Improvement of superconducting properties of Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramic by prepared under different pressures

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

ScienceDirect ScienceDirect

Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Availableonline onlineatatwww.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available

ScienceDirect ScienceDirect

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy (2019) 000–000 222–227 EnergyProcedia Procedia157 00 (2017) www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18, Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, and Sustainability, TMREES18, 19–21 September 2018,Environment Athens, Greece 19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece

Improvement of superconducting properties of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling Improvement of superconducting properties of Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramic by prepared under different Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramic by prepared under different Assessing the feasibilitypressures of using the heat demand-outdoor pressures temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast Kassim M. Wadia, Aqeel N. Abdulateefa, Auday H. Shabanb, Kareem A. Jasimb* Kassim M. Wadia, Aqeel aN. Abdulateefa, Auday H. Shabanb, Kareem A. Jasimb* a b Techniques c University College, Electrical Engineering Departement. I. Andrića,b,cAl-Ma'amoun *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Correc a

a Department of Physics, College University of Education for pure science Ibn-Al-Haithem, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Al-Ma'amoun College, Electrical Engineering Techniques Departement. a b Department of Physics, College and of Education for pure- science University of Baghdad, Baghdad,Lisbon, Iraq. Portugal IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology Policy Research InstitutoIbn-Al-Haithem, Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 b Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France c Abstract Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France b

Abstract Three sample of superconducting samples with composition Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δprepared by the solid state reaction techniques. A raw sample materialofwith 99.99 % purity materials BiO, BaO, CaCO3 and CuO used. The were reaction mixed and prepared Three superconducting samples with composition Bi2Ba by materials the solid state techniques. 2Ca 2Cuof 3Owere 10+δprepared 2 with the diameter 1.2 cm and thickness (0.2-0.3) cm. The sintering at under pressures Ton/cm , 7 Ton /cm2 and 9Ton /cmCaCO3 AAbstract raw the material with599.99 % 2purity materials BiO, BaO, and CuO of were used. The materials were mixed and prepared 0 for 100 hours 2 , 7 Ton was the applied to the several (0.2-0.3) cycles. The of the constant the furnace at /cm 8502Cand under thetemperature pressures 5 in Ton/cm 9Ton /cm2 with diameter 1.2samples cm andfor thickness cm.resistivity The sintering at 0 for Districtwas heating are commonly addressed literature asfour-probe thetechnique most solutions decreasing the samples testednetworks at in thethe temperature 77 K –100 300in K.the The standard was used to measure the resistivity hours was applied toone theofsamples for effective several cycles. Thefor resistivity of the constant temperature furnace at range 850 C greenhouse gasThe emissions from the building These systems are the116 heat of the samples. transition temperatures (Tconset ) require for four-probe the high threeinvestments samples (A,which B and C)toreturned happened at K, samples was tested atsuperconducting the temperature range 77sector. K – 300 K. The standard technique was used measurethrough the114 resistivity Due to the superconducting changed climate transition conditions and found building renovation policies, heat thehappened future could K,sales. andsamples. 118K respectively. A polycrystalline structure from XRD samples. Thedemand transition temperature and thedecrease, lattice of the The temperatures (Tconset ) forfor theall three samples (A, B andinC) at 114 K, 116 prolonging the investment return period. parameter increase with increasing the pressure. K, and 118K respectively. A polycrystalline structure found from XRD for all samples. The transition temperature and the lattice The mainincrease scope ofwith this increasing paper is tothe assess the feasibility of using the heat demand – outdoor temperature function for heat demand parameter pressure. districtPublished of Alvalade, locatedLtd. in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 ©forecast. 2018 TheThe Authors. by Elsevier © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. buildings that vary in both construction period Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district This is an open accessPublished article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) © 2018 The Authors. by Elsevier Ltd. and typology. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To of estimate the error, values were Selection under responsibility of the scientific Technologies andobtained Materialsheat for demand Renewable Energy, This is an and openpeer-review access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license committee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of themodel, scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, comparedand with results from a dynamic heat demand previously developed and validated by the authors. Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. Selection peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. (the errorSuperconductivity, in annual demand was lower thanLattice 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation Keywords: Electrical resistivity, parameters, Transition temperature. scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). Keywords: Superconductivity, Electrical resistivity, Lattice parameters, Transition temperature. The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations. © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. * Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and E-mail address: [email protected] * Corresponding author. Tel.: +0-000-000-0000 ; fax: +0-000-000-0000 . Cooling. E-mail address: [email protected]

