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Impulsivity and not body weight drives electrocortical responses to images of food in healthy and obese youth
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Abstracts/Appetite 89 (2015) 301–330
Choice-offering as a strategy to stimulate vegetable intake in young children. An in-home study V.W.T. DE WILD a, C. DE GRAAF a, H.C. BOSHUIZEN a,b, G. JAGER a. a Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands, b Department of Statistics and Mathematical Modelling, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. [email protected] Poor vegetable intake in children is a persistent problem, despite increased awareness of the importance of vegetable consumption in our obesogenic environment. Encouraging children’s feeling of autonomy by offering a choice can stimulate children’s vegetable intake, according to self-determination theory. The objective of this study was to investigate whether choice-offering is an effective strategy to increase children’s vegetable intake. Children (Mage 3.7; SD 1; n = 70) were randomly assigned to either the choice or the no-choice condition. Each child was exposed 12 times to six familiar target vegetables in both groups at home during the evening meal. In the choice group, two selected vegetables were offered each time, whereas in the nochoice group only one vegetable was offered. Vegetable intake was measured by weighing children’s plates before and after dinnertime. A mixed linear model with age, gender, and baseline vegetable liking as covariates was used to compare intake between the choice and the no-choice group. Baseline vegetable liking predicted vegetable intake during the intervention (P < 0.001). Age (P = 0.06) and group (P = 0.09) both showed a small effect in predicting vegetable intake to be higher with older age and higher in the choice group respectively. The results of this study are not convincing that choiceoffering during dinner time in an in-home situation is effective in increasing children’s vegetable intake. Context, age, and liking of vegetables seem to influence the effect of offering a choice. However, if choice-offering works it is easy to apply at home.
Comprehending emotional eating in a community sample. The role of parental rejection, peer rejection and emotion regulation J. VANDEWALLE, E. MOENS, C. BRAET. Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent Uaddress niversity, Belgium. [email protected] Previous research has found a relationship between parental rejection and emotional eating of obese youngsters, mediated by maladaptive emotion regulation strategies of the youngster. This suggests that parental rejection may undermine the child’s ability to regulate emotions. Subsequently, the child may use food to escape from negative emotions, which may lead to weight gain and eventually obesity. In addition, research has also found that peer rejection is related to emotion dysregulation and eating pathology in obese youngsters. As emotional eating is not only displayed by obese individuals, but is also present in the general population, the present study examined the relation between parental rejection, peer rejection and emotional eating and the mediating role of emotion regulation in a community sample. Participants were 79 youngsters between the ages of 10 and 16 years. Participants were asked to complete questionnaires assessing maternal, paternal and peer rejection, emotion regulation strategies and emotional eating. Bootstrapping procedure was used to test if emotion regulation mediated the relationship between maternal, paternal and peer rejection on the one hand and emotional eating of the youngster on the other hand. The results revealed that the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relation between peer rejection and emotional eating. Maternal and paternal rejection were not associated with the emotion regulation or with the emotional eating of the youngster. The results suggest that in the general population peer rejection has influence on the emotion regulation, and in turn the emotional eating of the child.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.014
