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In situ formation deposited ZnO nanoparticles on silk fabrics under ultrasound irradiation
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ultson
In situ formation deposited ZnO nanoparticles on silk fabrics under ultrasound irradiation Somayeh Khanjani a, Ali Morsali a,⇑, Sang W. Joo b,⇑ a b
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 May 2012 Received in revised form 27 September 2012 Accepted 28 September 2012 Available online 8 October 2012 Keywords: Ultrasonic Zinc(II) oxide Silk Nanoparticles Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
a b s t r a c t Deposition of zinc(II) oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the surface of silk fabrics was prepared by sequential dipping steps in alternating bath of potassium hydroxide and zinc nitrate under ultrasound irradiation. This coating involves in situ generation and deposition of ZnO in a one step. The effects of ultrasound irradiation, concentration and sequential dipping steps on growth of the ZnO nanoparticles have been studied. Results show a decrease in the particles size as increasing power of ultrasound irradiation. Also, increasing of the concentration and sequential dipping steps increase particle size. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wavelength dispersive X-ray (WDX). Ó 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Nanotechnology has commercial potential for the textile industry. This is principally due to the fact that conventional methods used to give different properties to fabrics often do not lead to permanent effects, and will lose their functions after laundering or wearing. Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics, because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy, thus presenting better affinity for fabrics and leading to an increase in durability of the function [1–3]. Nanoparticles are used in textile finishing altering surface properties and imparting textile function. During the last decade research has intensified on the uses of metal oxide nanoparticles in the production of textiles with antibacterial, self-decontaminating and UV blocking functions [4–8]. The oxide chosen for this study is ZnO, which is considered to be non-toxic. This has been proven through in vivo toxicity tests of the former [9,10] and reports that zinc ions do not cause damage to the DNA of human cells it has been used extensively in the formulation of personal care products [11]. Till now, many methods have been developed to synthesize zinc(II) oxide nanocrystals including vapor phase growth, vapor–liquid–solid process, soft chemical method, electrophoretic deposition, sol–gel process and ultrasonic irradiation [12–14]. ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 82884416; fax: +98 21 88009730. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. modares.ac.ir (A. Morsali), [email protected] (S.W. Joo).
Khanjani),
Morsali_a@
1350-4177/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.09.013
This paper is concerned with the possibility for growth of zinc(II) oxide particles on the silk fabric surface. This coating was prepared under ambient conditions using ultrasound technique and is a simple, efficient and one-step synthesis. This coating is a ‘‘green’’ chemistry approach because it does not involve any toxic materials. Effects of concentration, ultrasound irradiation and numerous of sequential dipping steps on growth of the ZnO nanoparticles have been studied. 2. Experimental All reagents used were purchased from Merck chemical company and used without further purification. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out on an X’pert diffractometer of Philips Company with monochromated Coka radiation (k = 1.78897 Å). The samples were characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Philips XL 30 and S-4160) with gold coating. The reactions were performed under ultrasound power (in an ultrasonic bath with an input power and frequency of 305 W and 60 Hz respectively), and for the investigation of the effect of ultrasonic power, reactions were performed under different ultrasound power (TECNO-GAZ S.p.A. Tecna 6, 60 Hz/138 W). The growth of zinc oxide nanoparticles on silk yarn was achieved by sequential dipping steps in alternating bath of potassium hydroxide and zinc nitrate Figs. 1 and 2 demonstrate the schematic experimental setup diagram of sequential dipping steps in ultrasonic bath.
S. Khanjani et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
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Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the formation mechanism of zinc(II) oxide nanoparticles upon silk yarn.
Fig. 2. Schematic of the experimental setup used for the sonochemical reactions: (a) beaker of KOH solution, (b) silk fiber, (c) distilled water for washing, (d) beaker of Zn(NO3)2 solution, (e) distilled water for washing, (f) ultrasound bath and (g) water circulation.
