- Email: [email protected]
Industry View on Academic Programme Development: An Empirical Study
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
UG*OREDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ%XVLQHVVDQG6RFLDO6FLHQFH*&%66'HFHPEHU .XDOD/XPSXU0DOD\VLD
,QGXVWU\9LHZRQ$FDGHPLF3URJUDPPH'HYHORSPHQW $Q (PSLULFDO6WXG\ +XVVDLQ6D +DQD\VKD-E,EUDKLP06F D E
Faculty of Business & Management, DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia (DHUAM), 26607 Pekan Pahang, Malaysia F Faculty Legal Department, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
$EVWUDFW $XWRPRWLYHHGXFDWLRQWUHQGLQ0DOD\VLDLVUDSLGO\JURZLQJLQERWKVNLOOVDQGDFDGHPLFEDVHGTXDOLILFDWLRQV7KHUHDUHYDULRXV UHOHYDQWSURJUDPPHVRIIHUHGE\SXEOLFDQGSULYDWHHGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ0DOD\VLD7KLVVWXG\LVFRQGXFWHGRQ$XWRPRWLYH (GXFDWLRQ,QVWLWXWLRQ ³$(,´ LQ(DVW&RDVW0DOD\VLDZLWKDQREMHFWLYHWRDFTXLUHWKHDXWRPRWLYHDQGVHUYLFHVLQGXVWU\IHHGEDFN SULRUWRWKHQHZSURJUDPPHVGHYHORSPHQW$VXUYH\PHWKRGZDVXVHGIRUFROOHFWLQJWKHGDWDIURPUHVSRQGHQWVIURPYDULRXV SRVLWLRQV7KHILQGLQJVLQGLFDWHGWKHIHHGEDFNIURPLQGXVWU\LQYDULRXVILHOGDQGWKLVFRXOGDVVLVWWKH$(,SUHSDUDWLRQRIWHDFKLQJ DQGOHDUQLQJIDFLOLWLHVLQFOXGLQJWKHDFDGHPLFVWDII © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRIWKHUG*&%66 Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 3rd GCBSS-2015 Keywords:$XWRPRWLYH(GXFDWLRQ,QVWLWXWLRQ $XWRPRWLYHDQG6HUYLFHV $FDGHPLF3URJUDPPH'HYHORSPHQW
,QWURGXFWLRQ $XWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\LQ0DOD\VLDLVIDFLQJDVWLIIFRPSHWLWLRQIURPDQXPEHURIJOREDOSOD\HUV7KHLQLWLDWLYHV WDNHQE\WKH0DOD\VLDQ*RYHUQPHQWLQFOXGHWKHODXQFKRI1DWLRQDO$XWRPRWLYH3ROLF\ ³1$3´ 7KHPDLQ REMHFWLYH RI 1$3 LV WR WUDQVIRUP WKH FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV RI 0DOD\VLDQ DXWRPRWLYH LQGXVWU\ WR IDFH WKH JOREDO FKDOOHQJHV$FFRUGLQJWR0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH,QVWLWXWH RQWKHWK-DQXDU\WKH³1DWLRQDO$XWRPRWLYH 3ROLF\ 1$3 ´ZDVODXQFKHGZLWKDYLVLRQRIWUDQVIRUPLQJWKHFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVRIWKH0DOD\VLDQDXWRPRWLYH
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:VXKDLGDK#GKXDPHGXP\
1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 3rd GCBSS-2015 doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.04.037
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
317
LQGXVWU\WRIDFHWKHJOREDOFKDOOHQJHV,QFRPSOHPHQWLQJWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH1$3WKHUHDUHURDGPDSV RXWOLQHGWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSODQXQGHUWKHVXSHUYLVLRQRI0LQLVWU\RI,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGHDQG,QGXVWU\ ³0,7,´ DQGWKH0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH,QVWLWXWH ³0$,´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