How can classical conditioning learning procedures support the taste development in toddlers (REWARD) E. MOENS, S. VERBEKEN, L. VANDEWEGHE, L. VERVOORT, L. GOOSSENS, C. BRAET. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. [email protected] The development of food preferences is a learning process, as such it is assumable that classical conditioning can enhance or impede this process. The current study aims to examine the differential effects of associative learning taking into account individual differences in reward sensitivity (RS) on children’s preferences of vegetables. The children (n = 45, 24–30 months) are randomly allocated to a neutral condition, a positive condition or a control group and exposed to an unliked vegetable. The neutral condition consists of ‘mere exposure’. The positive condition is operationalized based on focus groups with caregivers determining cues facilitating children’s eating development. The manipulation includes a three week exposure (+stimuli) intervention consisting of 9 tasting trials. During each trial, children’s willingness to taste is observed. Their liking is measured using a 3-point visual ‘faces’ scale on trials 3, 6 and 9. Children’s liking and usual intake of the vegetable is assessed before, and after the intervention phase 5 weeks from baseline and 3 months from baseline. The child’s RS is assessed by the BIS/BAS Questionnaire (parents and caregivers report). It is hypothesized that (1) the tasting and liking process can develop faster when the child is exposed to positive stimuli via the process of associative learning and (2) RS may predict change in willingness to taste and liking of vegetables. Results will be presented. This knowledge could lead to more successful interventions tailored to individual characteristics of children. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.013
Impulsivity and not body weight drives electrocortical responses to images of food in healthy and obese youth J. BLECHERT a,b , J. HOFMANN a,b , E. ARDELT-GATTINGER a,b , D. WEGHUBER b,c. a Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, b Obesity Academy Austria, Austria, c Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical School, Salzburg, Austria. [email protected] An early onset of obesity is particularly problematic since a chronic course and multiple comorbidities become more likely than with onsets in later life. Self-control in these individuals is known to be particularly vulnerable when confronted with palatable foods. Neural mechanisms underlying self-control and appetitive responding in children and youth are poorly understood but might inspire new treatments. We studied 35 obese children and youth (BMI-SDS 1.90– 3.40, M = 2.50) and 24 matched healthy controls (BMI-SDS −1.40 to 1.20, M = 0.04), aged 10 to 18 (M = 13.45, SD = 2.37) during exposure to visual food cues while acquiring high density EEG and subjective ratings. Groups did not differ significantly in their event related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the EEG, F(1,56) = .74, p = .395, ηp2 = .013. However, impulsivity played a moderating role: higher impulsivity was associated with larger early visual ERPs (P100 component) regardless of body weight, r(47) = .410, p = .004. A key vulnerability factor for enhanced visual attention to food is impulsivity, which might interact with other factors in contributing to childhood obesity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.015
Abstracts/Appetite 89 (2015) 301–330
Choice-offering as a strategy to stimulate vegetable intake in young children. An in-home study V.W.T. DE WILD a, C. DE GRAAF a, H.C. BOSHUIZEN a,b, G. JAGER a. a Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands, b Department of Statistics and Mathematical Modelling, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. [email protected] Poor vegetable intake in children is a persistent problem, despite increased awareness of the importance of vegetable consumption in our obesogenic environment. Encouraging children’s feeling of autonomy by offering a choice can stimulate children’s vegetable intake, according to self-determination theory. The objective of this study was to investigate whether choice-offering is an effective strategy to increase children’s vegetable intake. Children (Mage 3.7; SD 1; n = 70) were randomly assigned to either the choice or the no-choice condition. Each child was exposed 12 times to six familiar target vegetables in both groups at home during the evening meal. In the choice group, two selected vegetables were offered each time, whereas in the nochoice group only one vegetable was offered. Vegetable intake was measured by weighing children’s plates before and after dinnertime. A mixed linear model with age, gender, and baseline vegetable liking as covariates was used to compare intake between the choice and the no-choice group. Baseline vegetable liking predicted vegetable intake during the intervention (P < 0.001). Age (P = 0.06) and group (P = 0.09) both showed a small effect in predicting vegetable intake to be higher with older age and higher in the choice group respectively. The results of this study are not convincing that choiceoffering during dinner time in an in-home situation is effective in increasing children’s vegetable intake. Context, age, and liking of vegetables seem to influence the effect of offering a choice. However, if choice-offering works it is easy to apply at home.