1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) This is an open access under the CC BY-NC-ND 1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) and Sustainability, TMREES18. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. 1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. 10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.184

2

Kassim M. Wadia et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 222–227 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

223

1. Introduction The BSCCO, which consists of (Bismuth Oxide, Strontium Oxide, Calcium Oxide, Copper Oxide) is an important system of high conductivity systems (HTSC) which has a high critical transmission temperature. This system is known to have three phases (2201), (2212), (2223) .Of these phases, the two phases (2212) and (2223) are more important for having a critical temperature is higher than the boiling point of liquid nitrogen[1,2]. It is also desirable for the production of compounds in thin films, and the samples in the form of blocks are usually polymorphism, and that superconductors based Bismuth discovered after the superconducting system with the basis of the atom and has a variety of benefits. The main advantages of this system are its high critical transition temperatures, high critical current, water resistance, and absence of rare earth dust elements, the abundance and purity of superconducting elements, as well as the use of standard crystal growth techniques for its preparation. Although they have all these benefits, obtaining optimal growth factors and conditions remains a difficult task and has not been achieved so far. The crystalline structure of the superconductors have to be as the modified Perovskite structure, which has a (ABO3) as general formula, and the Perovskite name comes from the metal structure (CaTiO3), which is due to the discovery of the ferroelectric property (BaTiO3), which generally believed that the material was not metallic[3]. The general formula of the Bismuth system is Bi2Sr2CanCun + 1O2n + 6 where n is a positive integer. In this system, it is worth mentioning that the first member of the family of this system is when (n = 0) and the compound is (2201) and the advantage of this compound that owns the coordination of eight surfaces of the (Cu) and onset transition temperature (Tc = 20K). The second member of this family is when (n = 1) and the compound is (2212) which onset transition temperature (Tc = 90K) with one layer of (Ca). The structure of the layers of CuO2 are separated by (Ca) layer [4]. The third member of this system is (2223) where (n = 3) has three layers of CuO2 separated from each other by levels of Ca which possesses Tc = 110K, [5-7) is highly dependent on oxygen content while phase 2223 is poorly dependent on oxygen content[8]. The partial replacement of trivalent bismuth with ion, which is different in ionic radius and equivalence, and the conjugation properties may affect the compound in phase formation (HTSC) as well as chemical stability and superconducting properties in general. The produce a single phase (Bi-2223) is very difficult because of the interphase growth (Bi-2212). [9,10] Here, the BiO layer is a storage charge layer which modified the charge density in CuO2 layers. The gaps which formed by the increasing of the oxygen atoms in the copper oxide layers and the lack of strontium oxide layers. While the delivery of the charge occurs during the strontium oxide layers. Here, the calcium atoms act as a dielectric layer that binds sandwiched in the space between the conductivity layers of the copper oxide. To estimate the effect of copper oxide layers on critical temperature, it is necessary to take into account the role of the coupling between layers. The maximum critical temperature value is associated with the maximum number of copper oxide layers. The intracellular and intracellular coupling may occur in conductive conductors based on copper oxide. However, cell coupling between the copper oxide layers is much smaller due to the layer of blanks for bismuth, strontium, and calcium. The coupling between cells is much greater as shown by the small variation in properties of conductivity. Because of the wide range of installation and the high concentration of defects, superconductors Copper oxide is highly differentiated and heterogeneity plays an important role in superconducting bismuth superconductors. [11,12] Finally, the requirements for treatment conditions for single phase formation (Bi-2223) are not yet determined, because, the structure and properties have not been widely studied. To increase our knowledge and improve our understanding it is important to study and workout conditions and the various factors that affect the behavior of the sintering process. The difficulties of preparing the stage (Bi-2223), make the opportunity to progress and study this phase is very weak. [11-14]. mechanical and thermal properties have been one of the most significant topics to be studied but there is lack of research to look into the effect of additives on the mechanical and thermal properties of the materials [15-17]. Aim of this work in this paper is preparation and fabrication of Bi-based superconductors of nominal composition Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramic by prepared under different pressures under the pressures 5 Ton/cm2 , 7 Ton /cm2 and 9Ton /cm2. In addition to studying the effect of these different pressures on the electrical and structural characteristics of this compound