0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH5RDGPDS )RFXVHVRQWKHODWHVWJUHHQWHFKQRORJ\GHYHORSPHQWZKLFKLVVXSSRUWHGE\HQYLURQPHQWDO IULHQGO\VXSSO\YDOXHFKDLQDQGHQKDQFLQJFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV ,WDLPVWRHQKDQFHWKHFRPSRQHQWDQGVSDUHSDUWVRIPDQXIDFWXUHU¶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¶VFRPSDQLHVZLWKLQWKHDXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\
7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH5RDGPDSKDVJLYHQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUWKHDXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\SOD\HUVLQ 0DOD\VLD WR HQKDQFH WKHLU FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJHV LQ FRPSHWLQJ ZLWK WKH JOREDO SOD\HUV 7KH WKLUG 5RDGPDS 0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH+XPDQ&DSLWDO'HYHORSPHQW5RDGPDSSURYLGHGDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRDXWRPRWLYHHGXFDWLRQDQG WUDLQLQJFHQWUHVWRGHYHORSLQJFRPSHWHQWZRUNIRUFHDWHYHU\OHYHOZLWKLQWKHDXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\ ,Q(DVW&RDVW0DOD\VLDWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDQ$XWRPRWLYH(GXFDWLRQ,QVWLWXWLRQ ³$(,´ KDVWKHVDPHYLVLRQWR GHYHORS WKH FRPSHWHQW ZRUNIRUFH VSHFLILFDOO\ LQ DXWRPRWLYH LQGXVWU\ 7KH LQVWLWXWLRQ RIIHUV XQGHUJUDGXDWH SURJUDPPHVFRYHULQJWKHXSVWUHDPDQGGRZQVWUHDPFKDLQRIDXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\7KHXSVWUHDPDQGGRZQVWUHDP SURFHVVRIDXWRPRWLYHDQGVHUYLFHVLQGXVWU\VWDUWVIURPSURGXFLQJDXWRPRWLYHFRPSRQHQWVPDQXIDFWXULQJDVVHPEO\ GLVWULEXWLRQDQGLQVSHFWLRQ,QRUGHUWREHFRPSHWLWLYHLQWKHPDUNHW$(,LVZRUNLQJWRZDUGVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH DFDGHPLFSURJUDPPHV7KHIXWXUHDFDGHPLFSURJUDPPHGHYHORSPHQWZLOOEHEDVHGRQWKHIHHGEDFNDQGGHPDQGIURP WKHLQGXVWU\7KHUHIRUHWKLVVWXG\DLPVWRHOLFLWWKHYLHZVRIWKHLQGXVWU\SHUVRQQHORQWKHLUDFDGHPLFQHHGVDQGFDUHHU GHYHORSPHQW 7KH RXWFRPHV RI WKLV VWXG\ ZRXOG HQDEOH $(, WR GHYHORS VXFK SURJUDPPHV WR VXLW WKH LQGXVWU\ UHTXLUHPHQWVDVZHOOFRQWULEXWHWRWKHLUFDUHHUIRUKLJKHUSRVLWLRQV %DFNJURXQGRI6WXG\ $FFRUGLQJWR0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH,QVWLWXWH WKHHFRQRP\RIWKHFRXQWU\KDVEHHQDIIHFWHGEHFDXVHWKH FXUUHQF\FULVLVZHUHQRWHZRUWK\RQWKHJHQHUDOKHDGZD\RIFDULQGXVWU\VSHFLILFDOO\LQWKHILHOGRILWHPDGYDQFHPHQW LQQRYDWLYHZRUNPHFKDQL]DWLRQDQGKXPDQFDSLWDODQGDOORIWKHPDUHYLWDOWRSRVLWLRQWKHEXVLQHVVDWKLJKHUVWDQGDUG ZLWKRWKHUZRUOGZLGHSOD\HUV7KHFULVLVKDVGULYHQWKH0DOD\VLDQFDULQGXVWU\LQWRGHVSRQGHQF\WRVWD\FRRUGLQDWHG WR NHHS RQ ORRNLQJ IRU VXUYLYDO DQVZHUV IRU PDLQWDLQLQJ IXWXUH EXVLQHVV )RU LQVWDQFH WKH OLEHUDOL]DWLRQ RI DXWR EXVLQHVVLVXUJHQWO\DSSURDFKLQJIRU0DOD\VLDWRNHHSXSLWVVROLGWLHVLQVLGHWKHEXVLQHVVJURXSVLQWKH$6($1DQG JOREDO PDUNHWV 0DGDQL +RZHYHU WKH H[HFXWLRQ RI HFRQRPLF OLEHUDOL]DWLRQ VWUXFWXUH VKRXOG FRQVLGHU FRQFHLYDEOHPLVKDSVVXFKDVH[SDQGHGUHOLDQFHRQRYHUVHDVFRXQWULHVHVSHFLDOO\LQHQJLQHHULQJDQGWHFKQRORJ\RIWKH FDULPEDODQFHGJURZWKLQVLGHWKHFDUVHJPHQWDQGHPSOR\DELOLW\RIXQVNLOOHGDQGVHPLVNLOOHGZRUNIRUFH
