Improvement in yarn manufacture

July, ~9o4.]

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63

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condition prevailing with regard to joint, as in the p r e c e d i n g test. A s t a r t i n g pressure of iooo p o u n d s was applied, and then increased to 2,ooo pounds, 2,5oo pounds, 3,0o0 pounds, 3,800 pounds, 4,00o pounds, and then by stages of coo pounds until having reached a pressure of 5,900 pounds, flange pulled nearly off from pipe, while the pipe b u l g e d ~ - i n c h at center. The same factor of safety applies to both tests, Nos. and 4, as the pressure applied and attained was the same in both cases. (Signed) OULx~l~vENGIN~;EK~N(; CO.X~VANV, per W. S. (2ui~im. F@, ~z shows a p h o t o g r a p h of several test pieces as exhibited at the meeting.

I M P R O V E 3 I E N T IN YARN MANUFACTURE. An invention has recently been made by an t~ngligh manufacturer which relates to improvements in yarns such as are to be used in the manufacture of textile goods, the object being to construct a serviceable yarn from material which has hitherto been considered of little or no value, or to construct an exceptionally strong yarn at a very cheap rate. The invention consists of a yarn having a core or center thread around or upon which is the body or yarn proper. The core yarn may consist of one or more materials, such as cotton or worsted, or a combination of the two, and the body of cotton or other material, such as silk, wool, shoddy, mungo, flax, waste, or a combination of any of these. According to this invention, the core thread (consisting, say, of cotton) is covered entirely with any other desired fiber (say, of wool), so combining the strength of the core with the utility or appearance of the body. By combining the core and body as described, fibers, such as waste or mungo of such short staple as to be of practically no spinning value, may be utilized in the manufacture of textile goods possessing equal or greater strength and being similar in appearance to goo~ls manufactured from high class fiber. The core and body constituting the improved yarn are combined in the following Irlanuer: The fiber forming the body of the yarn is removed from the swift, or carder, by means of a condenser doffer and card and iron strippers in the ordinary way, and the core thread is brought from any adjacent point to and between the card stripper and the iron stripper, from which point the two together Pass between the rubbers and the body is rubbed around the core sufficiently to keep the two together when on the eoudenser bobbin, from which the yarn is spun in the ordinary manner.--Scieat~fic ..l~lle~'icaJl S~@~leJ~tdpN.

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N o t c s aJ~d (_)~mme!tts. R A I ) I I - M IN M I N E R A l .

[J. F. l.,

WATER>.

A~ b e a r i n g on t h e d i s t r i h u t i o n of r a d i u m in n a t u r e , s o m e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d by R. J. S t r u t t a n d g i v e n b y h i m in a p a p e r r e a d before t h e R o y a l Society, 5 I a r c h co, T904, are o f i n t e r e s t . Mr. S t r u t t f o u n d t h a t d e p o s i t s f r o m two h o t s p r i n g s at Bath a n d Olle at B u x t o u , E n g l a n d , s h o w e d radio-activity. T h e rate of d e c a y ,~f e m a n a t i o n from lice d e p o s i t s was f o u n d to be i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h a t of t h e encanation f r o m r a d i u m , a n d t h e r e is e v e r y r e a s o n to believe iu t h e p r e s e n c e of r a d i u m . T h e q u a n t i t y p r e s e n t of t h i s e l e m e n t is, h o w e v e r . very small, t h e total a m o u n t c o n t a i n e d in t h e w a t e r d i s c h a r g e d b y t h e Bath s p r i n g d u r i n g a y e a r b e i n g e s t i m a t e d at ~; o f a g r a m . T h e s p r i n g g i v e s off a b o u t ~oo cubic feet of g a s p e r d a y , a b o u t o ' I per cent. of w h i c h is h e l i u m , so t h a t a b o u t I,ooo liters o f h e l i u m are g i v e n off a n n u a l l y . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of h e l i u m to r a d i u m , t h o u g h s o m e w h a t larger t h a n in t h e r a d i o - a c t i v e m i u erals, is in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e view t h a t t h e s p r i n g d r a w s its s u p p l y f r o m t h e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n of s u c h minerals.--Eltgineeri~tg~ and illi~ti~2" foz~rna/. EFFICIENCY

OF MODERN

DISTILLING

APPARATUS.