Comprehending emotional eating in a community sample. The role of parental rejection, peer rejection and emotion regulation J. VANDEWALLE, E. MOENS, C. BRAET. Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent Uaddress niversity, Belgium. [email protected] Previous research has found a relationship between parental rejection and emotional eating of obese youngsters, mediated by maladaptive emotion regulation strategies of the youngster. This suggests that parental rejection may undermine the child’s ability to regulate emotions. Subsequently, the child may use food to escape from negative emotions, which may lead to weight gain and eventually obesity. In addition, research has also found that peer rejection is related to emotion dysregulation and eating pathology in obese youngsters. As emotional eating is not only displayed by obese individuals, but is also present in the general population, the present study examined the relation between parental rejection, peer rejection and emotional eating and the mediating role of emotion regulation in a community sample. Participants were 79 youngsters between the ages of 10 and 16 years. Participants were asked to complete questionnaires assessing maternal, paternal and peer rejection, emotion regulation strategies and emotional eating. Bootstrapping procedure was used to test if emotion regulation mediated the relationship between maternal, paternal and peer rejection on the one hand and emotional eating of the youngster on the other hand. The results revealed that the use of maladaptive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relation between peer rejection and emotional eating. Maternal and paternal rejection were not associated with the emotion regulation or with the emotional eating of the youngster. The results suggest that in the general population peer rejection has influence on the emotion regulation, and in turn the emotional eating of the child.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.014
How can classical conditioning learning procedures support the taste development in toddlers (REWARD) E. MOENS, S. VERBEKEN, L. VANDEWEGHE, L. VERVOORT, L. GOOSSENS, C. BRAET. Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, H. Dunantlaan, 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. [email protected] The development of food preferences is a learning process, as such it is assumable that classical conditioning can enhance or impede this process. The current study aims to examine the differential effects of associative learning taking into account individual differences in reward sensitivity (RS) on children’s preferences of vegetables. The children (n = 45, 24–30 months) are randomly allocated to a neutral condition, a positive condition or a control group and exposed to an unliked vegetable. The neutral condition consists of ‘mere exposure’. The positive condition is operationalized based on focus groups with caregivers determining cues facilitating children’s eating development. The manipulation includes a three week exposure (+stimuli) intervention consisting of 9 tasting trials. During each trial, children’s willingness to taste is observed. Their liking is measured using a 3-point visual ‘faces’ scale on trials 3, 6 and 9. Children’s liking and usual intake of the vegetable is assessed before, and after the intervention phase 5 weeks from baseline and 3 months from baseline. The child’s RS is assessed by the BIS/BAS Questionnaire (parents and caregivers report). It is hypothesized that (1) the tasting and liking process can develop faster when the child is exposed to positive stimuli via the process of associative learning and (2) RS may predict change in willingness to taste and liking of vegetables. Results will be presented. This knowledge could lead to more successful interventions tailored to individual characteristics of children. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.013
Impulsivity and not body weight drives electrocortical responses to images of food in healthy and obese youth J. BLECHERT a,b , J. HOFMANN a,b , E. ARDELT-GATTINGER a,b , D. WEGHUBER b,c. a Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria, b Obesity Academy Austria, Austria, c Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Private Medical School, Salzburg, Austria. [email protected] An early onset of obesity is particularly problematic since a chronic course and multiple comorbidities become more likely than with onsets in later life. Self-control in these individuals is known to be particularly vulnerable when confronted with palatable foods. Neural mechanisms underlying self-control and appetitive responding in children and youth are poorly understood but might inspire new treatments. We studied 35 obese children and youth (BMI-SDS 1.90– 3.40, M = 2.50) and 24 matched healthy controls (BMI-SDS −1.40 to 1.20, M = 0.04), aged 10 to 18 (M = 13.45, SD = 2.37) during exposure to visual food cues while acquiring high density EEG and subjective ratings. Groups did not differ significantly in their event related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the EEG, F(1,56) = .74, p = .395, ηp2 = .013. However, impulsivity played a moderating role: higher impulsivity was associated with larger early visual ERPs (P100 component) regardless of body weight, r(47) = .410, p = .004. A key vulnerability factor for enhanced visual attention to food is impulsivity, which might interact with other factors in contributing to childhood obesity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.12.015