Increased thallium lung uptake after exercise in isolated left anterior descending coronary artery disease

Increased Thallium Lung Uptake After Exercise in Isolated Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Disease PETERLIU, MD, MARLA KIESS, MD, ROBERT D. OKADA, MD, H. WILLIAM STRAUSS, MD, PETER C. BLOCK, MD, GERALD M. POHOST, MD, and CHARLES A. BOUCHER, MD

Increased thallium lung uptake during exercise correlates with an exercise-induced elevation In left ventrtcular fllllng pressure. This findlng was analyzed in 48 patients with l-vessel left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery disease (CAD) before and after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Patients were separated into 2 groups: 13 (27 016) patients with increased (group 1) and 35 patients with normal thallium lung uptake (group 2). Compared with group 2, group 1 patients had more severe LAD luminal diameter narrowing (90 f 8% vs 81 f 11% [mean f standard deviation], p <0.003); slower clearance of thallium from the LAD

territory segments (half-life 13.5 f 8.0 vs 8.5 f 5.0 hours, p <0.007); and more abnormal thallium segments per patient by quantitative criteria (p <0.02). After angioplasty, thallium lung uptake became normal in 12 of 13 patients in whom it was previously elevated. Increased thallium lung uptake after exercise occurs in l-vessel LAD disease, and is related to the severity of ischemla by thallium scan and the severity of stenosis by angiography. Therefore, increased thallium lung uptake identifies a subset of patients with l-vessel CAD with a greater amount of myocardium at risk. (Am J Cardiol 1985;55:1489-1473)

Increased lung uptake after exercise thallium imaging has been correlated with an exercise-induced elevation in left ventricular filling pressure.l12 This phenomenon is associated with multivessel coronary artery disease

The purpose was to determine whether increased thallium lung uptake in l-vessel CAD has similar implications as when this finding occurs with multivessel

(CAD), prior myocardial infarction and a worse prognosis.a4 Nevertheless, it may also occur in l-vessel CAD,ls which traditionally is considered to have a more favorable prognosis, even though in the subset of patients with left anterior descending artery (LAD) stenosis this contention has been challenged.5 Therefore, the significance of this observation in the setting of l-

vessel CAD is uncertain. Thus, we studied thallium scans from 48’ patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) from l-vessel LAD disease compared patients with increased thallium

lung uptake after exercise to those without

and exam-

ined the change after successful reperfusion with PI’CA. From the Card&c Unit and Division of Nuclear Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. This study was supported in part by U.S. Public Health Service Grants HL32953 and HL26215, Natiinal Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Dr. Pohost’s current affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama Medical Center, Biiirgham, Alabama. Manuscript received November 30, 1984; revised manuscript received February 20, 1985, accepted February 22, 1985. Address for reprints: Charles A. Boucher, MD, Cardiac Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114.

CAD. Methods Patients: Forty-eight patients with l-vessel LAD disease who underwent successful PTCA at the Massachusetts General Hospital were studied. There were 35 male and 13 female patients, and the average age was 50 f 9 years (mean f standard deviation). Eleven had a previous myocardial infarction in the LAD territory. The patients were receiving a variety of antianginal medications: 24 were receiving /3-blockers, 23 long-acting nitrates and 12 had calcium channel blockers. These medications were not discontinued for the exercisetest. Twelve patients had documented systemic hypertension. Patients were excluded from the study if they had unstable angina, chronic congestive heart failure, recent myocardial infarction, previous cardiac surgery, multivessel CAD, other heart diseases or systemic illness, including obstructive lung disease. All patients were stable enough to undergo exercise testing within 2 weeks before and after PTCA. Coronary angioplasty: All 48 patients had significant LAD disease, defined as a 50% or greater diameter luminal narrowing on a coronary arteriogram, as judged visually by 2 independent observers. The narrowing was 50 to 75% in 4, 75 to 90% in 14 and more than 90% in 30. In 43 patients, the lesions were located proximal to the first diagonal branch and