318
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
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±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areer Development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yxH]GH3DEORV 2QHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWPHFKDQLVPVWKDWFRXOGKHOSVXFKILUPVWRHQKDQFHWKHLUJURZWKDQGFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVLVWKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWSURJUDPVLQWKHZRUNSODFH 0HUFKDQW &DUHHUGHYHORSPHQWUHIHUVWR
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
319
³DQRQJRLQJIRUPDOL]HGHIIRUWE\DQRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWIRFXVHVRQGHYHORSLQJDQGHQULFKLQJWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ¶VKXPDQ UHVRXUFHVLQOLJKWRIERWKWKHHPSOR\HHV¶DQGWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ¶VQHHGV´ %\DUV 5XH $FFRUGLQJWR*UHHQKDXV &DOODQDQDQG*RGVKDON FDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVDFRQWLQXRXVSURFHVVE\ZKLFKDSHUVRQ¶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¶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¶VHFRQRP\EHFDXVHKDYLQJWKHULJKWVNLOOVHQFRXUDJHVWKHHIILFLHQF\DQGIRVWHUWKHSURGXFWLYLW\ LQODERXUPDUNHWV)URPDWKHRUHWLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIDVXFFHVVIXOFDUHHUOHDGVWRJUHDWHUOHYHOVRI HPSOR\PHQW DQG KHQFH KLJKHU LQFRPH 0RUHRYHU FDUHHU GHYHORSPHQW LV KLJKO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK HPSOR\HHV¶ MRE VDWLVIDFWLRQLQDPDQQHUWKDWWKH\IHHOWKHLUYDOXHVIURPERWKWKHVXSHUYLVRUVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDVWKHLUDLPVDUHEHLQJ IRFXVHGDQGDFKLHYHGWKXVWKH\JHWKLJKHUUHFRJQLWLRQEHFDXVHEHVLGHVWKHLURZQLQWHUHVWVRUJDQL]DWLRQDOJRDOVDUH DOVR EHLQJ DFKLHYHG 6KXMDDW 6DQD $IWDE $KPHG 7KHUHIRUH FDUHHU GHYHORSPHQW LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR UHLQIRUFHHPSOR\HHV¶VDWLVIDFWLRQDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOFRPPLWPHQWDQGDOVRWKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQZRXOGEHLQWHUHVWHGWR PDLQWDLQWKHPWRDFKLHYHWKHGHVLUHGREMHFWLYHVDQGORQJWHUPJRDOV)RUWKHVHUHDVRQVRUJDQL]DWLRQVVKRXOGLQYHVWLQ FRQWLQXRXVFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWSURJUDPVWRHQKDQFHWKHLUVXFFHVVDQGWKHHPSOR\HHVDVZHOO 6KXMDDWHWDO 2.2. Programme Development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¶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
320
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
