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Improvements i.o.r.t. vacuum producing venturis
VACUUM Classified A b s t r a c t s
II
Vacuum
Apparatus and Auxiliaries --
II
Contd.
illustrations. T h e article e n d s w i t h a description of v a r i o u s t y p e s of O - r i n g s a n d t h e i r application. T h e s e m a y be m a d e 'from t h e m a t e r i a l s listed a b o v e b u t for m e t a l - t o - m e t a l joints, w h e r e appreciable e x p a n s i o n a n d cont r a c t i o n of t h e j o i n i n g surfaces m a y occur, t h e rings s h o u l d be m a d e of weldable t u b e m a t e r i a l s u c h as stainless steel, copper-nickel or o t h e r copper alloy a n d filled w i t h a n i n e r t gas to a p r e s s u r e of t h e order 600 Ib./sq. in. T h i s t y p e of ring is u s e d m a i n l y for h i g h - p r e s s u r e h y d r a u l i c piping, diesel cylinder h e a d s a n d similar applications. Sommaire : Cette article d o n n e u n e r e v u e a p p r o f o n d i e de t o u s l e s t y p e s de g a s k e t disponibles. E n m 6 m e t e m p s on diseute les caract6ristiques de b a s e s des joints et raccords.
O
Article by S. Elonka Power
March 1954 105-124
Vacuum-Tight Joints See A b s t r a c t No. : 3 7 / I V
85/II
Industrial Glass Piping Uniled States. T h i s articIe traces t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a p p l i c a t i o n of glass piping for i n d u s t r i a l p u r p o s e from W o r l d W a r I to t h e p r e s e n t day. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of special glasses, pipe j o i n t s a n d special a p p a r a t u s s u c h as t u b u l a r h e a t e x c h a n g e r s is recorded a n d m a n y of its special uses are quoted, e.g. corrosion-resistant piping for acids, H~ O.~, b r o m i n e , brine, etc., also s a n i t a r y p i p i n g for t h e c o n v e y a n c e of fruit juices, c a r b o r a t e d b e v e r a g e s milk, etc. W o r l d W a r I I g r e a t l y accelerated d e v e l o p m e n t s . A t t h e O a k R i d g e n u c l e a r p l a n t 7.5 miles of glass p i p i n g were e m p l o y e d . T h e pipes were p r e f a b r i c a t e d to r e q u i r e m e n t s at t h e glass w o r k s a n d t h e p r e f a b r i c a t e d sgctions were joined on t h e site a f t e r installation. A n o t h e r r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t is t h e c a s c a d e - t y p e t u b u l a r cooler for a s l u r r y of m a g n e s i u m chloride a n d h y d r o c h l o r i c acid u s e d in t h e p r o d u c t i o n of m a g n e s i u m m e t a l . I n a p a r t i c u l a r p l a n t at L a s V e g a s 27 miles of p i p i n g in u n i t s of 13 t u b e s 20 It. long were used. M u c h w o r k h a s b e e n s p e n t l a t e l y on m o r e a c c u r a t e a l i g n m e n t a n d s p a c i n g of flange faces on b o t h s t r a i g h t l e n g t h s a n d fittings. F i t t i n g s are n o w t e m p e r e d t h u s increasing w o r k i n g s t r e n g t h of a pipeline b y 100~o. A 6-inch pipe h a s also b e e n developed. E q u i p m e n t h a s b e e n evolved to enable t h e c o n s u m e r to m a k e u p a n d c u t his o w n t u b i n g s y s t e m s . Dairies u s e glass t u b i n g on a n ever increasing Scale n o t o n l y in m i l k e x t r a c t i o n b u t in b u l k h a n d l i n g also. Glass pipes h a v e t h e o u t s t a n d i n g v i r t u e s of (1) r e s i s t i n g c h e m i c a l corrosion (even a t elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s ) , (2) c o n t a i n i n g i n e r t c o n s t i t u e n t s w h i c h reduce p o t e n t i a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n a n d (3) b e i n g readily cleanable a n d s a n i t i s e d for h y g i e n i c purposes. So mmaire : Los emplois et qualitds de t u b e de v e r r e d a n s l ' i n d u s t r i e et p l u s s p ~ c i a t e m e n t d u n s les i n s t a l l a t i o n s chimiques, s o n t discutds.