For treatment of silk fabric, it was first immersed in a solution containing potassium hydroxide for 5 min which followed by some rinses in pure water for 5 min. The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH = 10. In alkaline pH, the surface of silk fiber becomes negatively charged due to the deprotonation of the carboxylic group of the glutamic and aspartic acid present in the silk fiber. Effect of ultrasonic irradiation, sequential dipping steps and concentration on growth of the ZnO nanoparticles were studied. Silk yarns were dipped for 5, 10 and 15 cycles in potassium hydroxide (with concentration of 4 ppm) and zinc(II) nitrate (with concentration of 4 ppm) solutions in an alkaline pH = 10. This process was repeated in concentration of 2 ppm with similar sequential dipping steps. After each dipping, silk fibers immersed in distilled water for 1 min to remove traces of not reacted ions. By subsequently repeating and alternating the immersion of the substrate in the hydroxide solution and the metal ion solutions,
first, zinc hydroxide was synthesized and then heating of samples zinc(II) oxide on the fiber was grown in a layer-by-layer (LBL) fashion. At the end of cycles, the samples are dried for 30 min in oven at 75 °C. The color in the resulting yarns did not change.
3. Result and discussions The first aim of this research was to reach a new and simple chemical method for stable deposition of ZnO nanoparticles on the silk fabrics. Since the properties of ZnO such as antibacterial activity depend on the particle size, we attempted to obtain a homogeneous coating of small ZnO nanoparticles on the silk fabric surface via sequential dipping steps during sonochemical synthesis [15,16].
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S. Khanjani et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
Fig. 3. SEM photograph and the corresponding particle size distribution histograms of ZnO nanoparticles in pH = 10 in (a) 2 and (b) 4 ppm in cycle 10.
The morphology of fiber surface after the deposition of ZnO nanoparticles studied by SEM is presented in Figs. 3–5. For the coating of the silk fibers For the coating of the silk fibers, the zinc(II) oxide nanoparticles were alternately deposited by following the layer-by-layer deposition method. This method which takes advantage of the electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes can be used with anionic silk surface and cationic zinc ions. 3.1. Concentration effects According to the results, increasing of the amount of the concentration of potassium hydroxide and Zn(NO3)2 solutions from 2 to 4 ppm, lead to an increasing of particle size and thickness of ZnO on silk surface (Fig.3a and b). As the concentration increased, the attraction of ions increased and nuclei with small sizes become enlargement, and subsequently the quantity and size of ZnO particles increases [17]. 3.2. Sequential dipping steps effects Effect of different sequential dipping on growth of the nanoparticles were studied in number of dipping steps was 5, 10 and 15 and fiber was dipped 5 (cycle 5), 10 (cycle 10) and 15 (cycle 15) times in potassium hydroxide and zinc nitrate in solutions under ultrasound irradiation.
Results show that, increasing of the numerous of sequential dipping steps in the KOH and Zn(NO3)2 solutions, increases the attraction of Zn2+ and OH ions, and subsequently the concentration and size of ZnO particles increases [18]. Comparison between samples in cycle 10 and 15 shows that particle size of sample in cycle 10 is smaller than particle size of sample in cycle 15 (Fig. 4a–c).
3.3. Ultrasound effects The ultrasonic waves promote the fast migration of the newlyformed ZnO nanoparticles to the fabric’s surface. Ultrasound irradiation results in an increasing of solubility, and thus a reduced supersaturation of growth species in the solution. The small size particles become unstable and dissolve back into the solution which may be the reason why the particles strongly stick to the fabric also increased high-velocity interparticle collisions among the particles, in turn preventing the formation of larger particles. These two effects are important advantages of using ultrasonic irradiation for the preparation of nano-materials. In order to investigate the role of sonicating on the nature of products one of the reactions (blank reaction, solutions in 4 ppm in pH = 10) was performed without ultrasound irradiation. In this reaction, ZnO particles on silk yarn were prepared by sequential dipping steps without ultrasound irradiation. Results show that in presence of ultrasound radiation, particle sizes are small, the
S. Khanjani et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
737
Fig. 4. SEM photograph and the corresponding particle size distribution histograms of samples in various cycle 5, 10 and 15 in 4 ppm in pH = 10, a–c respectively.
Fig. 5. SEM photograph and the corresponding particle size distribution histograms of the ZnO particles (a) without ultrasound method and (b) with ultrasound irradiation.