Kassim M. Wadia et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 222–227 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

224

3

2. Experimental Solid-state reaction method was used to prepare the Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ samples. The starting materials consists of Bi2O3 (99.9%), BaO (99.9%), CaO(99.9%) and CuO(99.9%) powders. The weight of each reactant was measured by using a sensitive balance type [Mettler H35 AR]. The agate mortar was used to mix a quantity of 2 - propanol was added to the mixture to form a past during the process of 0.5 h grinding time [18]. The mixture was then pressed into pellets with the diameter 1.5 cm and thickness (0.2-0.3) cm under pressure of 5 Ton/cm2 , 7 Ton /cm2 and 9Ton /cm2. The pellets were putting in tube furnace that has programmable controller type [Eurptherm 818] for sintering, The sintering degree is 860C0 for 100 hour. Electrical transport characterization by four- probe technique (Keithley resistivity setup) was used to measure the resistivity (ρ), at temperature range (77-300K), and to determine the critical temperature (Tc). The sample was fixed in the cryostat instrument which was joined to a rotary pump to get a pressure of 10-2 mbar inside the cryostat, and also joined to a sensor of digital thermometer (type Pt 100 resistance to temperature detection RTD) near the sample position. Find copper wires attached to the sample by furnace-dried silver paste served as the current and voltage leads. A 10 mA current was supplied to the sample by a current source D.C power supply type (Electronica- Veneta DV 30/V3); the voltage drop was measured by a Keithley model 180 nan voltmeter with sensitivity of about  0.1. Nano voltmeter was used for voltage measurements. The resistivity (ρ) could be found from the relation: ρ=

V t I L

Where : I is the current passing through the sample, V is the voltage drop across the electrodes, ω is the width of the sample, L is the effective length between the electrodes, t is the thickness of the sample. All measurement of L, t and ω were made by using digital vernier. The excess of oxygen content (δ) could be determine by used chemical method called Iodometric titration. The structure of the prepared sample was obtained by using x-ray diffractometer (XRD) type (Philips) have the following features, the source Cukα current (20 mA), voltage (40 KV) and λ=1.5405 A0. Phase transformation for many composition was studied by using XRD to get the structure properties. A computer program was established to calculate the lattice parameters a,b,c this program based on Cohen,s least square method [19, 20] . 3. Results and discussion Resistivity of Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramic samples through 77 K to 300 K degree of temperature illustrated in Fig (1). The A sample shows a data points in triangle, when it was cooling, showed an onset-offset superconducting transition temperature approximately 114 K. The transition temperature Tc(off) for superconducting Sample B have an offset approximately 116 K, While a sharp drop for sample C with a very small transition width and Tc(off) (118 K). The above results indicate to gain have high superconducting phase Bi- 2223, with existing of a little admixture of some other phases. There are a little bit differences happened appeared in these data which might be an electronic problem in the equipment.