86/II
29 - -
O
Xbstr~,ct~o.
and References
MISCELLANEOUS APPARATUS
--
29
Improvements i.o.r.t. V a c u u m Producing Venturis United Kingdom. T h e i n v e n t i o n consists of a n i m p r o v e d ven~uri device of t h e t y p e installed in aircraft e n g i n e s for p r o d u c i n g a source of r o u g h v a c u u m . T h e v e n t u r i is m a d e u p of t w o hollow conical sections w h o s e n a r r o w e n d s m e e t to f o r m a t h r o a t a n d w h i c h are fitted inside a l e n g t h of t u b e m o u n t e d axially in t h e e x h a u s t pipe of t h e engine. O n e of t h e sections is a b o u t e i g h t t i m e s as long as t h e other, a n d is slightly wider at its o u t e r end. A r o u n d t h e t h r o a t is a ring of s m a l l holes w h i c h c o m m u n i c a t e via a s h o r t d u c t w i t h t h e v a c u u m c o n t a i n e r s u r r o u n d i n g t h e e x h a u s t pipe. I t is claimed t h a t t h e a r r a n g e m e n t allows t h e v e n t u r i to be m a c h i n e d f r o m a single piece of material, so a v o i d i n g t h e risk of d i s t o r t i o n liable w i t h a f a b r i c a t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n . Sommaire : U n e a m e l i o r a t i o n d ' u n appareil de v e n t u r i d u t y p e install6 d a n s l e s m o t e u r s d ' a v i o n s p o u r servir c o m m e source de vide p r i m a i r e et d6crite. Improvements i.o.r.t, the Detection of Leaks in Vessels Intended to be Gastight United Kingdom. L e a k t e s t i n g m e t h o d s , w o r k i n g according to t h e principle t h a t t h e vessel to be t e s t e d is filled w i t h air a t a p r e s s u r e a b o v e a t m o s p h e r i c a n d t h e o u t s i d e surfaces of t h e vessel are covered w i t h a soap s o l u t i o n w h i c h f o r m s b u b b l e s a b o v e a leak, are difficult to Operate w h e n t h e vessel is of a c o m p l i c a t e d cons t r u c t i o n or w h e n t h e leak is in a n inaccessible region of t h e surface. I t is proposed therefore to a d m i t n i t r o u s oxide to t h e interior of t h e vessel u n d e r t e s t to give a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 2~o in a t m o s p h e r i c air. S u b s e q u e n t l y c o m p r e s s e d air is a d m i t t e d to t h e c h a m b e r in order to raise t h e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e to a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15 tb p e r sq. inch. T h i s gives a final c o n c e n t r a t i o n of n i t r o u s oxide in a i r = 1 ~o. T h e e n d of a flexible t u b e w h i c h m a y be fitted w i t h a c u p - s h a p e d p r o b e is t h e n p a s s e d over t h e o u t e r surface of t h e vessel in t h e region of t h e s u s p e c t e d leak. T h i s probe is c o n n e c t e d via a flow m e t e r a n d w a t e r v a p o u r t r a p to a n infra-red g a s a n a l y s e r t u b e , t h e o t h e r e n d of w h i c h is c o n n e c t e d to a s m a l l s u c t i o n p u m p w h i c h d r a w s t h e a i r / gas m i x t u r e t h r o u g h t h e a n a l y s e r a t a r a t e of a b o u t 1 litre per m i n u t e . N i t r o u s oxide a b s o r b s infra-red r a y s a n d its p r e s e n c e in air a t a p e r c e n t a g e as low as 0.001 c a n be d e t e c t e d b y t h e gas analyser. T h e indication of t h e p r e s e n c e of a leak c a n e i t h e r be effected b y a n o r m a l m e t e r i n g device or a w a r n i n g light, loud s p e a k e r or k l a x o n horn. T h e m e t h o d p r o p o s e d is n o t restricted to t h e use of n i t r o u s oxide as a leak i n d i c a t o r b u t as this gas is r e a d i l y obtainable, non-corrosive a n d n o t n o r m a l l y p r e s e n t in c o n s p i c u o u s q u a n t i t i e s in a t m o s p h e r i c air it a p p e a r s p a r t i c u l a r l y suitable. Som maire : U n e m d t h o d e de d6tection de fuite ~ h a u t e pression oR le gaz de recherche est de Fair m6langd avec g a s ~ g r a n d e a b s o r p t i o n d'infra-rouge. L a Iuite est recherch6e ~ l'aide d ' u u a n a l y s e u r ~ gaz infra-rouge.