Tile c o m b u s t i o n of I p o u n d of coal in a w e l l - d e s i g n e d boiler f u r n a c e will e v a p o r a t e f r o m 8 to co p o u n d s of water, w h i c h is c o n s i d e r e d a fair c o m m e r c i a l rating. But in t h e p u r i f i c a t i o n of b a d w a t e r or sea water h y dis!illation t h e fuel cost of t h e direct p r o c e s s is p r a c t i c a l l y p r o h i b i t i v e . By u s i n g distillers built on t h e so-called Y a r v a n m u l t i p l e - e f f e c t s y s t e m it is possible a n d practicable, h o w e v e r , to m o r e t h a n q u a d r u p l e t h e e v a p o r a t i v e p o w e r of a p o u n d of coal, or r a t h e r to m o r e t h a n q u a d r u p l e t h e p r o d u c t of d i s t i l l e d w a t e r The s t e a m from t h e m a i n boiler is led into w h a t to all p u r p o s e s is a n o t h e r boiler. au,I b y its c o n d e n s a t i o u it e v a p o r a t e s t h e water c o n t a i n i n g i m p u r i t i e s , t h e st,:am from w h i c h p a s s e s i n t o a n o t h e r so-called boiler a n d r e p e a t s tile operation T h e r e s u l t is t h a t each d r u m acts b o t h as an e v a p o r a t o r a n d as a con,lenser. T h e s u c c e s s i v e e v a p o r a t i o n s are m a d e possible b y m a i n t a i n i n g a -uccessiv~dx d e c r e a s e d p r e s s t n e in e a c h boiler. A S c o t t i s h firm, Mirrlees, \Vatsoll & Co., G l a s g o w . r e c e n t l y b u i l t two s e x t u p l e - e f f e c t distillers for t h e E g y p t i a n ~iOVel"nlclelc~_ u h i c h ~ield ab~,ut 45 p o u n d s of distilled water for each p o u n d of coal. Kaeh p l a n t o m s i s t . ~ , , f six lmlizcmtal c v l i n d e r s a r r a n g e d T h e twessure ~I each -hell is g r a d u a t e d , !~ein~ l~ss h~ each ~ u c c e s s i v e e f f e c t th~til in t h e l n e c e , l i n g ~me, ~ h i c h makt:> it possible to boil t!,,c w a t e r in one ~,~ :~bsort)ing t h e h e a t o( t l , e ~ t e a m in t h e t r e c e , t i u g efl)ct. T h e a p p a r a t u s , ~:~ course, i n c l u d e s ate.am !romps for m a i n t a i n i l ' ~ t h e eirculatitm. Jl, rc/lilzcrv. C RYOSTASt,L _\ curiosit'~ of the p h 3 s i c ; , c h e m i c a ! d o m a h ~ { ~ c r y o s t a s e a m i x t u r e o f equal t~arts o f p h e n o l , s a p o n i n , c a m p h o r , a n d a little t u r p e n t i n e oil. T h i s body possesses t h e a s t o n i s h i n g p r o p e r t y of l i q u e f y i n g in c o o l i n g a n d s o l i d i f y i n g on b~.iug h e a t e d . True, a l b u m i n o i d s also h a v e t h i s p e c u l i a r i t y , but iu d i s t i n c t i o n from these, t h e princess can be r e p e a t e d a n y n u m h e r of t i m e s w i t h cryostase. Solidified a l b u m e n c a n n o t l~e liquefied a g a i n bv m e a n s of cold..-/)eulsche

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