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Induced variation in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)
Environmentaland ExperimentalBotany, Vol. 18, pp. 169-175 @ Pergamon Prexs Ltd. 1978. Printed in Great Britain
0098-8472/78/0901-0169 $02.00/0
INDUCED VARIATION IN MUNG BEAN (,VIG. VA RADIA TA (L.) WILCZEK) ABDUL SHAKOOR, M. AHSAN-UL-HAQ and M. SADIQ Mutation Breeding Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O. Box 128, Lyallpur, Pakistan (Received 6 October 1977; accepted in revisedform 27 April 1978)
SItAKOOR A.. AHSAN-UI.-HAQM. and SAIm~ M. huh,','d rariali,,, ill mmq, h,'a, {l'(.,,a mdiata (L.) Wih'zck). ENVIRONMENTAl,AND l',Nl'l.;ltlMl.~Xl.Xl, B(YI.kNY 18, 169 175. 1978. Seeds of three cuhivars of mung bean (Vigna radiala (L.) Wilczek) were treated with 10, 20, 30 and 40kR of 6°Co gamma radiation. The irradiation exposures generally had a depressing effect on all the characters studied. The magnitude of broad sense heritability estimates for plant height appeared to be related to the radiation exposure and were usually of a high order indicating the possibility of effective selection in M 2 generation.
INTRODUCTION
THE C U L T I V A R S / L A N D r a c e s of mung bean commonly grown by the farmers'in most of the South East Asian countries including Pakistan have low yield potential. The plants make excessive vegetative growth under favorable conditions; during the monsoon season plant growth is particularly excessive. Because of an indeterminate growth habit in some plants flowering may continue simultaneously with vegetative growth. Ultimately grain yield may suffer due to reduced pod setting and irregular pod maturity. In mung bean improvement in plant type associated with a high harvest index, determinate growth habit and relatively short stature is needed. The improvement work on mung bean is still mainly confined to pure line selection from heterogenous material grown by the farmers or introduction from other countries. Induced mutation breeding procedures in recent past have successfully been used-for the improvement of various beans. RAJPUT(6) reported increased variability in all M, population after irradiation
of mung bean. RANGASAMY et al. t9~ reported short-statured mutants of mung bean having more pods per plant and higher grain yield than the parent. RUBAIHAYO~8) reported that several gamma ray-induced mutants in white haricot bean exhibited higher yielding capacity than the parental line. The present paper deals with the effects of gamma irradiation on various morphological characters of mung bean in the M 2 generation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dry seeds of Pak 13, Pak 17 and 6601 cultivars of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) were treated with 10, 20, 30 and 40 kR exposure of 6°Co gamma rays; for each treatment 1000 seeds were used. The moisture level of the seed at the time of irradiation treatment was brought to 19o/, ,o by keeping the material in a desiccator containing a saturated solution of calcium chloride. The Mt generation was grown in the field during the 1974 spring and four pods from the main shoot of about 400 plants, depending on survival from each exposure of gamma irra-
169
170
ABDUL SHAKOOR, M. AHSAN-UL-HAQ and M. SADIQ.
diation, were harvested individually. M 2 generation from each plant progeny along with the parents was grown in two replications during the 1974 summer. In each row, measuring 3 m in length, a distance of 15cm was maintained between the plants and 30cm between adjacent rows. At maturity 500 guarded plants were selected at random from each treatment and data were recorded for plant height, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, pod length and yield per plant. The heritability estimates were calculated according to the following formula:
h2
VM 2 -- VP
x 100
VM2 where h2 = Heritability in broad sense VP=Variance of respective parent VM 2 =Variance of M 2 generation. Genetic advance was calculated as follows: G.A. = i x standard deviation of M 2 × h2
where / = C o n s t a n t that reflects the selection intensity. The value for i (1.7) in this study was based on 10% selection intensity. RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
The mean plant height values of M 2 population in each variety for all the treatments were lower than their respective parents (Fig. 1 ). The coefficient of variation was high for various treated populations. Variation increased after mutagenic treatment in M E generation. (5'6) Higher heritability estimates were usually obtained with a corresponding higher exposure, except in the case of Pak 17 where the 20kR treatment produced the highest heritability value (84.21). High heritability and genetic advance values usually indicated that progress could be made in selecting plants with a desired height level from a segregating population after irradiation. Short-statured plants were more frequent in a n M 2 population obtained from the treated varieties. KRISHANSWAMI et al. (4) and RANGASAMY et a/. (9) have also reported short-statured mutants in mung bean. The magnitude of heritability estimates for pod length differed markedly for different irra-
90
e~
~o
k o
~. ss
o
2'0
1;) Radiation
exposure
3~
4~
o kR
FIG. 1. Average plant height in M 2 generation after irradiation treatment of three cultivars of mung bean.