4

Kassim M. Wadia et Procedia al. / Energy 157 (2019) 222–227 Author name / Energy 00Procedia (2018) 000–000

225

Resistivity  (ohm.cm) x10‐6

5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 prassure=9 Ton/cm

2 1.5

prassure=7 Ton/cm"

1

prassure=5 Ton/cm"

0.5 0

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

Temperature (K)

240

260

280

Fig. 1. Resistivity vs tempurture

XRD spectra of the samples Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ with pressures varying 5 Ton/cm2, 7 Ton /cm2 and 9 Ton /cm2 are illustrated in Fig (2), and shows almost pure polycrystalline Bi-2223 phase. However, the results show very small amounts of Bi-2212 in the tested samples. XRD patterns taken in pelts for samples (A, B, and C) with varying pressure 5 Ton/cm2, 7 Ton /cm2 and 9Ton /cm2 respectively. The results shows that all the samples have a major high-Tc 2223 phase reflections (peaks H), and Low –Tc 2212 phase reflections (peaks L) and a very small amounts of secondary phases. Also from this figure, it can be noticed that as the pressure increases, the 2223 increases, while the 2212 phase decreases, therefore the transition temperature increase with increase pressure. Fig. (3) presented the mass density as a function of pressure . it was shown from this figure that the mass density increase with increasing pressure. 5.59E+00 5.59E+00

ρM (g/cm2) 

5.59E+00 5.59E+00 5.59E+00 5.58E+00 5.58E+00

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Prassure (Tom/cm) Fig. 2. presented the mass density as a function of pressureforBi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramic samples

Kassimname M. Wadia et al. / Energy00Procedia 157 (2019) 222–227 Author / Energy Procedia (2018) 000–000

H(113)

L(024)

L(111)

L(220)

H(115)

H(016)

L(023) H(223)

880

780

Intensity (arb. unit)

680

H(006)

P = 5 ton/cm2

High phase 2223 (peaks H) Low phase 2212 (peaks L)

H(202)

980

5

H(001)

226

P = 7 ton/cm2

580

480

P = 9 ton/cm2

380

280

180

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

 Fig. 3 X-ray diffraction pattern as a function of pressure for Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramic

The software program of X-ray diffraction used to calculate the lattice parameters. Values of transition temperature parameters Tc (offset), Tc (onset), excess oxygen δ(O2), lattice parameters a, c and c/a, are tabulated in table (1). It is worth mentioning that, the experimental errors in the present results were estimated to be about (±5%). Table 1. Tc(onset) , Values of Transition temperatures Tc (offset), Tc(onset) , oxygen excess δ (O2), lattice parameters a, c and c/a for the Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramic samples at different pressure. Pressure(Ton.cm-2)

Tc(offset) (K)

Tc(onset) (K)

δ (O2)

a(Aº)

c(Aº)

c/a

5

114

131

0.172

3.841

37.76

9.83

7

116

126

0.198

3.843

37.75

9.823

9

118

122

0.216

3.847

37.73

9.807

Values of Transition temperatures Tc (offset), Tc(onset) , oxygen excess δ (O2), lattice parameters a, c and c/a for the Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramic samples at different pressure as shown in Table 1. Generally it could be observed the decrease in C parameter, c/a, and δ (O2), lattice parameters (a) increasing by increase pressure.

6

Kassim M. Wadia et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 222–227 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

227

4. Conclusions Tree samples superconductors with composition Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ A, B and C were prepared by the standard solid state reaction method . The powder was pressed into pellets with the diameter 1.5 cm and thickness (0.2-0.3) cm under pressure of 5 Ton/cm2 , 7 Ton /cm2 and 9 Ton /cm2. The sintering degree is 860C0 for 100 hour. Four probe d.c methods at temperature range (77 - 300) K were used to measure the resistivity (ρ) and to determine the transition temperature Tc . The zero transition temperature, offset , Tc(offset)= 114, 116 and 118 K under pressure of 5 Ton/cm2 , 7 Ton /cm2 and 9 Ton /cm2 respectively. The transition temperature changed with the increase of the values of pressure. The best value of Tc(offset) was obtained for sample under pressure 9Ton /cm2. X-ray diffraction analysis showed almost pure polycrystalline Bi-2223 phase with orthorhombic structure. The results shows that all the samples have a major 2223, 1212, and a very small amounts of secondary phases., It can be noticed that as the pressure increases, the 2223 increases, while the 2212 phase decreases, therefore the transition temperature increase with increase pressure. 5. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]

