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Increasing the catalytic action of iron salts
CURRENT Tov~cs.
99
Nature of Volcanic Action. R . A . DALY. (Amer. Acad: Proc., xlvii, No. 3, 47.) - A n hypothesis is outlined on the assumption that the earth is exteriorly composed of successive shells, of a density increasing with depth. Beneath the interrupted sedimentary shell is a continuous solid " granitic " shell, and below that an eruptive basaltic shell, or substratum. It is assumed that all igneous action, since an early pre-Cambrian period, is the result of the mechanical intrusion of the substratum basalt into the overlying shell by abyssal injection. Dealing mainly with central eruptions as distinct groin fissure eruptions, they are classified into two main groups: (a) Principal, where each vent represents emanation from a main abyssal injection ; (b) subordinate, where each vent originates over a magmatic body in the form of a laccolith, sheet, etc., which is satellitic with respect to a main abyssal injection. Principal volcanoes will be more active, of longer duration, more productive of lava flows, and more clearly related to crustal fissures. Kilauea may be considered a subordinate volcano. The local occurrence of steam is not regarded as a primary cause of explosion; the energy producing explosion is more probably derived from deep-seated heated magma.
Increasing the Catalytic Action of I r o n Salts. J. WOLFF and E. DE STOECKLIN. (Mon. Sci., 838, 697.)--The conclusions of this article are: ( I ) If any iron salt, such as the nitrate, sulphate, chloride, or acetate, has any catalvtic action alone, this action is markedly increased by adding small quantities of an alkaline sulphocyanide; (2) this activity is greatly increased by adding small, increasing quantities of the salt; (3) at the momer, t the two salts are in such proportion that their combination is represented by the formula (CNS)~K3Fe the activity has reached its maximum; (4) as soon as the maximum is reached, a large excess of potassium sulphocyanide does not sensibly increase the reaction. Liquid Mixtures for L a y i n g Coal-dust.
W. M. THORNTON.
(Mech. Eng., xxviii, 2xo.)--The reason that water alone does not wet the coal-dust may be due to the oily components of the dust and the high surface tension of the water. In laboratory experiments various soap solutions were tried. Solutions of 5 per cent., and down to 2 per cent., laid dust better than water, with a good binding effect; but there was considerable difference in the efficiency of different soaps. The best binders were resin soaps ; but liquid soaps were of small value. The constituents of the soaps, and various chemical solvents of oil were also tried; many of these--e.g., pyridine, carbolic acid, alcohol, carbon disulphide, Jeye's fluid, Walker's carbolacene--were efficient, but were objectionable on account of their offensive odor. The conclusions are that the special soaps of the Hull Oil Manufacturing Co vpany are the best for wetting in 5 per cent. solutions; and liquid disinfectant soaps in 5
99
Nature of Volcanic Action. R . A . DALY. (Amer. Acad: Proc., xlvii, No. 3, 47.) - A n hypothesis is outlined on the assumption that the earth is exteriorly composed of successive shells, of a density increasing with depth. Beneath the interrupted sedimentary shell is a continuous solid " granitic " shell, and below that an eruptive basaltic shell, or substratum. It is assumed that all igneous action, since an early pre-Cambrian period, is the result of the mechanical intrusion of the substratum basalt into the overlying shell by abyssal injection. Dealing mainly with central eruptions as distinct groin fissure eruptions, they are classified into two main groups: (a) Principal, where each vent represents emanation from a main abyssal injection ; (b) subordinate, where each vent originates over a magmatic body in the form of a laccolith, sheet, etc., which is satellitic with respect to a main abyssal injection. Principal volcanoes will be more active, of longer duration, more productive of lava flows, and more clearly related to crustal fissures. Kilauea may be considered a subordinate volcano. The local occurrence of steam is not regarded as a primary cause of explosion; the energy producing explosion is more probably derived from deep-seated heated magma.
Increasing the Catalytic Action of I r o n Salts. J. WOLFF and E. DE STOECKLIN. (Mon. Sci., 838, 697.)--The conclusions of this article are: ( I ) If any iron salt, such as the nitrate, sulphate, chloride, or acetate, has any catalvtic action alone, this action is markedly increased by adding small quantities of an alkaline sulphocyanide; (2) this activity is greatly increased by adding small, increasing quantities of the salt; (3) at the momer, t the two salts are in such proportion that their combination is represented by the formula (CNS)~K3Fe the activity has reached its maximum; (4) as soon as the maximum is reached, a large excess of potassium sulphocyanide does not sensibly increase the reaction. Liquid Mixtures for L a y i n g Coal-dust.
W. M. THORNTON.
(Mech. Eng., xxviii, 2xo.)--The reason that water alone does not wet the coal-dust may be due to the oily components of the dust and the high surface tension of the water. In laboratory experiments various soap solutions were tried. Solutions of 5 per cent., and down to 2 per cent., laid dust better than water, with a good binding effect; but there was considerable difference in the efficiency of different soaps. The best binders were resin soaps ; but liquid soaps were of small value. The constituents of the soaps, and various chemical solvents of oil were also tried; many of these--e.g., pyridine, carbolic acid, alcohol, carbon disulphide, Jeye's fluid, Walker's carbolacene--were efficient, but were objectionable on account of their offensive odor. The conclusions are that the special soaps of the Hull Oil Manufacturing Co vpany are the best for wetting in 5 per cent. solutions; and liquid disinfectant soaps in 5