INDUCED VARIATION IN Mt'N(; BE.\N {l'l(;,\\l R..IDIATA (L,) WILCZEK
I. 2 7.s E
~ 7.0~_..~... ",,,,Tz . . . . . . . . . . .
z,- . . . . . . .
&
I
......
_m-I- . . . . . . . .
~it.:---" . . . . . . .
g s.s t
+-_ .....
~
,
i
0
T
i
10 Radiation
20 exposure,
..........
_2---.-1~---
. . . . . . . .
....
1'~16601
:#'~klS
4r .....
|
i
30
40
kR
Fm 2. Average pod length in M 2 gvncralion after irradiation treatment of three cuhivars of ,hung bean.
,or • 65~"k \,
t,
\
\
"o 60
\
\ "\.
\
01 •"
55'
\
\\\ 50,
\\
,
"~\
\"\ "~ 45
\
\
\
[:
~ ....
;
I ~: :
\\, : "'-.<"i: .-'
_[
-L&,,,, I-
E 4O $
3S
3C
t
t
10 Radiation
20 exposure , kR
,
30
"~ 40
FIG 3. Average number of pods per plant in M 2 generation after irradiation treatment of three cuhivars of mung bean.
171
ABI)UI, S H . \ K ( ) f ) R . M. AHSAN-UI,-HA(2 and M . . S . \ I ) I Q
172
I ~ U--. I ~
~a
,-q ¢q. ,q. ~. eq.
¢q. ~ ¢q. e,2 ~
I ~
Z
.g=Z
~-=-
c5
I ~
I
I ~°~°
I
~
- - -
O
z;
c5
O '.7,
"...~
4.a
....;
"r-,
II < >
~c5~
INDUCED VARIATION IN MUNG BEAN (VIGNA R A D I A T A (L.) WILCZEK)
173
Table 2. Characteristics of some of the mutant lines in M3 generation showing improvement in various characters over the parent cultivars
Cultivar/ Mutant line Pak 17 Mutant Pak 13 Mutant 6601 Mutant Mutant
605 1038 3854 4048
L.S.D. 5%
Mutagenic treatment
Plant height (cm)
Yield per plant (gm)
Harvest index (%)
Days taken to mature
Control 20 kR Control 20 kR Control 10 kR 10 kR
62.54 57.33 66.31 45.61 69.10 64.71 65.57
10.26 12.80 9.76 13.17 9.64 11.91 11.56
20.92 26.84 16.08 29.16 16.00 25.84 25.90
87 75 87 70 89 79 80
--
1.20
--
diation exposures in various varieties. There was usually a decrease in pod length, particularly in treatments where the number of pods was reduced (Figs. 2 and 3). T h e highest heritability estimate was obtained for pod length in Pak 13 exposed to 10 kR. Irradiation generally had a depressing effect on the number of pods per plant. Higher exposures substantially reduced the number of pods in variety 6601 (Fig. 3). The values for the coefficient of variation, heritability estimates and genetic advance were of a high order in various
--
--
segregating populations (Table 1 ). A similar trend was apparent for the number of grains per pod (Fig. 4). However, the heritability values for the number of grains per pod were higher than for the number of pods per plant. The coefficient of variation values signified sufficient variability for the number of grains per pod in the M2 population in which effective selection could be predicted for this character. Increased variability for the number of grains per pod in the treated populations has been reported. (/' v) The average grain yield obtained from va-
I• 11.5 11.