Michel C, Hervieu M, Borel M. M , " Super- conductivity in the Bi-Sr-Cu-O system " Zeitschrift fur Phy . B-Cond. Matter, 68(4) , (1987): 421-423. Patel R . H "Characterization of superconducting properties of BSCCO power prepared by attrition milling " , superconductor Science and technology , 18 , (2005): 318. Brian S.Mitchell " An Introduction to materials Engineering And Science" , Wiley , inc , (2004): 45. Paul A . Tipler , Ralph A. Llewlly " Modren physics " fourth edition p 487-495 , freeman New York, (2003): 487 - 495. Thomas Frello "structural and superconducting properties of High - TcSuperconductors " , RisØ National laboratory , Roskilde , Denmark , (1999): 67. Peter Vesely " The phase transformations in Bi - 2212 Superconducting system in various partial oxyen pressure ", Material Science &technology, 99, (2005): 410. YuryEvgenevichGrigorashvili " Superconductors - Properties , Technology , and Applications " , (2012): 244 - 245. Z. Hong, M. wang, G. Xiong and X. Fan : Physica C, V. 288, (1997): 82. H. Zhang and H. Sato: Physica C, 214, (1993): 265. Majewski P, " BiSrCaCuO high Tc superconductors " Adv . Muter , 6, (1994): 460 - 469. J.M. Tarascon, Y. Lepage, L.H. Greene, B.G. Bagley, P. Barboux, D. Hwang, G.W. Hull, W.r.Mckinnon and M. Giroud; Phys. Rev. B38 (1988) 2504. E.Kh. AL-Shakarchi, M.N. Makadsi and A. J. Dawod; Proceeding of the fourth International conference on physics of condensed matter, Amman-Jordan, (2000). H. Ehrenreich and D. Turnbull; “solid state physics”, vol. 42 Academic Press (1989). Akram R. Jabur "B2223 High Temperature Superconductor wires in silver sheath, Filament diameter effect on critical temperature and current density” Energy Procida, Science Direct, Elsevier 18 ( 2012 ): 254 – 264. Nabil N. Rammo, Hind A. M. Mahdi, Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Polyamide 6,6 Cable Ties by Thermogravimetric Analysis, Ibn Al-Haitham Jour. for Pure & Appl. Sci. 26 (3), (2013):199-210. Kareem A. Jasim, Tariq J. Alwan “Effect of Oxygen Treatment on the Structural and Electrical Properties of Tl0.85Cd0.15Sr2CuO5−δ, Tl0.85Cd0.15Sr2Ca2Cu2O7−δ and Tl0.85Cd0.15Sr3Ca2Cu3O9−δ Superconductors” J Supercond Nov Magn, 30, (2017):3451–3457. Akram R. Jabur "Bi2-xHgxSr2-yBayCa2Cu2O10/Ag Sheath HTSC Wires, (Hg, Ba) Substitution Effect on The Critical Temperature" Energy Procedia, Science Direct, Elsevier 36 ( 2013 ): 985–994. Anaam W.Watana, Suad H.Aleabia, Ridha H. Risana, Kareem A. Jasima, Auday H. Shaban, 2017, Preparation and Physical Properties of Doped CdBa2-x SrxCa2Cu3O8+δCompound, Energy Procedia 119, (2017):466–472. I.F.Ferguson and A.H.Rogerson : Comput. Phys. Commun., 32, (1984): 95. K. A. Jasim , Tariq J. Alwan , J. Supercond. Nov. Magn.,.22 , (2009): 861.