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³VWURQJO\GLVDJUHHWR³VWURQJO\DJUHH´7KHSRVLWLRQVRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUH 6XSHUYLVRUV([HFXWLYHV$VVLVWDQW0DQDJHUV0DQDJHUV6HQLRU0DQDJHUVDQG&KLHI([HFXWLYH2IILFHUV7KLVVWXG\ LVOLPLWHGRQO\WRWKHVXEVLGLDU\FRPSDQLHVRIDXWRPRWLYHFRQJORPHUDWHLQ0DOD\VLD7KHVXUYH\FRQVLVWRI6HFWLRQV LH6HFWLRQ 3HUVRQDO'HWDLOV 6HFWLRQ $ &DUHHU'HYHORSPHQW % ,QWHUHVWHG)LHOGRI6WXG\ & ([SHFWHG3DWWHUQ RIWKH3URJUDPPH7KHUHVXOWVRIUHVSRQGHQWV¶RSLQLRQRQHDFKLWHPDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQ $QDO\VLVRI5HVXOW 2XWRIVXEVLGLDU\FRPSDQLHVRIDXWRPRWLYHFRQJORPHUDWHRQO\FRPSDQLHVDFFHSWHGWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKH VXUYH\7KHFRPSOHWHTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHUHFHLYHGIURPUHVSRQGHQWV 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZQ WKDW WKHUH ZHUH RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV¶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³630´ WR0DVWHUV¶'HJUHH$WRWDORIUHVSRQGHQWVKDYH%DFKHORU'HJUHHTXDOLILFDWLRQDFTXLUH 'LSORPD TXDOLILFDWLRQV KDYH 630 UHVSRQGHQWV KDYH 0DVWHUV¶ 'HJUHH TXDOLILFDWLRQV DQG KDYH RWKHU FHUWLILFDWHV 7KH6HFWLRQGHVFULEHVVHYHUDODUHDVVXFKDVFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWLQWHUHVWHGILHOGRIVWXG\DQGH[SHFWHGSDWWHUQ RIWKHSURJUDPPH,QWKHFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWVHFWLRQWKHUHDUH LWHPVVWDWHPHQWVIRUUHVSRQGHQWVWRUHVSRQVH,Q WKH ILUVW VWDWHPHQW ³, ZLVK WR LPSURYH P\ FDUHHU´ RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV DJUHH DQG VWURQJO\ DJUHH ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW0HDQZKLOHIRUWKHVHFRQGVWDWHPHQW³,ISURYLGHGDFKDQFH,ZLOOMRLQDQDFDGHPLFSURJUDPPH´DWRWDORI UHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHZLWKWKHVWDWHPHQW7KHRWKHUUHVSRQGHQWVVWURQJO\DJUHHZLWKWKHVWDWHPHQWV7KHILUVWWZR VWDWHPHQWVVKRZVWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHZLOOLQJRUKDYHLQWHQWLRQVWRLPSURYHWKHLUFDUHHUSURYLGHGDFKDQFHWR IXUWKHUWKHLUVWXGLHV7KLVVKRZVWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHUHDG\WRSXUVXHWKHLUVWXG\LIJLYHQDFKDQFH7KHWKLUG VWDWHPHQW³,EHOLHYHIXUWKHUHGXFDWLRQFDQLPSURYHP\OLYLQJVWDQGDUGV´VKRZHGWKDWUHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHDQG UHVSRQGHQWV VWURQJO\ DJUHH ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW 7KH UHVSRQGHQWV DOVR DJUHHG WKDW E\ IXUWKHULQJ WKHLU VWXGLHV DQG REWDLQLQJFHUWDLQTXDOLILFDWLRQVFDQLPSURYHWKHLUOLYLQJVWDQGDUGV6LPLODUO\WKHVWDWHPHQWRI³,ZLVKWROHDUQZKLOH
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
321