9.5
"~ 9.~
1;
' 20 Radiation
' 30
exposure
4'o
, kR
I'm t. \\cl.t~c mmdwr ~d" grains per p<,d ill M, ,.z,cn('ration afl('r irr:~diati(m
II'cltllllt'l|l
()1" Illl'('("
culli\':|rs
(d' Inung
I)can.
ABDUL SHAKOOR, M. AHSAN-UL-HAQ and M. SADIQ
174
•
3
"\\
\\x \\\
*
14
\',,
\,
12
.< ....
- ......
Radiation
20 exposure
-2:
---
Pak13
"~'~,10 =
i
10
~
, kR
30
6601 40
FIG 5. Average yield per plant (g) in M 2 generation alter irradiation treatment of three cultivars of mung bean.
rious irradiated populations was lower than their respective parents (Fig. 5). The heritability values differed for different treatments in each variety. Higher exposures reduced heritability in the case of variety 6601, whereas in Pak 13 and Pak 17 heritability values were lowest in the 10kR treatment and higher for higher exposures. The coefficient of variation values varied from 2.96 to 6.18 indicating that selection for better yield potential may be possible. BROCKTM also reported that mutagenic treatments by either chemical mutagens or ionizing radiations results in an increase in variance for quantitatively inherited characters which can be utilized by selection. The plant type of the present day cuitivars needs change to make the mung bean crop amenable to improved cultivation methods. Although it is difficult to define a proper mung bean ideotype, a short-statured, determinate type of plant would be expected to perform better than the existing forms. Enormous variation for various morphological characters obtained after irradiation treatments is of considerable interest for making desirable selections. The present investigations also showed that plant height could be reduced substantially without adversely affecting the important yield components. Mutant lines showing improvement in various
characters were selected fi'om M 2 generation and were further tested in M 3 generation. Mutant 605, a derivative of Pak 17, gave about 20% more yield per plant and the plants were about 9% shorter than the parent .(Table 2). Short-statured mutant line 1038 derived from Pak 13 having compact plant type and determinate growth habit exhibited a 29.16% harvest index as compared to the parent (16.08%). Mutant lines 3854 and 4048 obtained from 6601 showed a better yield potential than their parent.
REFERENCES
1. BAjAj Y. P. S., SAETTLERA. W. and ADAMSM. W. (1970) Gamma irradiation studies on seeds, seedlings and callus tissue cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Radiat. Bot. 10, 119-124. 2. BOTTINO P. J. and SPARROW A. H. (1971) Sensitivity of lima bean (Phaseolus limensis Macf.) yield to 6°Co gamma radiation given at three reproductive stages• Crop. Sci. 11, 336--437. 3. BROCKR. D. (1976) Quantitatively inherited variation in Arabidopsis thaliana induced by chemical mutagens. Environ. Exp. Bot. 16, 241-253. 4. KRISHANASWAMIS., FAZLULLAH KHAN A. K. and SREZ RANOASAMY S. R. (1975) Association of metric traits in mutants of Phaseolus aureus Roxb. PI. Br. Abstr. 45, 5071.
INDUCED V A R I A T I O N IN MUNG BEAN (VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK) 5. MUJEEB K. A. and GREIG J. K. (1973) Gamma irradiation induced variability in Phaseolus vulgar# L. Cv. Blue Lake. Radiat. Bot. 13, 121-126. 6. RAJPUT M. A. (1974) Increased variability in the M2 of gamma irradiated mung beans (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) Radiat. Bot. 14, 85-89. 7. RAWLINGSJ. 0., HANWAY D. G. and GARDENER C. O. (1958) Variability in quantitative characters of soy beans after seed irradiation. Agron. 07. 511, 524-528.
175
8. RUBAIHAYOP. R. (1975) The use of gamma rays induced mutations in Phaseolus vulgar# L. Z. Pflanzenuchtg. 75, 257-261. 9. SR~E RANGASAMV S. R., OBLISAMI G. and KRXSHANSWAMI S. (1973) Nodulation and productivity in the induced mutants of green gram by gamma rays. Madras Agri. J. 60(6), 359-361.
