- Email: [email protected]
Improvement of microbial fuel cells performance using bioaugmentation
S660
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S647–S677
VII4-P-027 Biological analysis in advanced wastewater treatment systems Yu Bai 1,2,∗ , Yiping Gan 1 , Hongchen Wang 1 , Hongying Hu 2 , Jinhan Liu 3 1
Beijing Drainage Group CO., Ltd, Beijing 100022, China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 3 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China 2
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Bai). In order to better serve the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Beijing Drainage Group is responsible for providing Olympic park with advanced reclaimed water, of which more than 200,000 m3 will be used for park landscape water (Zhao et al., 2006). Due to Beijing’s serious water shortage, producing advanced reclaimed water complying with the standard of surface water is an important aim for future development. A 200 m3 /d pilot-scale project has been established to produce advanced reclaimed water in Jiu Xianqiao Wastewater Treatment Plant. On the basis of strengthening nitrogen and phosphorus removal of raw wastewater, the O3 and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) joined with Denitrification Biofilter (DNBF) process is applied. Based on the 13-month data, the process can not only remove color and taste in ozone reaction tower but also strengthen the biodiversity and biomass activity in the GAC because of ozonation (Pujol and Tarallo, 2000), so that the CODCr of effluent can maintain less than 30 mg/L while NH4 + –N below 0.5 mg/L stably. However, it is also discovered in this study that when trying to realize the removal of nitrogen, applying a post-denitrification biofilter is unreasonable because of the high oxygen concentration in water, which is different from secondary treatment process (Dee et al., 1994). References Dee, A., James, N., Jones, I., Strickland, J., Upton, J., Cooper, P., 1994. Pre-or-post denitrification at biological filter works? A case study. Water Science and Technology 29, 145–155. Pujol, R., Tarallo, S., 2000. Total nitrogen removal in two-step biofitration. Water Science and Technology 41, 65–68. Zhao, H., Woods, C., Parker, J., Hong, S.-N., 2006. Pilot evaluation of floating media biological aerated filters (BAF) to achieve stringent effluent nutrient discharge requirements. Water Practice & Technology 1, 4.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1529 VII4-P-028 Treatment of high concentration ammonium nitrogen wastewater by aerobic granular sludge membrane bioreactor Chen Rui ∗ , Li Jin Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Rui). A membrane bioreactor (MBR) seeded with aerobic granular sludge was investigated for simultaneous removal of organic substances and nitrogen from high concentration ammonium nitrogen wastewater. Aerobic granular sludge was cultured successively and stably existed in the membrane bioreactors, inoculated by floccular activated sludge and fed with glucose as organic substrate by means of special alternating anaerobic-aerobic operation mode
in sequencing batch reactor. Its mixed liquid suspended solids being 6500 mg/L and sludge volume index being 40 mL/g. The MBR made of polycarbonate has an effective volume of 3 × 104 cm3 . The wastewater was separated from a Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification culture with a 0.1 m pore diameter polypropylene hollow fiber microporous membranes in MBR. The experimental results showed that the effluent ammonia nitrogen could be constant at less than 10 mg/L and COD was averaged at 46.2 mg/L under the conditions of HRT 8h, the volume load of COD 600 mg/L, and the concentration of ammonia nitrogen 40 mg/L. The removal rates of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen were approximately 90%. In addition, the introduction of aerobic granules into the MBR system benefited for controlling membrane pore blocking and cake formation on the membrane. Keywords: Membrane bioreactor; Aerobic granular sludge; Ammonium nitrogen wastewater References Beun, J.J., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Heijnen, J.J., 2002. Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch airlift reactor. Water Research 36, 702–712. Marrot, B., Barrios-Martinez, A., Moulin, P., 2004. Industrial wastewater treatment in a membrane bioreactor: a review. Environment Progress 23, 59–68. Tay, J.H., Liu, Q.S., Liu, Y., 2001. Microscopic observation of aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor. Applied Microbiology 91, 168–175. Zeng, R.J., Lemaire, R., Yuan, Z., 2003. Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 84, 170–178.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1530 VII4-P-029 Improvement of microbial fuel cells performance using bioaugmentation Yinfang Zhi ∗ , Hong Liu, Zhenglong Li, Shaoqiang Yang Bioengineering department, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100191, China E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Zhi). Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be used to directly generate electricity from the organic matter with the help of microorganisms. Previous studies have shown that electricity can be generated from organic wastes in MFC (Liu et al., 2004), however, the power density is not enough for application (Logan and Regan, 2006). If power generation from organic wastes can be increased, MFC technology may provide a promising method to achieve organic wastes treatment while at the same time producing electrical power. Activity of microorganisms is a critical factor for MFCs performance. In this paper, bioaugmentation, which could increase the amount of microorganisms involved in electricity generation, was used to improve power output. The anode of a MFC, which was constructed with sewage collected from septic tank and had operated at 20 ◦ C for 5 months for electrical power harvesting, was used as an inoculum for enrichment. Poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide was exploited as the electron acceptor and acetate was provided as the electron donor for the enrichment of microorganisms. Then another two-chambered MFC, which is composed of anode chamber and cathode chamber, was inoculated with stationary-phase cultures of microorganisms and the improvement of this MFC performance was tested. These experiments showed that compared to the control MFC without inoculating of these microorganisms, power generation of the MFC was evidently increased when inoculated of 10% inoculum. Different inoculating methods were used to optimize power
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S647–S677
output. More details of growing character and electricity harvesting performance of the microorganisms were given. The results demonstrate that bioaugmentation is an effective way to enhance the performance of the MFC. References Liu, H., Ramnarayanan, R., Logan, B.E., 2004. Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environmental Science & Technology 38, 2281–2285. Logan, B.E., Regan, J.M., 2006. Electricity-producing bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells. Trends in Microbiology 14, 512–518.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1532
Reduction of Salmonella in dairy waste through anaerobic lagoon and constructed wetland
VII4-P-030 Biological hydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation from carbohydrate-containing waste Jingwei
Das, D., Veziroglu, T.N., 2001. Hydrogen production by biological processes: a survey of literature. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 26, 13–18. Hwang, M.H., Jang, N.J., Hyun, S.H., 2004. Anaerobic bio-hydrogen production from ethanol fermentation: the role of pH. Biotechnology 111, 297–309. Lay, J.J., 2001. Biohydrogen generation by mesophilic anaerobic fermentation of microcrystalline cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 74, 280–287. Zhu, H., Suzuki, T., Tsygankov, A.A., 1999. Hydrogen production from tofu wastewater by Rhodobacter sphaeroides immobilized in agar gels. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 24, 305–310.
VII4-P-031
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1531
Ma 1,∗ ,
S661
Shuizhou
Ke 2 ,
Yinguang
Chen 1
1
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China 2 Department of Water Engineering and Science College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, PR China E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Ma). Biological hydrogen production process by anaerobic fermentation is a new, low energy consuming and clean technology which includes the utilization of renewable energy resources which are inexhaustible with the production of high quality fuel gas. In this study, natural anaerobic microbes were used as inoculants by mixed culture. Continuous experiment were conducted to investigate the biological factors and the operation parameters, and to find the new avenue for the enhancement of the ability of reactor for biological hydrogen production. The effects of pH, HRT, the COD concentration of influent, temperature and the alkalinity of influent on hydrogen production were investigated. pH value was ranging from 4.0 to 6.5 with 0.5 increment; Temperature was controlled at 15 ± 1 ◦ C, 37 ± 1 ◦ C and 55 ± 1 ◦ C through water jacket by temperature controller. The HRT was controlled at 12 h, 8 h, 6 h and 4 h by pump. At the optimal condition of pH 5.5, HRT 6 h, 37 ◦ C, and the wastewater containing 2.5 g/L glucose, a yield of 1.83 mol H2 /mol glucose and a production rate of 2.57 L/L d were obtained. HRT is an important operation parameter. With increase of HRT, the amount of hydrogen production was decreased, but the yield of hydrogen production was increased. The HRT was recommended to operate at 6 h. The COD concentration of influent was in direct proportion to the H2 production rate and in inverse proportion to the H2 production yield. The COD loading rate was in direct proportion to the H2 production rate and in inverse proportion to the H2 production yield. Because the higher hydrogen yield was gotten at low COD loading rate, it was wise to operate the reactor at low COD loading rate. Temperature affects the ability of microorganism significantly. The yield of thermophilic reactor was little higher than that of mesophilic reactor, while the yield of psychrophilic reactor was only a half of that of mesophilic reactor. Temperature had little effect on the fermentation type. In this study, NaHCO3 was used to adjust the alkalinity of influent and the pH value was controlled by the alkalinity of influent. The correlation of pH value, COD loading rate and the alkalinity of influent at various temperatures were obtained. References Angenent, L.T., Karim, K., Al-Dahhan, M.H., Wrenn, B.A., 2004. Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater. Trends Biotechnol. 22 (9), 477–485.
