be
262
Anastasia Pinchuk et al. / Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
caused by the structure of the room or terrain [9-11]. Commonly GSM repeaters are configured only for one band (for example, GSM 1800, CDMA or GSM-900). GSM repeaters consist of two types of antennas and the main unit. Antennas can be chosen individually. Main features:
Working frequency range Type of signal reception and transmission (polarization) Connector type Intensification value
3.4. Improved brake shoe The drawing below illustrates the operating principle of improved brake shoe (see Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Operating principle of a brake shoe.
The magnet, on which the shoe with as top is placed, is mounted along the rail grid on the tracks, where the cars are fixed according to the technological instruction of the station. Additional elements are laser and parktronics. These elements are mounted on a portable device that is attached to a regular shoe. Elements allow the yard operator on duty, as well as the driver to safely fix the rolling stock. The driver, backing the train with the cars on the brake shoe, receives a signal via the repeater about the distance from a wheel pair to the brake shoe [6, 8-10]. In the driver's cab all data are shown on the display (see the example above in Fig. 3). Parktronic and laser rangefinder measure the distance, from the brake shoe to the wheel set. As it was revealed in the study, the error of the parktronic is: +/- 1 cm, but the error of the laser rangefinder is +/- 1 mm. Consequently, the wheel set will be rolled onto the brake shoe following the data provided by this equipment. Also, if it is necessary to remove the brake shoe from under the wheel pair, the driver will receive a signal via the repeater about its presence or absence under the wheel pair. Parktronic and laser rangefinder complement each other and this equipment also makes the work of the yard operator on-duty (yardmaster) much safer. The yard operator on-duty (yardmaster) has an opportunity to install the brake shoe on the rail head not endangering himself, and the driver while will be informed during the rolling on whether a full roll has been made on the brake shoe. Also, an improved brake shoe makes it impossible for the train to set off with a brake shoe under the wheel set, which excludes the damage of:
Anastasia Pinchuk et al. / Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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Wheel set Brake shoe Departure of the train with a brake shoe Bursting open the switch Rolling stock Railway infrastructure
5. Conclusion Improvement of the brake shoe makes it possible to back the train more safely and to roll it on the brake shoe. It increases the work safety of the personnel involved in fixing the stock and reduces the time of train fixing. For this reason, time spent on processing of the trains in the technological processes of stations and on shunting decreases; a possibility emerges to reduce the staff involved in train fixing. This reduces operating costs, car downtime, delays of train and shunting locomotives before uncoupling and after attaching them to the train, as well as the additional time to perform these operations. But most importantly, it increases the level of safety on the railway. References [1] Karevs, V., A. Nikolajevs, M. Mezitis. (2016) “Digital signal processing in real time in multi signal monitoring systems with high risk of application.” 57th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia. IEEE Xplore Digital library. e-ISBN: 978-1-5386-3846-0, ISBN: 978-1-5386-3844-6, Print on Demand (PoD) ISBN: 978-1-5386-3847-7, DOI: 10.1109/RTUCON.2017.8124812 [2] Mezitis, M., Karevs, Freimane, J. (2016) “Object Controller of Electric Drive of Point Machine with Expanded Set of Diagnostic Tools.” Procedia Computer Science, Volume 104: 393-399. ICTE 2016; Riga Technical University Riga; Latvia; Code 134528, ISSN: 18770509, DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2017.01.151 [3] Mezitis, M., Pinchuk, A., Maskovska, L. (2016) “Improvement of Train Control System in Ziemelblazma - Skulte Section, Latvia.” Autobusy: technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe, R.17, Volume 6, 647.-650. ISSN: 1509-5878. e-ISSN: 2450-7725. [4] Mezitis, M., Maskovska, L., Pinchuk, A. (2016) “Analysis of Park Kundzinsala (Spur Track of the Riga-Krasta Station, Latvian Railway) Railway Infrastructure Capacity.” Autobusy: technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe, R.17, 6: 1440-1443. ISSN: 1509-5878. e-ISSN: 2450-7725. [5] Sładkowski A. (2017) “Rail Transport—Systems Approach”. Part of the Studies in Systems, Decision and Control book series, Volume 87, Department of Logistics and Industrial Transportation Silesian University of Technology Katowice Poland. ISSN 2198-4182, ISBN 978-3319-51501-4, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51502-1 [6] Lu, S., Liu, Z., Nan, G., Zhang, G. (2015) “Automated visual inspection of brake shoe wear”, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 9675, Code 96752F, DOI: 10.1117/12.2202334 [7] Ikonen E., Krozer V. (2004) “Pulsed time-of-flight laser range finder techniques for fast, high precision measurement applications.” Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Oulu, ISSN 0355-3213 [8] Yin, J., Tang, T., Yang, L., Xun, J., Huang, Y., Gao, Z. (2017) “Research and development of automatic train operation for railway transportation systems: A survey” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 85: 548-572. DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2017.09.009 [9] Kurek, A., Modelski, J. (2007) “Application of the repeaters for indoor localization”, in Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Wireless Technology, ECWT 2006, Code 4057478, pp. 219-222. DOI: 10.1109/ECWT.2006.280475 [10] Singh, S., Kumar, R., Kumar, U. (2015) “Applying human factor analysis tools to a railway brake and wheel maintenance facility” (2015) Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 21 (1): 89-99. DOI: 10.1108/JQME-03-2013-0009 [11] Oudat, E., Mousa, M., Claudel, C. (2015) “Vehicle detection and classification using passive infrared sensing”, in Proceedings - 2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems, MASS 2015, Code 7366960, 443-444. DOI: 10.1109/MASS.2015.62