GRLQJ WKHMREVLPXOWDQHRXVO\´ VKRZHG WKDW UHVSRQGHQWV DJUHHZLWK LW ,Q WKLV VWDWHPHQW WKH UHVSRQGHQWV DOVR EHOLHYHLQSDUWWLPHVWXG\,WLVHDVLHUIRUWKHPWRIXUWKHUWKHLUVWXG\LQSDUWWLPHPRGHVRWKDWWKH\ZLOOQRWORVHWKHLU LQFRPH7KH\DUHFRPIRUWDEOHZLWKVWXG\DQGZRUNLQJDWWKHVDPHWLPH7KHILIWKVWDWHPHQW³,ISURYLGHGVWXG\OHDYH IDFLOLW\,ZLOOMRLQWKHVXLWDEOHSURJUDPPH´7KHUHDUH UHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHQHXWUDOVWURQJO\DJUHHZLWKWKH VWDWHPHQW7KHUHVSRQGHQWLVKRSLQJWKHDQ\RUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWWKH\DUHVHUYLQJZRXOGDEOHWRSURYLGHWKHVDLGIDFLOLW\ ,QWKHQH[WVWDWHPHQW³,DPZLOOLQJWRSD\IRUWKHIHHVRIWKHSURJUDPPH´GHVFULEHVWKDWUHVSRQGHQWUHVSRQGHG QHXWUDODQGDJUHHZLWKWKHVWDWHPHQW ,QFRQWUDU\UHVSRQGHQWVGLVDJUHHDQGVWURQJO\GLVDJUHH,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHZLOOLQJWR XVHWKHLURZQPRQH\WRIXUWKHUWKHLUVWXG\7KHUHDUHUHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHWRWKHVWDWHPHQW ³,IWKHFRPSDQ\SURYLGHV WKHILQDQFLDOVXSSRUW,ZLOOMRLQWKHSURJUDPPH´,QDGGLWLRQUHVSRQGHQWVDOVRVWURQJO\DJUHHZKLOHUHVSRQGHQWV UHVSRQGHG QHXWUDO ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW 7KH QH[W VWDWHPHQW ³, DP QRW DEOH WR VWXG\ ULJKW QRZ´ VKRZHG WKDW UHVSRQGHQWVDUHQHXWUDOZLWKWKLVVWDWHPHQW7KHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHQRWYHU\VXUHZKHWKHUWKH\DUHQRWDEOHWRVWXG\DW WKLV PRPHQW 7KH RWKHU UHVSRQGHQWV DJUHH ZKLOH UHVSRQGHQWV GLVDJUHH ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW 6RPH RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWVDUHDEOHWRIXUWKHUWKHLUVWXG\DWWKHPRPHQW7KHODVWVWDWHPHQWIRUFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWLV³,QHHGVRPH DGYLFHEHIRUH,GHFLGH´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³7KHSURJUDPPHVKRXOGEH«´DWRWDORIUHVSRQGHQWVUHVSRQGHGWKDWWKHSURJUDPPHVKRXOG EHFRQGXFWHGDVZRUNEDVHGOHDUQLQJ,QGHHGLWVKRZHGWKDWLWKDVDUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKVWDWHPHQWQXPEHULQFDUHHU GHYHORSPHQWWKDWLV³,ZLVKWROHDUQZKLOHGRLQJWKHMREVLPXOWDQHRXVO\´$QRWKHUUHVSRQGHQWVUHVSRQGHGDVWKHRU\ EDVHG OHDUQLQJ 7KH QH[W VWDWHPHQW LV ³7KH FRQWHQW RI WKH SURJUDPPH VKRXOG EH«´ )RU WKLV VWDWHPHQW UHVSRQGHQWVUHVSRQGHGIRUPRGXODUSDWWHUQDQGIRUDQQXDOSDWWHUQ³7KHPRGHRIWKHSURJUDPPHVKRXOGEH«´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
322
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
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inistry of Higher Education0DOD\VLD 1DFKEDJDXHU$*0 5LHGO* (IIHFWV2I&RQFHSWV2I&DUHHU3ODWHDXV2Q3HUIRUPDQFH:RUN6DWLVIDFWLRQ$QG&RPPLWPHQW. International Journal of Manpower 3XDK$ $QDQWKUDP6 ([SORULQJ7KH$QWHFHGHQWV$QG2XWFRPHV2I&DUHHU'HYHORSPHQW,QLWLDWLYHV (PSLULFDO(YLGHQFH)URP 6LQJDSRUHDQ(PSOR\HHVResearch and Practice in Human Resource Management &DUQHYDOH$36PLWK1 6WURKO- +HOS:DQWHG 3URMHFWLRQV2I-RE$QG(GXFDWLRQ5HTXLUHPHQWV7KURXJKLumina Foundation $OEDQHVH&$2 