Yue Li ∗ , Min Xi, Fanlong Kong, Jie Lu College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Li). Bacteria such as Salmonella can be found in dairy waste as pathogens are known to cause disease in human hosts (Cole et al., 1999). The presence and control of human pathogens in waste from commercial dairy farms has emerged as a public health and policy issue that impacts management practices for the waste treatment. Development of alternative treatment systems for dairy waste is ongoing and much research has been focused on the use of lowcost techniques (Cronk, 1996; Grabow and Coubrough, 2006). In this paper the proposed technique of quantifying the reductions of fecal microbes in commercial dairy waste is in two steps: first step is anaerobic lagoon, and second additional step is constructed wetland. In untreated waste from local dairy farm, the average concentration of Salmonella is measured to be 3800 Most Probable Number (MPN)/100 mL. In the first step Salmonella is reduced by approximately 96% in anaerobic lagoon, but high concentration of the microbe still remain in lagoon liquid. Constructed wetlands for continuing treatment are designed in three styles: surface flow (SF), subsurface flow (SSF), and vegetated SSF respectively. In laboratoryscale, temperature and loading rate are shown to be significant variables affecting the performance of the constructed wetland reactors for reducing concentrations of Salmonella and nutrients in lagoon liquid. At temperatures of 10, 20 and 30 ◦ C and total Kjeldahl nitrogen-loading rates of 10, 25 and 40 kg/ha/d, the vegetated SSF reactor generally achieves highest microbial and nutrient reductions ranged from 82% to 99.99%. References Cole, D.J., Hill, V.R., Humenik, F.J., Sobsey, M.D., 1999. Health, safety, and environmental concerns of farm animal waste. Occupational Medicine 14, 423–448. Cronk, J.K., 1996. Constructed wetlands to treat wastewater from dairy and swine operations: a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 58, 97–114. Grabow, W.O.K., Coubrough, P., 2006. Practical direct plaque assay for coliphages in 100-mL samples of drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 430–433.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1533
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S647–S677
VII4-P-027 Biological analysis in advanced wastewater treatment systems Yu Bai 1,2,∗ , Yiping Gan 1 , Hongchen Wang 1 , Hongying Hu 2 , Jinhan Liu 3 1
Beijing Drainage Group CO., Ltd, Beijing 100022, China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China 3 School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China 2
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Bai). In order to better serve the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Beijing Drainage Group is responsible for providing Olympic park with advanced reclaimed water, of which more than 200,000 m3 will be used for park landscape water (Zhao et al., 2006). Due to Beijing’s serious water shortage, producing advanced reclaimed water complying with the standard of surface water is an important aim for future development. A 200 m3 /d pilot-scale project has been established to produce advanced reclaimed water in Jiu Xianqiao Wastewater Treatment Plant. On the basis of strengthening nitrogen and phosphorus removal of raw wastewater, the O3 and Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) joined with Denitrification Biofilter (DNBF) process is applied. Based on the 13-month data, the process can not only remove color and taste in ozone reaction tower but also strengthen the biodiversity and biomass activity in the GAC because of ozonation (Pujol and Tarallo, 2000), so that the CODCr of effluent can maintain less than 30 mg/L while NH4 + –N below 0.5 mg/L stably. However, it is also discovered in this study that when trying to realize the removal of nitrogen, applying a post-denitrification biofilter is unreasonable because of the high oxygen concentration in water, which is different from secondary treatment process (Dee et al., 1994). References Dee, A., James, N., Jones, I., Strickland, J., Upton, J., Cooper, P., 1994. Pre-or-post denitrification at biological filter works? A case study. Water Science and Technology 29, 145–155. Pujol, R., Tarallo, S., 2000. Total nitrogen removal in two-step biofitration. Water Science and Technology 41, 65–68. Zhao, H., Woods, C., Parker, J., Hong, S.-N., 2006. Pilot evaluation of floating media biological aerated filters (BAF) to achieve stringent effluent nutrient discharge requirements. Water Practice & Technology 1, 4.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1529 VII4-P-028 Treatment of high concentration ammonium nitrogen wastewater by aerobic granular sludge membrane bioreactor Chen Rui ∗ , Li Jin Department of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China E-mail address: [email protected] (C. Rui). A membrane bioreactor (MBR) seeded with aerobic granular sludge was investigated for simultaneous removal of organic substances and nitrogen from high concentration ammonium nitrogen wastewater. Aerobic granular sludge was cultured successively and stably existed in the membrane bioreactors, inoculated by floccular activated sludge and fed with glucose as organic substrate by means of special alternating anaerobic-aerobic operation mode