Anastasia Pinchuk is a Doctoral student at Riga Technical University. In 2014, she received a Master's degree in Railway transport at Riga Technical University. In 2013, she graduated from courses of the Latvian Railway Training Centre: “Traffic Safety Technology”. She has two publications in international journals. She received a one-off prize from an expert commission for her contribution to the study of railway transport, in the competition “Annual Prize of the Latvian Railway, in Science 2013”. Contact her at [email protected].
ScienceDirect ScienceDirect
Procediaonline Computer 00 (2019) 000–000 Available at Science www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263
ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE 2018) ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE 2018)
Improved rolling system of railway stock on brake shoe Improved rolling system of railway stock on brake shoe Anastasia Pinchuka,a,*, Pavel Dadoenkovaa, Dmitry Halutinaa, Ilia Koragoaa Anastasia Pinchuk *, Pavel Dadoenkov , Dmitry Halutin , Ilia Korago a a
Institute of Transport, Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, Riga LV-1006, Latvia Institute of Transport, Riga Technical University, Kalku Street 1, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
Abstract Abstract The paper discusses an improved rolling system of railway rolling stock on a brake shoe. In the beginning, to determine the expediency of the paper, the current brakesystem shoe with added rolling elements contributing safe rolling of the stockto on the shoethe is The paper discusses an improved rolling of railway stock on a braketo shoe. In the beginning, determine considered. Additional elements are laser andshoe parktronic. These elements are mounted a portable that isonattached expediency of the paper, the current brake with added elements contributing to on safe rolling ofdevice the stock the shoeto isa standard shoe. The elements facilitate safeand fixing of the rolling by the as well as thethat driver. The driver considered. Additional elements are laser parktronic. These stock elements are operator mounted on-duty on a portable device is attached to a reads the shoe. signalThe fed elements to the driver’s cabin viafixing the retransmitter about thebydistance left toon-duty complete thedriver. wheelThe set on the standard facilitate safe of the rolling stock the operator as rolling well asofthe driver brake the shoe. Thisfed system of theabout rolling namely, rolling of a rolling wheel pair on wheel the shoe. It also reads signal to theimproves driver’s accuracy cabin viaofthefastening retransmitter thestock, distance left to complete of the set on the improves work of the operator on-duty. most of importantly, train departs, signal brake shoe. Thissafety system improves accuracy ofAnd, fastening the rollingwhen stock,the namely, rolling the of adriver wheelreceives pair on athe shoe.through It also the retransmitter lettingofhim whether the And, shoesmost remain under the wheel pairs. improves work safety the know operator on-duty. importantly, when the train departs, the driver receives a signal through the retransmitter letting him know whether the shoes remain under the wheel pairs. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. © 2019 The Authors. by Elsevier B.V. This is an open accessPublished article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access article under CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the the ICTE in in Transportation Transportation and and Logistics Logistics 2018 2018 (ICTE2018). (ICTE2018). Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICTE Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE2018). Keywords: Rolling system; Railway; Brakeshoe; Pulse rangefinder; Parktronic Keywords: Rolling system; Railway; Brakeshoe; Pulse rangefinder; Parktronic
1. Introduction 1. Introduction Safety of train traffic and reduction of manual labor partially related to fixing and controlling the speed of cars on train traffic reduction manual labor by partially to fixing andascontrolling the speed of cars on railSafety yards of to prevent themand from rolling of down the slope using related brake devices such shoes, manually placed under yardspair to prevent from rolling down slopetransport. by using brake devices such as shoes, manually placed under arail wheel of a car,them is a constant problem in the railway a wheel pair of a car, is a constant problem in railway transport.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +371-2214-5500. E-mail address:author. [email protected] * Corresponding Tel.: +371-2214-5500. E-mail address: [email protected] 1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) 1877-0509 © 2019 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Peer is review under responsibility ofthe theCC scientific committee the ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE2018). This an open access article under BY-NC-ND licenseof(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE2018).