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S. Khanjani et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
with the standard pattern of Zn(OH)2 and ZnO. According to the results of the diffraction pattern, all diffraction peaks of samples can be shown as hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO (Zincite, JCPDS 36–1451) with space group (C6V = P63mc) with the lattice parameters (a = 3.25 Å, c = 5.21 Å, Z = 2). The broadening of the peaks indicated that the particles were nanometer scale. As can be seen in the XRD pattern of ZnO sample, it has a small signal to noise ratio due to the poor crystallinity. 4. Conclusions
Fig. 6. WDX images of ZnO coated on silk fibers in cycle 15 in pH = 10 and 4 ppm.
average particle size for ultrasound method is around 75 nm while, the average particle size for blank sample in similar conditions is over 250 nm particles with high agglomeration (Fig.5a and b) [19,20]. WDX (wavelength dispersive X-ray) image studied that are map of individual elements and show location and abundance of zinc element as light spots on black background, that verify a homogeneous coating of the fibers with ZnO nanoparticles in cycle 15 in pH = 10 and 4 ppm under ultrasound treatment as shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 7 shows the XRD pattern of samples of Zn(OH)2 and ZnO coated on silk fibers by the sonochemical process and demonstrate that ZnO is crystalline in nature. The obtained pattern matches
ZnO nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of a silk yarn with sequential dipping method by the ultrasound irradiation. The process is a simple synthesis and is finely dispersed on the silk surface without important damage to the structure of the fabrics. The effects of ultrasound irradiation, concentration and sequential dipping steps on growth of the nanoparticles were studied. From the SEM, XRD and WDX, it is clearly confirmed that the ZnO nanoparticles on silk fiber were successfully prepared by the ultrasound irradiation method. These results indicate that decrease in the concentration of initial reagents accompanying with decrease in the ZnO particles size, as confirmed by the SEM photographs. It should be also mentioned that with increase the dipping steps of the silk yarn in KOH and Zn(NO3)2 solutions, size of ZnO nano particles increase. Also, size of nanoparticles is depending on ultrasound irradiation. Results show a decrease in the particles size by using ultrasound irradiation. Acknowledgement This work is funded by the grant 2011-0014246 of the National Research Foundation of Korea. The authors also thank Tabiat Modares University for all the supports provided.
Fig. 7. XRD pattern of silk yarn containing zinc(II) oxide nanoparticle.
S. Khanjani et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
References [1] Y.W.H. Wong, C.W.M. Yuen, M.Y.S. Leung, S.K.A. Ku, H.L.I. Lam, AUTEX Res. J. 6 (2006) 1. [2] K. Anonymous, Tech. Text. Int. 3 (2003) 13. [3] S.S. Kathiervelu, Syn. Fibres 32 (2003) 20. [4] G.J. Nohynek, E.K. Dufour, M.S. Roberts, Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 21 (2008) 136. [5] A.M.E. Naggar, M.H. Zohdy, M.S. Hassan, E.M. Khalil, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 88 (2003) 1129. [6] N. Vigneshwaran, S. Kumar, A.A. Kathe, P.V. Varadarajan, V. Prasad, Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 5087. [7] J. Gabbay, G. Borkow, J. Mishal, E. Magen, R. Zatcoff, Y.S. Avni, J. Ind. Text. 35 (2006) 323. [8] J.H. Xin, W.A. Daoud, Y.Y. Kong, Text. Res. J. 74 (2004) 97. [9] J.S. Ledakowicz, J. Lewartowska, M. Kudzin, T. Jesionowski, K. Siwin´skaStefan´ska, A. Krysztafkiewicz, Text. East. Eur. A 16 (2008) 112.
[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]
739
M. Saito, J. Coated Fabrics 23 (1993) 150. H. Yamada, K. Suzuki, S. Koizumi, J. Toxicol. Sci. 32 (2007) 193. A. Askarinejad, A. Morsali, Ultrason. Sonochem. 16 (2009) 124. R. Dastjerdi, M. Montazera, S. Shahsavan, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 345 (2009) 202. I. Perelshtein, G. Applerot, N. Perkas, E. WehrschetzSigl, A. Hasmann, G.M. Guebitz, A. Gedanken, Appl. Mater. Inter. 1 (2009) 361. S.T. Dubas, P. Kumlangdudsana, P. Potiyaraj, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. 289 (2006) 105. A.R. Abbasi, A. Morsali, Ultrason. Sonochem. 17 (2010) 704. M.A. Alavi, A. Morsali, Ultrason. Sonochem. 17 (2010) 132. A.R. Abbasi, A. Morsali, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 371 (2010) 113. Y. Xia, P. Yang, Y. Sun, Y. Wu, B. Mayers, B. Gates, Y. Yin, F. Kim, H. Yan, Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 353. M.N. Xiong, G.X. Gu, B. You, L.M. Wu, J. Appl. Polym. Sci 90 (2003) 1923.