1470

THALLIUM

TABLE

I

LUNG

UPTAKE

AFTER

Data from 13 Patients Lung Activity

EXERCISE

with Increased

Thallium

Thallium

Pt

Previous MI

Rest LVEF

Ex LVEF

No. of Defects

No. of Transient Defects

Data No. of Persistent Defects

1

No

0.69

0.72

1

0

1

3 4 5

Yes No No No No

0.66 0.66 0.64 0.65

0.65 0.75 0.57 0.52 0.62

2 i :

i l t

x 0 1

ii 9

Yes No No

0.57 0.60 0.54

0.59 0.67 0.47

s

32

ii1 1

:: 12 13

No Yes Yes

0.53 0.52 0.50 0.47

0.57 0.51 0.44 0.45

4f 5 4

f4 4 i

x 1 3

Ex = exercise; LVEF myocardial infarction.

= left ventricular

ejection

fraction;

MI =

in 4 they were located distal to the first diagonal branch, 1 patient had both proximal and distal lesions. The PTCA was perforlped in a conventional manner, with the dilating balloon inflated 3 to 4 times for 30 to 60 seconds each at 5 to 10 atmospheres of pressure. PTCA was considered successful if there was a greater than 20% angiographic luminal reduction (previously published criteria from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institu@). The average diameter stenosis for patients in this group decreased from 83 f 11% to 29 f 14% (p
The thallium images were also analyzed by computer quantitation.ll An ellipse was initially placed by the operator over 1 of the images, then the serial thallium images were realigned by translational and rotational algorithms. Interpolative background subtraction was carried out for each pixel, and the valve planes were excluded. The left ventricular myocardium was separated into 5 equal segments and the thallium content within each myocardial segment averaged. Therefore, 15 segments are analyzed. The relative thallium content in each region was calculated after normalizing the counts in the 3 X 3 pixel region with the most counts in the initial images to 100%. Clearance was determined for each myocardial segment by fitting the serial thallium content values to a monoexponential curve, and expressed as a half-life of thallium in the myocardium in hours. For this study, the LAD territory was considered to be segments 2 and 3 (anterolateral and apical) on the anterior view, segment 4 (septum) on the 45O left anterior oblique view, and segments 3 and 4 (anterior and apical) on the 70° left anterior oblique view. The lower limit of normal of percent thallium content for the 15 segments in our laboratory is 53,82,79,75 and 44 for segments 1 to 5 in the anterior view, 56,83,77,73 and 46 for segments 1 to 5 in the 50° LAO view and 58,83,77,78 and 54 for segments 1 to 5 in the 70’ LAO view. The clearance is first normalized for peak exercise heart rate, and the upper limit of normal is 5 hours.12 Calculation of thallium lung uptake: The thallium lung uptake was calculated from the anterior view of the immediate postexercise images. Using regions of interest manually determined by experienced observers, average counts per pixel were obtained from the upper left lung field and the brightest myocardial segment in the anterior view. Lung thallium activity was taken as the ratio of average lung counts over that of the brightest myocardial segment. The upper limit of normal was defined previously from our laboratory, and varied with the peak exercise heart rate and propranolol use in each individual patient.9 The patients were classified based on these criteria into 2 groups: those with increased thallium lung uptake and those with normal thallium lung uptake for purposes of comparison. Gated blood pool scan analysis: The gated blood pool scans were reviewed by 3 blinded observers and each view was separated into 3 myocardial segments. Wall motion in each segment was rated on a scale from -1 to 3 (-1 = dyskinesia, 0 = akinesia, 1 = severe hypokinesia, 2 = mild hypokinesia and 3 = normal), and the result of the 3 observers were averaged.‘3 The ejection fraction was calculated using a commercially available count-based, semiautomatic program using background subtraction and a second-derivative algorithm for edge detection in the left anterior oblique image. Statistical analysis: Comparison of the associated factors was done using l-way analysis of variance and the NewmanKeuls multiple-comparison test. Significant factors associated with lung thallium uptake were initially identified using univariate regression analysis, and the independent variables were further ranked by a stepwise logistic regression analysis (BMDP program PLR, BMDP Statistical Software, Inc.). Comparisons of proportions were done using the chi-square or Fisher’s exact test.