A25ril, 1954
Vac~tum Vol. I V No. 2
Article by E. B. Shand I~dustr. Engng. Che~. 46, Jan. 1954 179-182
8'7/II
A. P. Hunt Brit..Pat. 705,912
88/II
A. E. Martin J. Smith & C. A. Parsons & Co. Ltd. Brit. Pat. 702,622
241
II
Vacuum
Apparatus and Auxiliaries --
II
Contd.
illustrations. T h e article e n d s w i t h a description of v a r i o u s t y p e s of O - r i n g s a n d t h e i r application. T h e s e m a y be m a d e 'from t h e m a t e r i a l s listed a b o v e b u t for m e t a l - t o - m e t a l joints, w h e r e appreciable e x p a n s i o n a n d cont r a c t i o n of t h e j o i n i n g surfaces m a y occur, t h e rings s h o u l d be m a d e of weldable t u b e m a t e r i a l s u c h as stainless steel, copper-nickel or o t h e r copper alloy a n d filled w i t h a n i n e r t gas to a p r e s s u r e of t h e order 600 Ib./sq. in. T h i s t y p e of ring is u s e d m a i n l y for h i g h - p r e s s u r e h y d r a u l i c piping, diesel cylinder h e a d s a n d similar applications. Sommaire : Cette article d o n n e u n e r e v u e a p p r o f o n d i e de t o u s l e s t y p e s de g a s k e t disponibles. E n m 6 m e t e m p s on diseute les caract6ristiques de b a s e s des joints et raccords.
O
Article by S. Elonka Power
March 1954 105-124
Vacuum-Tight Joints See A b s t r a c t No. : 3 7 / I V
85/II
Industrial Glass Piping Uniled States. T h i s articIe traces t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d a p p l i c a t i o n of glass piping for i n d u s t r i a l p u r p o s e from W o r l d W a r I to t h e p r e s e n t day. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of special glasses, pipe j o i n t s a n d special a p p a r a t u s s u c h as t u b u l a r h e a t e x c h a n g e r s is recorded a n d m a n y of its special uses are quoted, e.g. corrosion-resistant piping for acids, H~ O.~, b r o m i n e , brine, etc., also s a n i t a r y p i p i n g for t h e c o n v e y a n c e of fruit juices, c a r b o r a t e d b e v e r a g e s milk, etc. W o r l d W a r I I g r e a t l y accelerated d e v e l o p m e n t s . A t t h e O a k R i d g e n u c l e a r p l a n t 7.5 miles of glass p i p i n g were e m p l o y e d . T h e pipes were p r e f a b r i c a t e d to r e q u i r e m e n t s at t h e glass w o r k s a n d t h e p r e f a b r i c a t e d sgctions were joined on t h e site a f t e r installation. A n o t h e r r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t is t h e c a s c a d e - t y p e t u b u l a r cooler for a s l u r r y of m a g n e s i u m chloride a n d h y d r o c h l o r i c acid u s e d in t h e p r o d u c t i o n of m a g n e s i u m m e t a l . I n a p a r t i c u l a r p l a n t at L a s V e g a s 27 miles of p i p i n g in u n i t s of 13 t u b e s 20 It. long were used. M u c h w o r k h a s b e e n s p e n t l a t e l y on m o r e a c c u r a t e a l i g n m e n t a n d s p a c i n g of flange faces on b o t h s t r a i g h t l e n g t h s a n d fittings. F i t t i n g s are n o w t e m p e r e d t h u s increasing w o r k i n g s t r e n g t h of a pipeline b y 100~o. A 6-inch pipe h a s also b e e n developed. E q u i p m e n t h a s b e e n evolved to enable t h e c o n s u m e r to m a k e u p a n d c u t his o w n t u b i n g s y s t e m s . Dairies u s e glass t u b i n g on a n ever increasing Scale n o t o n l y in m i l k e x t r a c t i o n b u t in b u l k h a n d l i n g also. Glass pipes h a v e t h e o u t s t a n d i n g v i r t u e s of (1) r e s i s t i n g c h e m i c a l corrosion (even a t elevated t e m p e r a t u r e s ) , (2) c o n t a i n i n g i n e r t c o n s t i t u e n t s w h i c h reduce p o t e n t i a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n a n d (3) b e i n g readily cleanable a n d s a n i t i s e d for h y g i e n i c purposes. So mmaire : Los emplois et qualitds de t u b e de v e r r e d a n s l ' i n d u s t r i e et p l u s s p ~ c i a t e m e n t d u n s les i n s t a l l a t i o n s chimiques, s o n t discutds.