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ultson
In situ formation deposited ZnO nanoparticles on silk fabrics under ultrasound irradiation Somayeh Khanjani a, Ali Morsali a,⇑, Sang W. Joo b,⇑ a b
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Korea
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 4 May 2012 Received in revised form 27 September 2012 Accepted 28 September 2012 Available online 8 October 2012 Keywords: Ultrasonic Zinc(II) oxide Silk Nanoparticles Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
a b s t r a c t Deposition of zinc(II) oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles on the surface of silk fabrics was prepared by sequential dipping steps in alternating bath of potassium hydroxide and zinc nitrate under ultrasound irradiation. This coating involves in situ generation and deposition of ZnO in a one step. The effects of ultrasound irradiation, concentration and sequential dipping steps on growth of the ZnO nanoparticles have been studied. Results show a decrease in the particles size as increasing power of ultrasound irradiation. Also, increasing of the concentration and sequential dipping steps increase particle size. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and wavelength dispersive X-ray (WDX). Ó 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction Nanotechnology has commercial potential for the textile industry. This is principally due to the fact that conventional methods used to give different properties to fabrics often do not lead to permanent effects, and will lose their functions after laundering or wearing. Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics, because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy, thus presenting better affinity for fabrics and leading to an increase in durability of the function [1–3]. Nanoparticles are used in textile finishing altering surface properties and imparting textile function. During the last decade research has intensified on the uses of metal oxide nanoparticles in the production of textiles with antibacterial, self-decontaminating and UV blocking functions [4–8]. The oxide chosen for this study is ZnO, which is considered to be non-toxic. This has been proven through in vivo toxicity tests of the former [9,10] and reports that zinc ions do not cause damage to the DNA of human cells it has been used extensively in the formulation of personal care products [11]. Till now, many methods have been developed to synthesize zinc(II) oxide nanocrystals including vapor phase growth, vapor–liquid–solid process, soft chemical method, electrophoretic deposition, sol–gel process and ultrasonic irradiation [12–14]. ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 82884416; fax: +98 21 88009730. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. modares.ac.ir (A. Morsali), [email protected] (S.W. Joo).
Khanjani),
Morsali_a@
1350-4177/$ - see front matter Ó 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2012.09.013
This paper is concerned with the possibility for growth of zinc(II) oxide particles on the silk fabric surface. This coating was prepared under ambient conditions using ultrasound technique and is a simple, efficient and one-step synthesis. This coating is a ‘‘green’’ chemistry approach because it does not involve any toxic materials. Effects of concentration, ultrasound irradiation and numerous of sequential dipping steps on growth of the ZnO nanoparticles have been studied. 2. Experimental All reagents used were purchased from Merck chemical company and used without further purification. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out on an X’pert diffractometer of Philips Company with monochromated Coka radiation (k = 1.78897 Å). The samples were characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Philips XL 30 and S-4160) with gold coating. The reactions were performed under ultrasound power (in an ultrasonic bath with an input power and frequency of 305 W and 60 Hz respectively), and for the investigation of the effect of ultrasonic power, reactions were performed under different ultrasound power (TECNO-GAZ S.p.A. Tecna 6, 60 Hz/138 W). The growth of zinc oxide nanoparticles on silk yarn was achieved by sequential dipping steps in alternating bath of potassium hydroxide and zinc nitrate Figs. 1 and 2 demonstrate the schematic experimental setup diagram of sequential dipping steps in ultrasonic bath.
S. Khanjani et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
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Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the formation mechanism of zinc(II) oxide nanoparticles upon silk yarn.
Fig. 2. Schematic of the experimental setup used for the sonochemical reactions: (a) beaker of KOH solution, (b) silk fiber, (c) distilled water for washing, (d) beaker of Zn(NO3)2 solution, (e) distilled water for washing, (f) ultrasound bath and (g) water circulation.
For treatment of silk fabric, it was first immersed in a solution containing potassium hydroxide for 5 min which followed by some rinses in pure water for 5 min. The pH of the solution was adjusted to pH = 10. In alkaline pH, the surface of silk fiber becomes negatively charged due to the deprotonation of the carboxylic group of the glutamic and aspartic acid present in the silk fiber. Effect of ultrasonic irradiation, sequential dipping steps and concentration on growth of the ZnO nanoparticles were studied. Silk yarns were dipped for 5, 10 and 15 cycles in potassium hydroxide (with concentration of 4 ppm) and zinc(II) nitrate (with concentration of 4 ppm) solutions in an alkaline pH = 10. This process was repeated in concentration of 2 ppm with similar sequential dipping steps. After each dipping, silk fibers immersed in distilled water for 1 min to remove traces of not reacted ions. By subsequently repeating and alternating the immersion of the substrate in the hydroxide solution and the metal ion solutions,
first, zinc hydroxide was synthesized and then heating of samples zinc(II) oxide on the fiber was grown in a layer-by-layer (LBL) fashion. At the end of cycles, the samples are dried for 30 min in oven at 75 °C. The color in the resulting yarns did not change.