1HLOO.DQG+LQHV-' &ORWKLQJ$QG7H[WLOH&XUULFXOD,Q+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQJournal of Family and Consumer Sciences9RO 1RSS %ODQG& (IIHFWLYHDSSURDFKHVWRIDFXOW\GHYHORSPHQW0RGHOVWKDW:RUN 0F'DQLHOV& *\VEHUV1& &RXQVHOOLQJIRUFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQW VWHG 6DQ)UDQFLVFR -RVVH\%DVV3XEOLVKHUV 'DUELU' &ULWLFDO&KDOOHQJHV2I7KHVW&HQWXU\ ,PSOLFDWLRQ)RU7HDFKHU(GXFDWLRQ*OREDOL]DWLRQ3ULYDWL]DWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\$QG (FRORJ\LQ&KDOOHQJHVRI(GXFDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\7UHQGV*OREDOLVDWLRQ+HPODWD70DQHHVK68PD66(G'HOKL Authorpress, 2003SS +DQQD ' ( +LJKHU HGXFDWLRQ LQ DQ HUD RI GLJLWDO FRPSHWLWLRQ (PHUJLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO PRGHOV Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks )LW]JHUDOG ' / +RZ 'HYHORSPHQW $IIHFWV /HDUQLQJ /HVVRQV /HDUQHG IURP 'HYHORSPHQWDO &RJQLWLYH DQG 1DWXUDO 6FLHQFH ,Q $ %OXHSULQWIRU3URPRWLQJ$FDGHPLFDQG6RFLDO&RPSHWHQFHLQ$IWHU6FKRRO3URJUDPV6SULQJHU86 +HUU(/ &DUHHUGHYHORSPHQWDQGLWVSUDFWLFH $KLVWRULFDOSHUVSHFWLYHThe Career Development Quarterly ,VPDLO + 0DGUDK $ $EGLQ ) 7KH (IIHFW RI (PSOR\HH &DUHHU 3URJUDPPH DQG &DUHHU 'HYHORSPHQW RQ &DUHHU &RPPLWPHQW International Journal of Contemporary Business Management ,-&%0 *UHHQKDXV-*&DOODQDQ*$ *RGVKDON90 &DUHHU0DQDJHPHQW UGHG 1HZ
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
323
3HDUVRQ00 7KRPDV. &UHDWLQJ4XDOLW\)DFXOW\'HYHORSPHQW3URJUDPVWR,PSDFW7HDFKLQJDQG/HDUQLQJ7KH+LJKHU/HDUQLQJ &RPPLVVLRQ 0HJDW-RKDUL$EDQJ001$EGXOODK$$2VPDQ056DSXDQ060DULXQ1-DDIDU06*KD]DOL$+2PDU+ $1HZ (QJLQHHULQJ(GXFDWLRQ0RGHOIRU0DOD\VLD-(QJLQHHULQJ(G9RO1RSS 0DGDQL06 0DOD\VLDQ$XWRPRWLYH,QGXVWU\7KHZD\IRUZDUG5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSV P\QHZV\DKRRFRP 1RUDVPDK2+DULQGHU.DXU76DQG3RR%71RRUDVLDK6 *OREDOL]DWLRQDQGWKH7UHQGLQ'HPDQGIRU+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQLQ0DOD\VLD International Journal Of Education And Information Technologies,VVXH9ROXPH 2UGyxH]GH3DEORV3 6WUDWHJLF$SSURDFKHVIRU+XPDQ&DSLWDO0DQDJHPHQWDQG'HYHORSPHQWLQD7XUEXOHQW(FRQRP\,*,*OREDO 3ROYHUH /LP35$ ). &DUHHU'HYHORSPHQW6XSSRUWLQJ
ScienceDirect Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
UG*OREDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ%XVLQHVVDQG6RFLDO6FLHQFH*&%66'HFHPEHU .XDOD/XPSXU0DOD\VLD
,QGXVWU\9LHZRQ$FDGHPLF3URJUDPPH'HYHORSPHQW $Q (PSLULFDO6WXG\ +XVVDLQ6D +DQD\VKD-E,EUDKLP06F D E
Faculty of Business & Management, DRB-HICOM University of Automotive Malaysia (DHUAM), 26607 Pekan Pahang, Malaysia F Faculty Legal Department, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