Increased

Results vs normal thallium

lung

uptake:

Thirteen of 48 patients (27%) had increased thallium activity. Their individual data are listed in Table I, and they were compared to data from the remaining 35 patients with normal lung activity (Tables II and III). There were no differences between the patients with

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TABLE II

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Comparison of Clinical and Anglographlc Thallium Lung Uptake Groups

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Data in increased

Increased Uptake (n = 13)

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and Normal

Normal Uptake (n = 35)

p Value

Sex Male Female Age (v) History of hypertension History of infarction Medications Beta blockers Calcium blockers Coronary angiography Pre-PTCA transluminal gradient (mm 4) Pm-PTCA luminal stenosis (%) Location of stenosis Proximal to first septal Distal to first septal Both Exercise testing Peak heart rate (beats/min)

11

24 NS

51:9

501: 10 10 7

1

1: W&;

; y;y

10

52 f

90 f

6

8lfll

1; w;y

122f5

Exercise Peak systolic durationpressure (min) (mm Hg) Maximum ST depression (mm)

159 7.6 f 1.5 f

2.9 22 2

165 9.4 f 0.6 f

NS = not significant;

transluminal

iii

= percutaneous

Comparison of Radionuciide Lung Uptake Groups

coronary

Data Between Increased Uptake (n = 13) Thallium

No. of abnormal TI segments/patient by visual assessment No. of abnormal TI segments/patient by quantitative TI content % persistent defects Mean TI washout half-life (hours) Mean maximal myocardial counts/pixel Mean lung region countsloixel

NS <0.003 NS NS

4.1 25 1.6

E NS

angioplasty.

increased

and Normal

Thallium

Normal Uptake (n = 35)

p Value

Scan 1.5

1.6 f

1.6

<0.02

2.5 f

1.1

1.7 f

1.0

<0.02

347

f a4

218 f 66 Dated


3.0 f

7% 13.5 f 6.0

Blood 0.60

Rest ejection fraction (“/I Peak exercise ejection fraction (%) % of pts with f0.05 increase in ejection fraction with exercise NS = not significant;

16

1 (So/) 13

TABLE

R

3; W&$) 0

100 f

PTCA

0

Qo

53f

NN: NS

6.5yI365.0 391 f

109

169 f 51

Go7 NS -co.05

Pool Scan f 0.06

0.62 f

0.11

31%

0.62

f 0.09

NS

0.61

+ 0.09

NS

33%

NS

TI = thallium.

high and those with normal thallium lung uptake in age, incidence of previous myocardial infarction, translesional gradient or ejection fraction at rest, and incidence of high blood pressure. However, patients with high thallium lung uptake had more severe LAD luminal narrowing, lower peak exercise heart rate, more abnormal LAD thallium segments by visual and quantitative content criteria, and slower clearance of thallium from the LAD myocardial segments. There was no relation between increased thallium lung uptake and the rest or exercise left ventricular ejection fractions.

Stepwise logistic regression analysis: Univariate analysis of a pool of 15 variables identified the following set of variables that correlated with the presence of increased lung thallium activity: peak exercise heart rate, LAD luminal stenosis, the number of LAD segments with abnormal thallium content by quantitative criteria, the quantitative thallium clearance rate in the same segments, and the number of abnormal thallium segments by visual criteria. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was then performed based on these variables. All the variables except quantitative thallium clearance

1472

THALLIUM

TABLE

IV

LUNG

UPTAKE

AFTER

EXERCISE

Significant Variables That Correlated Presence of Increased Lung Thallium Univariate

Analysis

Variables Peak exercise heart rate TI clearance from LAD segments Pre-PTCA stenosis No. of abnormal LAD segments by quantitative TI content No. of abnormal LAD segments by visual criteria Stepwise

Logistic

with the Activity

p Value 0.015 _._ .0.016 0.017 0.047 0.05 Regression

Analysis

Significant variables found Pm-PTCA stenosis Peak exercise heart rate No. of LAD segments with abnormal TI content by quantitative criteria

Final p(x*) <0.02

LAD = left anterior descending coronary artery; PTCA neous transluminal coronary angioplasty; TI = thallium.