1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Peer review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the ICTE in Transportation and Logistics 2018 (ICTE2018). 10.1016/j.procs.2019.01.132
Anastasia Pinchuk et al. / Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
259
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Car fixing method As the train stops, the yard operator on-duty (yardmaster) assembles the shoe from the tail of the train to provide the reel. Then he gives a command to the driver to back the train. Having received the command about backing the driver sets the train into motion. A command to stop is given by the yard operator on-duty (yardmaster). All these manipulations pose a real danger of rolling the wheels on the heels of the shoes and rolling over them, possibly leading to a rolling stock derailment, damage of the brake shoes and injury of workers. In addition, the time spent on processing of the rolling stock increases [1-4]. At the stations where only one person fixes the trains, time for train fixing and removing of brake shoes from under the wheels increases to 15–20 minutes. Since it takes quite a long time to fix the cars, it is necessary to adjust train processing standards in the technological processes of stations. Now additional signalmen must be present in yards with more than one train arriving or departing per hour. Moreover, there are extra operating costs associated with an increasing downtime of cars, significant delays of train and shunting locomotives before uncoupling and after attaching them to the train, as well as additional time to perform these operations. 2.2. Operating principle of a brake shoe Brake shoe is a device for braking the moving groups of cars (cuts) and other types of the rolling stock. In addition to the main task of braking the cars, the shoes are used to prevent the cars from moving freely. The brake effect of the brake shoe is based on replacement of rolling friction of the car (friction coefficient is 0.002) with sliding friction of the brake shoe along the rail (friction coefficient is 0.15–0.2) and the second wheel of the braked wheel pair on the other rail. Car sliding on a brake shoe is called skidding; its length depends on the state of friction surfaces of shoe-rail and rail-car wheel pairs, car weight, its axial load, speed of cars moving onto the shoe, weather conditions and other factors. The brake shoe has several advantages and consequently is the main means of keeping the rolling stock on station tracks [1-5]. However, the following drawbacks are detected in the field:
Limited holding force up to 2000 t The need for manual labor when setting and removing the shoe Lack of reliable means from accidental moving of cars with shoes in-place Different impact on the rolling surface of the wheel pair leading to a “wheel flat”, that is to uneven wear of the wheel surface in contact with the rail
3. Results and discussion 3.1. Operating principle of a pulse rangefinder The operating principle of a laser pulse rangefinder is based on measuring the time interval between the moment of radiation of a probe laser monopulse (start-impulse) and the moment of receiving radiation reflected from an object (stop-impulse). The radiation source in such devices is a pulsed laser (usually solid-state or semiconductor), the radiation of which is collimated by an optical forming system. Part of the laser radiation is retracted (for example, using a beam splitter) to the photo detector PD1 during formation of a laser pulse. Radiation reflected from the object enters the receiving channel, consisting of the receiving lens, PD2 (radiation receiver) and the signal amplifier. Time interval meter (TIM) starts working when a laser pulse is emitted by the PD1signal and terminates it
260
Anastasia Pinchuk et al. / Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
at the moment of receiving the reflected radiation at the PD2 signal, generating a digital code of the result obtained. Synchronization and control unit interprets and improves the accuracy of the results, generates a signal on the indicator, and also receives commands from the controls (see Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Rangefinder operation.