3. Result and discussions The first aim of this research was to reach a new and simple chemical method for stable deposition of ZnO nanoparticles on the silk fabrics. Since the properties of ZnO such as antibacterial activity depend on the particle size, we attempted to obtain a homogeneous coating of small ZnO nanoparticles on the silk fabric surface via sequential dipping steps during sonochemical synthesis [15,16].
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S. Khanjani et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
Fig. 3. SEM photograph and the corresponding particle size distribution histograms of ZnO nanoparticles in pH = 10 in (a) 2 and (b) 4 ppm in cycle 10.
The morphology of fiber surface after the deposition of ZnO nanoparticles studied by SEM is presented in Figs. 3–5. For the coating of the silk fibers For the coating of the silk fibers, the zinc(II) oxide nanoparticles were alternately deposited by following the layer-by-layer deposition method. This method which takes advantage of the electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes can be used with anionic silk surface and cationic zinc ions. 3.1. Concentration effects According to the results, increasing of the amount of the concentration of potassium hydroxide and Zn(NO3)2 solutions from 2 to 4 ppm, lead to an increasing of particle size and thickness of ZnO on silk surface (Fig.3a and b). As the concentration increased, the attraction of ions increased and nuclei with small sizes become enlargement, and subsequently the quantity and size of ZnO particles increases [17]. 3.2. Sequential dipping steps effects Effect of different sequential dipping on growth of the nanoparticles were studied in number of dipping steps was 5, 10 and 15 and fiber was dipped 5 (cycle 5), 10 (cycle 10) and 15 (cycle 15) times in potassium hydroxide and zinc nitrate in solutions under ultrasound irradiation.
Results show that, increasing of the numerous of sequential dipping steps in the KOH and Zn(NO3)2 solutions, increases the attraction of Zn2+ and OH ions, and subsequently the concentration and size of ZnO particles increases [18]. Comparison between samples in cycle 10 and 15 shows that particle size of sample in cycle 10 is smaller than particle size of sample in cycle 15 (Fig. 4a–c).
3.3. Ultrasound effects The ultrasonic waves promote the fast migration of the newlyformed ZnO nanoparticles to the fabric’s surface. Ultrasound irradiation results in an increasing of solubility, and thus a reduced supersaturation of growth species in the solution. The small size particles become unstable and dissolve back into the solution which may be the reason why the particles strongly stick to the fabric also increased high-velocity interparticle collisions among the particles, in turn preventing the formation of larger particles. These two effects are important advantages of using ultrasonic irradiation for the preparation of nano-materials. In order to investigate the role of sonicating on the nature of products one of the reactions (blank reaction, solutions in 4 ppm in pH = 10) was performed without ultrasound irradiation. In this reaction, ZnO particles on silk yarn were prepared by sequential dipping steps without ultrasound irradiation. Results show that in presence of ultrasound radiation, particle sizes are small, the
S. Khanjani et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
737
Fig. 4. SEM photograph and the corresponding particle size distribution histograms of samples in various cycle 5, 10 and 15 in 4 ppm in pH = 10, a–c respectively.
Fig. 5. SEM photograph and the corresponding particle size distribution histograms of the ZnO particles (a) without ultrasound method and (b) with ultrasound irradiation.