= percuta-

and number of abnormal segments by visual criteria were found to be significant and independent predictors of increased lung thallium uptake (Table IV), and were ranked in the following order: peak exercise heart rate achieved, percent LAD stenosis, and the number of abnormal LAD thallium segments by quantitative content criteria, with a goodness-of-fit chi-square probability of <0.02. Findings after angioplasty: In 12 of the 13 patients who had increased thallium lung uptake before PTCA, including all 9 patients without prior myocardial infarction, uptake returned to normal after PTCA. One of the 4 patients with prior myocardial infarction uptake remained abnormal (patient 13, Table I). This patient also had persistent extensive qualitative and quantitative thallium abnormalities after PTCA, suggesting incomplete revascularization or persistent preexisting mvocardial scar. Figure 1 is an examnle of the changes seen in the thallium lung uptake *before and after PTCA.

I N ITIAL

Pre PICA

Post PEA

DELAYED

Ant

Ant

FIGURE 1. Example of a patient with increased lung thallium uptake immediately after exercise before Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) (top). Uptake returned to normal after PTCA (bottom). Ant = anterior.

Discussion Increased lung thallium activity after exercise in patients with CAD has been attributed to transient exercise-induced left ventricular failure. Either an increase in pulmonary transit time or an elevation of left atria1 pressure has been shown experimentally to increase thallium extraction by the lung.14 In a wide spectrum of patients with CAD, abnormal increases in thallium lung activity have been correlated with the severity and extent of underlying CAD, and related to increased pulmonary artery wedge pressure during exercise.2 Its presence is also associated with a poorer progr~osis.~~~J~ Although it is known to occur in l-vessel CAD, its prevalence and significance in this setting is not known. In our population of patients with l-vessel LAD disease, increased thallium lung uptake ratio occurred in 29% of patients. When present, it also indicated more severe CAD, being correlated with greater luminal stenosis by angiography and greater degree and extent of ischemia by thallium imaging. This suggests that its significance is consistent with previous observations. Using stepwise logistic regression analysis, peak heart rate achieved during exercise, luminal stenosis and number of LAD segments with low thallium content were the most significant independent determinants of the probability of increased thallium lung uptake. The correlation with peak heart rate is of interest because of our previous observations that peak heart rate also affected normal thallium lung uptake.g This variable had already been considered in the criteria for determining abnormal lung uptake in these patients. From these data, heart rate therefore appears to have a dual association with thallium lung uptake, suggesting 2 mechanisms of increase in the left ventricular filling pressure. In normal persons thallium uptake is greater at higher heart rates, probably because of shorter pulmonary transit times. In patients with CAD, abnormal increases in thallium lung uptake are more frequent when there is a low achieved heart rate. This is probably the result of an inadequate heart rate response or chronotropic incompetence occurring with a more severe ischemic insult. The increased thallium lung uptake was unrelated to differences in global ejection fraction at rest or during exercise. One explanation for this observation is that thallium lung uptake is more sensitive than the ejection fraction response to ischemia-induced left ventricular dysfunction, as increased lung uptake reflects the combined impact of abnormal systolic and diastolic abnormalities during ischemia, whereas ejection fraction reflects global systolic function alone. An alternative explanation could be compensatory hyperkinesia in the non-LAD myocardial segments, masking changes in ejection fraction during exercise in this small, select group of patients with l-vessel CAD. After PTCA with correction of coronary stenosis, the increased lung activity and, hence, the exercise-induced increase in filling pressure resolved in all but 1 patient. This confirms that increased thallium lung uptake during exercise and the coronary stenosis with associ-

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ated &hernia during exercise are probably causally related. It also suggests that exercise-induced elevations in left ventricular filling pressure in our patients mainly results from exercise-induced ischemia with or without scar, but not just from scar alone. However, ischemia may not be essential for increased lung activity in all patients with l-vessel LAD disease. Our sample is biased because only patients with LAD disease referred for PTCA were included. Such patients are likely to have angina. Other patients, such as those with a total LAD occlusion, large anterior wall scar and severe LV dysfunction at rest, could also have increased lung activity. Such patients would be unlikely to be referred for PTCA and included in our study, but do comprise part of the spectrum of l-vessel LAD disease. Acknowledgment: We thank Gerry Cotter, Maureen McCarthy and William Shea for their technical assistance.

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