in sequencing batch reactor. Its mixed liquid suspended solids being 6500 mg/L and sludge volume index being 40 mL/g. The MBR made of polycarbonate has an effective volume of 3 × 104 cm3 . The wastewater was separated from a Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification culture with a 0.1 m pore diameter polypropylene hollow fiber microporous membranes in MBR. The experimental results showed that the effluent ammonia nitrogen could be constant at less than 10 mg/L and COD was averaged at 46.2 mg/L under the conditions of HRT 8h, the volume load of COD 600 mg/L, and the concentration of ammonia nitrogen 40 mg/L. The removal rates of nitrate nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen were approximately 90%. In addition, the introduction of aerobic granules into the MBR system benefited for controlling membrane pore blocking and cake formation on the membrane. Keywords: Membrane bioreactor; Aerobic granular sludge; Ammonium nitrogen wastewater References Beun, J.J., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Heijnen, J.J., 2002. Aerobic granulation in a sequencing batch airlift reactor. Water Research 36, 702–712. Marrot, B., Barrios-Martinez, A., Moulin, P., 2004. Industrial wastewater treatment in a membrane bioreactor: a review. Environment Progress 23, 59–68. Tay, J.H., Liu, Q.S., Liu, Y., 2001. Microscopic observation of aerobic granulation in sequential aerobic sludge blanket reactor. Applied Microbiology 91, 168–175. Zeng, R.J., Lemaire, R., Yuan, Z., 2003. Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 84, 170–178.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1530 VII4-P-029 Improvement of microbial fuel cells performance using bioaugmentation Yinfang Zhi ∗ , Hong Liu, Zhenglong Li, Shaoqiang Yang Bioengineering department, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100191, China E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Zhi). Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be used to directly generate electricity from the organic matter with the help of microorganisms. Previous studies have shown that electricity can be generated from organic wastes in MFC (Liu et al., 2004), however, the power density is not enough for application (Logan and Regan, 2006). If power generation from organic wastes can be increased, MFC technology may provide a promising method to achieve organic wastes treatment while at the same time producing electrical power. Activity of microorganisms is a critical factor for MFCs performance. In this paper, bioaugmentation, which could increase the amount of microorganisms involved in electricity generation, was used to improve power output. The anode of a MFC, which was constructed with sewage collected from septic tank and had operated at 20 ◦ C for 5 months for electrical power harvesting, was used as an inoculum for enrichment. Poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide was exploited as the electron acceptor and acetate was provided as the electron donor for the enrichment of microorganisms. Then another two-chambered MFC, which is composed of anode chamber and cathode chamber, was inoculated with stationary-phase cultures of microorganisms and the improvement of this MFC performance was tested. These experiments showed that compared to the control MFC without inoculating of these microorganisms, power generation of the MFC was evidently increased when inoculated of 10% inoculum. Different inoculating methods were used to optimize power
Abstracts / Journal of Biotechnology 136S (2008) S647–S677
output. More details of growing character and electricity harvesting performance of the microorganisms were given. The results demonstrate that bioaugmentation is an effective way to enhance the performance of the MFC. References Liu, H., Ramnarayanan, R., Logan, B.E., 2004. Production of electricity during wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environmental Science & Technology 38, 2281–2285. Logan, B.E., Regan, J.M., 2006. Electricity-producing bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells. Trends in Microbiology 14, 512–518.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1532
Reduction of Salmonella in dairy waste through anaerobic lagoon and constructed wetland
VII4-P-030 Biological hydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation from carbohydrate-containing waste Jingwei
Das, D., Veziroglu, T.N., 2001. Hydrogen production by biological processes: a survey of literature. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 26, 13–18. Hwang, M.H., Jang, N.J., Hyun, S.H., 2004. Anaerobic bio-hydrogen production from ethanol fermentation: the role of pH. Biotechnology 111, 297–309. Lay, J.J., 2001. Biohydrogen generation by mesophilic anaerobic fermentation of microcrystalline cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 74, 280–287. Zhu, H., Suzuki, T., Tsygankov, A.A., 1999. Hydrogen production from tofu wastewater by Rhodobacter sphaeroides immobilized in agar gels. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 24, 305–310.