0098-8472/78/0901-0169 $02.00/0
INDUCED VARIATION IN MUNG BEAN (,VIG. VA RADIA TA (L.) WILCZEK) ABDUL SHAKOOR, M. AHSAN-UL-HAQ and M. SADIQ Mutation Breeding Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Jhang Road, P.O. Box 128, Lyallpur, Pakistan (Received 6 October 1977; accepted in revisedform 27 April 1978)
SItAKOOR A.. AHSAN-UI.-HAQM. and SAIm~ M. huh,','d rariali,,, ill mmq, h,'a, {l'(.,,a mdiata (L.) Wih'zck). ENVIRONMENTAl,AND l',Nl'l.;ltlMl.~Xl.Xl, B(YI.kNY 18, 169 175. 1978. Seeds of three cuhivars of mung bean (Vigna radiala (L.) Wilczek) were treated with 10, 20, 30 and 40kR of 6°Co gamma radiation. The irradiation exposures generally had a depressing effect on all the characters studied. The magnitude of broad sense heritability estimates for plant height appeared to be related to the radiation exposure and were usually of a high order indicating the possibility of effective selection in M 2 generation.
INTRODUCTION
THE C U L T I V A R S / L A N D r a c e s of mung bean commonly grown by the farmers'in most of the South East Asian countries including Pakistan have low yield potential. The plants make excessive vegetative growth under favorable conditions; during the monsoon season plant growth is particularly excessive. Because of an indeterminate growth habit in some plants flowering may continue simultaneously with vegetative growth. Ultimately grain yield may suffer due to reduced pod setting and irregular pod maturity. In mung bean improvement in plant type associated with a high harvest index, determinate growth habit and relatively short stature is needed. The improvement work on mung bean is still mainly confined to pure line selection from heterogenous material grown by the farmers or introduction from other countries. Induced mutation breeding procedures in recent past have successfully been used-for the improvement of various beans. RAJPUT(6) reported increased variability in all M, population after irradiation
of mung bean. RANGASAMY et al. t9~ reported short-statured mutants of mung bean having more pods per plant and higher grain yield than the parent. RUBAIHAYO~8) reported that several gamma ray-induced mutants in white haricot bean exhibited higher yielding capacity than the parental line. The present paper deals with the effects of gamma irradiation on various morphological characters of mung bean in the M 2 generation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dry seeds of Pak 13, Pak 17 and 6601 cultivars of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) were treated with 10, 20, 30 and 40 kR exposure of 6°Co gamma rays; for each treatment 1000 seeds were used. The moisture level of the seed at the time of irradiation treatment was brought to 19o/, ,o by keeping the material in a desiccator containing a saturated solution of calcium chloride. The Mt generation was grown in the field during the 1974 spring and four pods from the main shoot of about 400 plants, depending on survival from each exposure of gamma irra-
169
170
ABDUL SHAKOOR, M. AHSAN-UL-HAQ and M. SADIQ.
diation, were harvested individually. M 2 generation from each plant progeny along with the parents was grown in two replications during the 1974 summer. In each row, measuring 3 m in length, a distance of 15cm was maintained between the plants and 30cm between adjacent rows. At maturity 500 guarded plants were selected at random from each treatment and data were recorded for plant height, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, pod length and yield per plant. The heritability estimates were calculated according to the following formula:
h2
VM 2 -- VP
x 100
VM2 where h2 = Heritability in broad sense VP=Variance of respective parent VM 2 =Variance of M 2 generation. Genetic advance was calculated as follows: G.A. = i x standard deviation of M 2 × h2
where / = C o n s t a n t that reflects the selection intensity. The value for i (1.7) in this study was based on 10% selection intensity. RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
The mean plant height values of M 2 population in each variety for all the treatments were lower than their respective parents (Fig. 1 ). The coefficient of variation was high for various treated populations. Variation increased after mutagenic treatment in M E generation. (5'6) Higher heritability estimates were usually obtained with a corresponding higher exposure, except in the case of Pak 17 where the 20kR treatment produced the highest heritability value (84.21). High heritability and genetic advance values usually indicated that progress could be made in selecting plants with a desired height level from a segregating population after irradiation. Short-statured plants were more frequent in a n M 2 population obtained from the treated varieties. KRISHANSWAMI et al. (4) and RANGASAMY et a/. (9) have also reported short-statured mutants in mung bean. The magnitude of heritability estimates for pod length differed markedly for different irra-
90
e~
~o
k o
~. ss
o
2'0
1;) Radiation
exposure
3~
4~
o kR
FIG. 1. Average plant height in M 2 generation after irradiation treatment of three cultivars of mung bean.