The distance to the object while moving at a constant speed of electromagnetic radiation propagation in the layer of a medium (atmosphere, space, water) can be calculated from the following equation (considering that the laser radiation travels the distance twice):
where:
ܮൌ
௱௧ ଶ
(1)
с = speed of light in vacuum Δt = the time interval between the moments of sending and receiving radiation of the probe pulse n = the refractive index of the propagation medium for the radiation wavelength used As follows from the equation (1), to reduce the error in measuring the distance to an object, it is necessary to ensure the rate constancy of radiation propagation in the medium layer and its straightness [1-2, 6-7, 11]. The laser distance measuring method is based on determining the time during which a pulse signal travels the distance from the rangefinder to the reflector twice. Laser rangefinders should measure distances from fractions of a meter to tens of kilometres, which corresponds to the measuring time interval from nanoseconds to milliseconds. 3.2. Operating principle of a parktronic Parktronic is a key device that notifies the driver of the obstacles located at the back of hauling equipment and informs also about the distance until them. Parktronic includes: Sensor elements (ultrasonic sensors) Central electronic unit Sound alert device Ultrasonic parking sensors emit waves. If an obstacle arises in the way of one of them, information about this will
Anastasia Pinchuk et al. / Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
261
be transmitted to the central unit. The data are processed, namely, the distance to the obstacle is calculated. Afterwards, the unit gives a command to the sound device. The obstacle is detected basing on the principle of echoing (pulse radiation and detection of the reflected wave). The same transducer is used for both radiation and reception [5-7]. The main purpose of the sensors is to detect presence or absence of an obstacle, and time of return of the echo at a known speed of sound propagation makes it possible to estimate the distance to the object. The circuit below shows a possibility to use one sensor to generate and receive pulses (see Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Emitter and receiver circuit.
The sound device signals an obstacle to the person driving the vehicle. As you approach the obstacle, an audio signal will become louder. The distance to the obstacle can be depicted as a bar chart on a display. Approaching of the hauling equipment to the obstacle will be displayed at the chart (see Fig. 3). The parking radar is designed to facilitate rolling of the wagons on the brake shoe.
Fig. 3. Displaying of obstacle at the chart (parktronic).
The faster the parking system is, the earlier the driver will receive information about the obstacle and will stop. The optimal value is 0.06 seconds. 3.3. GSM signal repeater operating principle The GSM signal repeater is designed to amplify a limited coverage area. The device is operated with radio frequency cables and antennas. To install the repeater there is no need to obtain a permission from mobile operators. Using the GSM signal repeater makes sense if a stable connection is required in places where the signal is weak. In addition, the GSM repeater is often used to introduce coverage in an isolated (shielded) zone. Isolation may be
262
Anastasia Pinchuk et al. / Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
caused by the structure of the room or terrain [9-11]. Commonly GSM repeaters are configured only for one band (for example, GSM 1800, CDMA or GSM-900). GSM repeaters consist of two types of antennas and the main unit. Antennas can be chosen individually. Main features:
Working frequency range Type of signal reception and transmission (polarization) Connector type Intensification value
3.4. Improved brake shoe The drawing below illustrates the operating principle of improved brake shoe (see Fig. 4).
Fig. 4. Operating principle of a brake shoe.
The magnet, on which the shoe with as top is placed, is mounted along the rail grid on the tracks, where the cars are fixed according to the technological instruction of the station. Additional elements are laser and parktronics. These elements are mounted on a portable device that is attached to a regular shoe. Elements allow the yard operator on duty, as well as the driver to safely fix the rolling stock. The driver, backing the train with the cars on the brake shoe, receives a signal via the repeater about the distance from a wheel pair to the brake shoe [6, 8-10]. In the driver's cab all data are shown on the display (see the example above in Fig. 3). Parktronic and laser rangefinder measure the distance, from the brake shoe to the wheel set. As it was revealed in the study, the error of the parktronic is: +/- 1 cm, but the error of the laser rangefinder is +/- 1 mm. Consequently, the wheel set will be rolled onto the brake shoe following the data provided by this equipment. Also, if it is necessary to remove the brake shoe from under the wheel pair, the driver will receive a signal via the repeater about its presence or absence under the wheel pair. Parktronic and laser rangefinder complement each other and this equipment also makes the work of the yard operator on-duty (yardmaster) much safer. The yard operator on-duty (yardmaster) has an opportunity to install the brake shoe on the rail head not endangering himself, and the driver while will be informed during the rolling on whether a full roll has been made on the brake shoe. Also, an improved brake shoe makes it impossible for the train to set off with a brake shoe under the wheel set, which excludes the damage of:
Anastasia Pinchuk et al. / Procedia Computer Science 149 (2019) 258–263 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
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Wheel set Brake shoe Departure of the train with a brake shoe Bursting open the switch Rolling stock Railway infrastructure
5. Conclusion Improvement of the brake shoe makes it possible to back the train more safely and to roll it on the brake shoe. It increases the work safety of the personnel involved in fixing the stock and reduces the time of train fixing. For this reason, time spent on processing of the trains in the technological processes of stations and on shunting decreases; a possibility emerges to reduce the staff involved in train fixing. This reduces operating costs, car downtime, delays of train and shunting locomotives before uncoupling and after attaching them to the train, as well as the additional time to perform these operations. But most importantly, it increases the level of safety on the railway. References [1] Karevs, V., A. Nikolajevs, M. Mezitis. (2016) “Digital signal processing in real time in multi signal monitoring systems with high risk of application.” 57th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia. IEEE Xplore Digital library. e-ISBN: 978-1-5386-3846-0, ISBN: 978-1-5386-3844-6, Print on Demand (PoD) ISBN: 978-1-5386-3847-7, DOI: 10.1109/RTUCON.2017.8124812 [2] Mezitis, M., Karevs, Freimane, J. (2016) “Object Controller of Electric Drive of Point Machine with Expanded Set of Diagnostic Tools.” Procedia Computer Science, Volume 104: 393-399. ICTE 2016; Riga Technical University Riga; Latvia; Code 134528, ISSN: 18770509, DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2017.01.151 [3] Mezitis, M., Pinchuk, A., Maskovska, L. (2016) “Improvement of Train Control System in Ziemelblazma - Skulte Section, Latvia.” Autobusy: technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe, R.17, Volume 6, 647.-650. ISSN: 1509-5878. e-ISSN: 2450-7725. [4] Mezitis, M., Maskovska, L., Pinchuk, A. (2016) “Analysis of Park Kundzinsala (Spur Track of the Riga-Krasta Station, Latvian Railway) Railway Infrastructure Capacity.” Autobusy: technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe, R.17, 6: 1440-1443. ISSN: 1509-5878. e-ISSN: 2450-7725. [5] Sładkowski A. (2017) “Rail Transport—Systems Approach”. Part of the Studies in Systems, Decision and Control book series, Volume 87, Department of Logistics and Industrial Transportation Silesian University of Technology Katowice Poland. ISSN 2198-4182, ISBN 978-3319-51501-4, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-51502-1 [6] Lu, S., Liu, Z., Nan, G., Zhang, G. (2015) “Automated visual inspection of brake shoe wear”, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 9675, Code 96752F, DOI: 10.1117/12.2202334 [7] Ikonen E., Krozer V. (2004) “Pulsed time-of-flight laser range finder techniques for fast, high precision measurement applications.” Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Oulu, ISSN 0355-3213 [8] Yin, J., Tang, T., Yang, L., Xun, J., Huang, Y., Gao, Z. (2017) “Research and development of automatic train operation for railway transportation systems: A survey” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 85: 548-572. DOI: 10.1016/j.trc.2017.09.009 [9] Kurek, A., Modelski, J. (2007) “Application of the repeaters for indoor localization”, in Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Wireless Technology, ECWT 2006, Code 4057478, pp. 219-222. DOI: 10.1109/ECWT.2006.280475 [10] Singh, S., Kumar, R., Kumar, U. (2015) “Applying human factor analysis tools to a railway brake and wheel maintenance facility” (2015) Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, 21 (1): 89-99. DOI: 10.1108/JQME-03-2013-0009 [11] Oudat, E., Mousa, M., Claudel, C. (2015) “Vehicle detection and classification using passive infrared sensing”, in Proceedings - 2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Mobile Ad Hoc and Sensor Systems, MASS 2015, Code 7366960, 443-444. DOI: 10.1109/MASS.2015.62
Anastasia Pinchuk is a Doctoral student at Riga Technical University. In 2014, she received a Master's degree in Railway transport at Riga Technical University. In 2013, she graduated from courses of the Latvian Railway Training Centre: “Traffic Safety Technology”. She has two publications in international journals. She received a one-off prize from an expert commission for her contribution to the study of railway transport, in the competition “Annual Prize of the Latvian Railway, in Science 2013”. Contact her at [email protected].