VII4-P-031
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1531
Ma 1,∗ ,
S661
Shuizhou
Ke 2 ,
Yinguang
Chen 1
1
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China 2 Department of Water Engineering and Science College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, PR China E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Ma). Biological hydrogen production process by anaerobic fermentation is a new, low energy consuming and clean technology which includes the utilization of renewable energy resources which are inexhaustible with the production of high quality fuel gas. In this study, natural anaerobic microbes were used as inoculants by mixed culture. Continuous experiment were conducted to investigate the biological factors and the operation parameters, and to find the new avenue for the enhancement of the ability of reactor for biological hydrogen production. The effects of pH, HRT, the COD concentration of influent, temperature and the alkalinity of influent on hydrogen production were investigated. pH value was ranging from 4.0 to 6.5 with 0.5 increment; Temperature was controlled at 15 ± 1 ◦ C, 37 ± 1 ◦ C and 55 ± 1 ◦ C through water jacket by temperature controller. The HRT was controlled at 12 h, 8 h, 6 h and 4 h by pump. At the optimal condition of pH 5.5, HRT 6 h, 37 ◦ C, and the wastewater containing 2.5 g/L glucose, a yield of 1.83 mol H2 /mol glucose and a production rate of 2.57 L/L d were obtained. HRT is an important operation parameter. With increase of HRT, the amount of hydrogen production was decreased, but the yield of hydrogen production was increased. The HRT was recommended to operate at 6 h. The COD concentration of influent was in direct proportion to the H2 production rate and in inverse proportion to the H2 production yield. The COD loading rate was in direct proportion to the H2 production rate and in inverse proportion to the H2 production yield. Because the higher hydrogen yield was gotten at low COD loading rate, it was wise to operate the reactor at low COD loading rate. Temperature affects the ability of microorganism significantly. The yield of thermophilic reactor was little higher than that of mesophilic reactor, while the yield of psychrophilic reactor was only a half of that of mesophilic reactor. Temperature had little effect on the fermentation type. In this study, NaHCO3 was used to adjust the alkalinity of influent and the pH value was controlled by the alkalinity of influent. The correlation of pH value, COD loading rate and the alkalinity of influent at various temperatures were obtained. References Angenent, L.T., Karim, K., Al-Dahhan, M.H., Wrenn, B.A., 2004. Production of bioenergy and biochemicals from industrial and agricultural wastewater. Trends Biotechnol. 22 (9), 477–485.
Yue Li ∗ , Min Xi, Fanlong Kong, Jie Lu College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Li). Bacteria such as Salmonella can be found in dairy waste as pathogens are known to cause disease in human hosts (Cole et al., 1999). The presence and control of human pathogens in waste from commercial dairy farms has emerged as a public health and policy issue that impacts management practices for the waste treatment. Development of alternative treatment systems for dairy waste is ongoing and much research has been focused on the use of lowcost techniques (Cronk, 1996; Grabow and Coubrough, 2006). In this paper the proposed technique of quantifying the reductions of fecal microbes in commercial dairy waste is in two steps: first step is anaerobic lagoon, and second additional step is constructed wetland. In untreated waste from local dairy farm, the average concentration of Salmonella is measured to be 3800 Most Probable Number (MPN)/100 mL. In the first step Salmonella is reduced by approximately 96% in anaerobic lagoon, but high concentration of the microbe still remain in lagoon liquid. Constructed wetlands for continuing treatment are designed in three styles: surface flow (SF), subsurface flow (SSF), and vegetated SSF respectively. In laboratoryscale, temperature and loading rate are shown to be significant variables affecting the performance of the constructed wetland reactors for reducing concentrations of Salmonella and nutrients in lagoon liquid. At temperatures of 10, 20 and 30 ◦ C and total Kjeldahl nitrogen-loading rates of 10, 25 and 40 kg/ha/d, the vegetated SSF reactor generally achieves highest microbial and nutrient reductions ranged from 82% to 99.99%. References Cole, D.J., Hill, V.R., Humenik, F.J., Sobsey, M.D., 1999. Health, safety, and environmental concerns of farm animal waste. Occupational Medicine 14, 423–448. Cronk, J.K., 1996. Constructed wetlands to treat wastewater from dairy and swine operations: a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 58, 97–114. Grabow, W.O.K., Coubrough, P., 2006. Practical direct plaque assay for coliphages in 100-mL samples of drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72, 430–433.
doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1533