INDUCED VARIATION IN Mt'N(; BE.\N {l'l(;,\\l R..IDIATA (L,) WILCZEK
I. 2 7.s E
~ 7.0~_..~... ",,,,Tz . . . . . . . . . . .
z,- . . . . . . .
&
I
......
_m-I- . . . . . . . .
~it.:---" . . . . . . .
g s.s t
+-_ .....
~
,
i
0
T
i
10 Radiation
20 exposure,
..........
_2---.-1~---
. . . . . . . .
....
1'~16601
:#'~klS
4r .....
|
i
30
40
kR
Fm 2. Average pod length in M 2 gvncralion after irradiation treatment of three cuhivars of ,hung bean.
,or • 65~"k \,
t,
\
\
"o 60
\
\ "\.
\
01 •"
55'
\
\\\ 50,
\\
,
"~\
\"\ "~ 45
\
\
\
[:
~ ....
;
I ~: :
\\, : "'-.<"i: .-'
_[
-L&,,,, I-
E 4O $
3S
3C
t
t
10 Radiation
20 exposure , kR
,
30
"~ 40
FIG 3. Average number of pods per plant in M 2 generation after irradiation treatment of three cuhivars of mung bean.
171
ABI)UI, S H . \ K ( ) f ) R . M. AHSAN-UI,-HA(2 and M . . S . \ I ) I Q
172
I ~ U--. I ~
~a
,-q ¢q. ,q. ~. eq.
¢q. ~ ¢q. e,2 ~
I ~
Z
.g=Z
~-=-
c5
I ~
I
I ~°~°
I
~
- - -
O
z;
c5
O '.7,
"...~
4.a
....;
"r-,
II < >
~c5~
INDUCED VARIATION IN MUNG BEAN (VIGNA R A D I A T A (L.) WILCZEK)
173
Table 2. Characteristics of some of the mutant lines in M3 generation showing improvement in various characters over the parent cultivars
Cultivar/ Mutant line Pak 17 Mutant Pak 13 Mutant 6601 Mutant Mutant
605 1038 3854 4048
L.S.D. 5%
Mutagenic treatment
Plant height (cm)
Yield per plant (gm)
Harvest index (%)
Days taken to mature
Control 20 kR Control 20 kR Control 10 kR 10 kR
62.54 57.33 66.31 45.61 69.10 64.71 65.57
10.26 12.80 9.76 13.17 9.64 11.91 11.56
20.92 26.84 16.08 29.16 16.00 25.84 25.90
87 75 87 70 89 79 80
--
1.20
--
diation exposures in various varieties. There was usually a decrease in pod length, particularly in treatments where the number of pods was reduced (Figs. 2 and 3). T h e highest heritability estimate was obtained for pod length in Pak 13 exposed to 10 kR. Irradiation generally had a depressing effect on the number of pods per plant. Higher exposures substantially reduced the number of pods in variety 6601 (Fig. 3). The values for the coefficient of variation, heritability estimates and genetic advance were of a high order in various
--
--
segregating populations (Table 1 ). A similar trend was apparent for the number of grains per pod (Fig. 4). However, the heritability values for the number of grains per pod were higher than for the number of pods per plant. The coefficient of variation values signified sufficient variability for the number of grains per pod in the M2 population in which effective selection could be predicted for this character. Increased variability for the number of grains per pod in the treated populations has been reported. (/' v) The average grain yield obtained from va-
I• 11.5 11.