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with the standard pattern of Zn(OH)2 and ZnO. According to the results of the diffraction pattern, all diffraction peaks of samples can be shown as hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO (Zincite, JCPDS 36–1451) with space group (C6V = P63mc) with the lattice parameters (a = 3.25 Å, c = 5.21 Å, Z = 2). The broadening of the peaks indicated that the particles were nanometer scale. As can be seen in the XRD pattern of ZnO sample, it has a small signal to noise ratio due to the poor crystallinity. 4. Conclusions
Fig. 6. WDX images of ZnO coated on silk fibers in cycle 15 in pH = 10 and 4 ppm.
average particle size for ultrasound method is around 75 nm while, the average particle size for blank sample in similar conditions is over 250 nm particles with high agglomeration (Fig.5a and b) [19,20]. WDX (wavelength dispersive X-ray) image studied that are map of individual elements and show location and abundance of zinc element as light spots on black background, that verify a homogeneous coating of the fibers with ZnO nanoparticles in cycle 15 in pH = 10 and 4 ppm under ultrasound treatment as shown in Fig. 6. Fig. 7 shows the XRD pattern of samples of Zn(OH)2 and ZnO coated on silk fibers by the sonochemical process and demonstrate that ZnO is crystalline in nature. The obtained pattern matches
ZnO nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of a silk yarn with sequential dipping method by the ultrasound irradiation. The process is a simple synthesis and is finely dispersed on the silk surface without important damage to the structure of the fabrics. The effects of ultrasound irradiation, concentration and sequential dipping steps on growth of the nanoparticles were studied. From the SEM, XRD and WDX, it is clearly confirmed that the ZnO nanoparticles on silk fiber were successfully prepared by the ultrasound irradiation method. These results indicate that decrease in the concentration of initial reagents accompanying with decrease in the ZnO particles size, as confirmed by the SEM photographs. It should be also mentioned that with increase the dipping steps of the silk yarn in KOH and Zn(NO3)2 solutions, size of ZnO nano particles increase. Also, size of nanoparticles is depending on ultrasound irradiation. Results show a decrease in the particles size by using ultrasound irradiation. Acknowledgement This work is funded by the grant 2011-0014246 of the National Research Foundation of Korea. The authors also thank Tabiat Modares University for all the supports provided.
Fig. 7. XRD pattern of silk yarn containing zinc(II) oxide nanoparticle.
S. Khanjani et al. / Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 20 (2013) 734–739
References [1] Y.W.H. Wong, C.W.M. Yuen, M.Y.S. Leung, S.K.A. Ku, H.L.I. Lam, AUTEX Res. J. 6 (2006) 1. [2] K. Anonymous, Tech. Text. Int. 3 (2003) 13. [3] S.S. Kathiervelu, Syn. Fibres 32 (2003) 20. [4] G.J. Nohynek, E.K. Dufour, M.S. Roberts, Skin Pharmacol. Physiol. 21 (2008) 136. [5] A.M.E. Naggar, M.H. Zohdy, M.S. Hassan, E.M. Khalil, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 88 (2003) 1129. [6] N. Vigneshwaran, S. Kumar, A.A. Kathe, P.V. Varadarajan, V. Prasad, Nanotechnology 17 (2006) 5087. [7] J. Gabbay, G. Borkow, J. Mishal, E. Magen, R. Zatcoff, Y.S. Avni, J. Ind. Text. 35 (2006) 323. [8] J.H. Xin, W.A. Daoud, Y.Y. Kong, Text. Res. J. 74 (2004) 97. [9] J.S. Ledakowicz, J. Lewartowska, M. Kudzin, T. Jesionowski, K. Siwin´skaStefan´ska, A. Krysztafkiewicz, Text. East. Eur. A 16 (2008) 112.
[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]
739
M. Saito, J. Coated Fabrics 23 (1993) 150. H. Yamada, K. Suzuki, S. Koizumi, J. Toxicol. Sci. 32 (2007) 193. A. Askarinejad, A. Morsali, Ultrason. Sonochem. 16 (2009) 124. R. Dastjerdi, M. Montazera, S. Shahsavan, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 345 (2009) 202. I. Perelshtein, G. Applerot, N. Perkas, E. WehrschetzSigl, A. Hasmann, G.M. Guebitz, A. Gedanken, Appl. Mater. Inter. 1 (2009) 361. S.T. Dubas, P. Kumlangdudsana, P. Potiyaraj, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. 289 (2006) 105. A.R. Abbasi, A. Morsali, Ultrason. Sonochem. 17 (2010) 704. M.A. Alavi, A. Morsali, Ultrason. Sonochem. 17 (2010) 132. A.R. Abbasi, A. Morsali, Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 371 (2010) 113. Y. Xia, P. Yang, Y. Sun, Y. Wu, B. Mayers, B. Gates, Y. Yin, F. Kim, H. Yan, Adv. Mater. 15 (2003) 353. M.N. Xiong, G.X. Gu, B. You, L.M. Wu, J. Appl. Polym. Sci 90 (2003) 1923.