86/II
29 - -
O
Xbstr~,ct~o.
and References
MISCELLANEOUS APPARATUS
--
29
Improvements i.o.r.t. V a c u u m Producing Venturis United Kingdom. T h e i n v e n t i o n consists of a n i m p r o v e d ven~uri device of t h e t y p e installed in aircraft e n g i n e s for p r o d u c i n g a source of r o u g h v a c u u m . T h e v e n t u r i is m a d e u p of t w o hollow conical sections w h o s e n a r r o w e n d s m e e t to f o r m a t h r o a t a n d w h i c h are fitted inside a l e n g t h of t u b e m o u n t e d axially in t h e e x h a u s t pipe of t h e engine. O n e of t h e sections is a b o u t e i g h t t i m e s as long as t h e other, a n d is slightly wider at its o u t e r end. A r o u n d t h e t h r o a t is a ring of s m a l l holes w h i c h c o m m u n i c a t e via a s h o r t d u c t w i t h t h e v a c u u m c o n t a i n e r s u r r o u n d i n g t h e e x h a u s t pipe. I t is claimed t h a t t h e a r r a n g e m e n t allows t h e v e n t u r i to be m a c h i n e d f r o m a single piece of material, so a v o i d i n g t h e risk of d i s t o r t i o n liable w i t h a f a b r i c a t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n . Sommaire : U n e a m e l i o r a t i o n d ' u n appareil de v e n t u r i d u t y p e install6 d a n s l e s m o t e u r s d ' a v i o n s p o u r servir c o m m e source de vide p r i m a i r e et d6crite. Improvements i.o.r.t, the Detection of Leaks in Vessels Intended to be Gastight United Kingdom. L e a k t e s t i n g m e t h o d s , w o r k i n g according to t h e principle t h a t t h e vessel to be t e s t e d is filled w i t h air a t a p r e s s u r e a b o v e a t m o s p h e r i c a n d t h e o u t s i d e surfaces of t h e vessel are covered w i t h a soap s o l u t i o n w h i c h f o r m s b u b b l e s a b o v e a leak, are difficult to Operate w h e n t h e vessel is of a c o m p l i c a t e d cons t r u c t i o n or w h e n t h e leak is in a n inaccessible region of t h e surface. I t is proposed therefore to a d m i t n i t r o u s oxide to t h e interior of t h e vessel u n d e r t e s t to give a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 2~o in a t m o s p h e r i c air. S u b s e q u e n t l y c o m p r e s s e d air is a d m i t t e d to t h e c h a m b e r in order to raise t h e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e to a p p r o x i m a t e l y 15 tb p e r sq. inch. T h i s gives a final c o n c e n t r a t i o n of n i t r o u s oxide in a i r = 1 ~o. T h e e n d of a flexible t u b e w h i c h m a y be fitted w i t h a c u p - s h a p e d p r o b e is t h e n p a s s e d over t h e o u t e r surface of t h e vessel in t h e region of t h e s u s p e c t e d leak. T h i s probe is c o n n e c t e d via a flow m e t e r a n d w a t e r v a p o u r t r a p to a n infra-red g a s a n a l y s e r t u b e , t h e o t h e r e n d of w h i c h is c o n n e c t e d to a s m a l l s u c t i o n p u m p w h i c h d r a w s t h e a i r / gas m i x t u r e t h r o u g h t h e a n a l y s e r a t a r a t e of a b o u t 1 litre per m i n u t e . N i t r o u s oxide a b s o r b s infra-red r a y s a n d its p r e s e n c e in air a t a p e r c e n t a g e as low as 0.001 c a n be d e t e c t e d b y t h e gas analyser. T h e indication of t h e p r e s e n c e of a leak c a n e i t h e r be effected b y a n o r m a l m e t e r i n g device or a w a r n i n g light, loud s p e a k e r or k l a x o n horn. T h e m e t h o d p r o p o s e d is n o t restricted to t h e use of n i t r o u s oxide as a leak i n d i c a t o r b u t as this gas is r e a d i l y obtainable, non-corrosive a n d n o t n o r m a l l y p r e s e n t in c o n s p i c u o u s q u a n t i t i e s in a t m o s p h e r i c air it a p p e a r s p a r t i c u l a r l y suitable. Som maire : U n e m d t h o d e de d6tection de fuite ~ h a u t e pression oR le gaz de recherche est de Fair m6langd avec g a s ~ g r a n d e a b s o r p t i o n d'infra-rouge. L a Iuite est recherch6e ~ l'aide d ' u u a n a l y s e u r ~ gaz infra-rouge.
A25ril, 1954
Vac~tum Vol. I V No. 2
Article by E. B. Shand I~dustr. Engng. Che~. 46, Jan. 1954 179-182
8'7/II
A. P. Hunt Brit..Pat. 705,912
88/II
A. E. Martin J. Smith & C. A. Parsons & Co. Ltd. Brit. Pat. 702,622
241