9.5
"~ 9.~
1;
' 20 Radiation
' 30
exposure
4'o
, kR
I'm t. \\cl.t~c mmdwr ~d" grains per p<,d ill M, ,.z,cn('ration afl('r irr:~diati(m
II'cltllllt'l|l
()1" Illl'('("
culli\':|rs
(d' Inung
I)can.
ABDUL SHAKOOR, M. AHSAN-UL-HAQ and M. SADIQ
174
•
3
"\\
\\x \\\
*
14
\',,
\,
12
.< ....
- ......
Radiation
20 exposure
-2:
---
Pak13
"~'~,10 =
i
10
~
, kR
30
6601 40
FIG 5. Average yield per plant (g) in M 2 generation alter irradiation treatment of three cultivars of mung bean.
rious irradiated populations was lower than their respective parents (Fig. 5). The heritability values differed for different treatments in each variety. Higher exposures reduced heritability in the case of variety 6601, whereas in Pak 13 and Pak 17 heritability values were lowest in the 10kR treatment and higher for higher exposures. The coefficient of variation values varied from 2.96 to 6.18 indicating that selection for better yield potential may be possible. BROCKTM also reported that mutagenic treatments by either chemical mutagens or ionizing radiations results in an increase in variance for quantitatively inherited characters which can be utilized by selection. The plant type of the present day cuitivars needs change to make the mung bean crop amenable to improved cultivation methods. Although it is difficult to define a proper mung bean ideotype, a short-statured, determinate type of plant would be expected to perform better than the existing forms. Enormous variation for various morphological characters obtained after irradiation treatments is of considerable interest for making desirable selections. The present investigations also showed that plant height could be reduced substantially without adversely affecting the important yield components. Mutant lines showing improvement in various
characters were selected fi'om M 2 generation and were further tested in M 3 generation. Mutant 605, a derivative of Pak 17, gave about 20% more yield per plant and the plants were about 9% shorter than the parent .(Table 2). Short-statured mutant line 1038 derived from Pak 13 having compact plant type and determinate growth habit exhibited a 29.16% harvest index as compared to the parent (16.08%). Mutant lines 3854 and 4048 obtained from 6601 showed a better yield potential than their parent.
REFERENCES
1. BAjAj Y. P. S., SAETTLERA. W. and ADAMSM. W. (1970) Gamma irradiation studies on seeds, seedlings and callus tissue cultures of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Radiat. Bot. 10, 119-124. 2. BOTTINO P. J. and SPARROW A. H. (1971) Sensitivity of lima bean (Phaseolus limensis Macf.) yield to 6°Co gamma radiation given at three reproductive stages• Crop. Sci. 11, 336--437. 3. BROCKR. D. (1976) Quantitatively inherited variation in Arabidopsis thaliana induced by chemical mutagens. Environ. Exp. Bot. 16, 241-253. 4. KRISHANASWAMIS., FAZLULLAH KHAN A. K. and SREZ RANOASAMY S. R. (1975) Association of metric traits in mutants of Phaseolus aureus Roxb. PI. Br. Abstr. 45, 5071.
INDUCED V A R I A T I O N IN MUNG BEAN (VIGNA RADIATA (L.) WILCZEK) 5. MUJEEB K. A. and GREIG J. K. (1973) Gamma irradiation induced variability in Phaseolus vulgar# L. Cv. Blue Lake. Radiat. Bot. 13, 121-126. 6. RAJPUT M. A. (1974) Increased variability in the M2 of gamma irradiated mung beans (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) Radiat. Bot. 14, 85-89. 7. RAWLINGSJ. 0., HANWAY D. G. and GARDENER C. O. (1958) Variability in quantitative characters of soy beans after seed irradiation. Agron. 07. 511, 524-528.
175
8. RUBAIHAYOP. R. (1975) The use of gamma rays induced mutations in Phaseolus vulgar# L. Z. Pflanzenuchtg. 75, 257-261. 9. SR~E RANGASAMV S. R., OBLISAMI G. and KRXSHANSWAMI S. (1973) Nodulation and productivity in the induced mutants of green gram by gamma rays. Madras Agri. J. 60(6), 359-361.