$EVWUDFW $XWRPRWLYHHGXFDWLRQWUHQGLQ0DOD\VLDLVUDSLGO\JURZLQJLQERWKVNLOOVDQGDFDGHPLFEDVHGTXDOLILFDWLRQV7KHUHDUHYDULRXV UHOHYDQWSURJUDPPHVRIIHUHGE\SXEOLFDQGSULYDWHHGXFDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQVLQ0DOD\VLD7KLVVWXG\LVFRQGXFWHGRQ$XWRPRWLYH (GXFDWLRQ,QVWLWXWLRQ ³$(,´ LQ(DVW&RDVW0DOD\VLDZLWKDQREMHFWLYHWRDFTXLUHWKHDXWRPRWLYHDQGVHUYLFHVLQGXVWU\IHHGEDFN SULRUWRWKHQHZSURJUDPPHVGHYHORSPHQW$VXUYH\PHWKRGZDVXVHGIRUFROOHFWLQJWKHGDWDIURPUHVSRQGHQWVIURPYDULRXV SRVLWLRQV7KHILQGLQJVLQGLFDWHGWKHIHHGEDFNIURPLQGXVWU\LQYDULRXVILHOGDQGWKLVFRXOGDVVLVWWKH$(,SUHSDUDWLRQRIWHDFKLQJ DQGOHDUQLQJIDFLOLWLHVLQFOXGLQJWKHDFDGHPLFVWDII © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRIWKHUG*&%66 Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 3rd GCBSS-2015 Keywords:$XWRPRWLYH(GXFDWLRQ,QVWLWXWLRQ $XWRPRWLYHDQG6HUYLFHV $FDGHPLF3URJUDPPH'HYHORSPHQW
,QWURGXFWLRQ $XWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\LQ0DOD\VLDLVIDFLQJDVWLIIFRPSHWLWLRQIURPDQXPEHURIJOREDOSOD\HUV7KHLQLWLDWLYHV WDNHQE\WKH0DOD\VLDQ*RYHUQPHQWLQFOXGHWKHODXQFKRI1DWLRQDO$XWRPRWLYH3ROLF\ ³1$3´ 7KHPDLQ REMHFWLYH RI 1$3 LV WR WUDQVIRUP WKH FRPSHWLWLYHQHVV RI 0DOD\VLDQ DXWRPRWLYH LQGXVWU\ WR IDFH WKH JOREDO FKDOOHQJHV$FFRUGLQJWR0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH,QVWLWXWH RQWKHWK-DQXDU\WKH³1DWLRQDO$XWRPRWLYH 3ROLF\ 1$3 ´ZDVODXQFKHGZLWKDYLVLRQRIWUDQVIRUPLQJWKHFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVRIWKH0DOD\VLDQDXWRPRWLYH
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:VXKDLGDK#GKXDPHGXP\
1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the 3rd GCBSS-2015 doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.04.037
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
317
LQGXVWU\WRIDFHWKHJOREDOFKDOOHQJHV,QFRPSOHPHQWLQJWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH1$3WKHUHDUHURDGPDSV RXWOLQHGWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQSODQXQGHUWKHVXSHUYLVLRQRI0LQLVWU\RI,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGHDQG,QGXVWU\ ³0,7,´ DQGWKH0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH,QVWLWXWH ³0$,´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
0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH5RDGPDS )RFXVHVRQWKHODWHVWJUHHQWHFKQRORJ\GHYHORSPHQWZKLFKLVVXSSRUWHGE\HQYLURQPHQWDO IULHQGO\VXSSO\YDOXHFKDLQDQGHQKDQFLQJFRPSHWLWLYHQHVV ,WDLPVWRHQKDQFHWKHFRPSRQHQWDQGVSDUHSDUWVRIPDQXIDFWXUHU¶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¶VFRPSDQLHVZLWKLQWKHDXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\
7KHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH5RDGPDSKDVJLYHQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUWKHDXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\SOD\HUVLQ 0DOD\VLD WR HQKDQFH WKHLU FRPSHWLWLYH DGYDQWDJHV LQ FRPSHWLQJ ZLWK WKH JOREDO SOD\HUV 7KH WKLUG 5RDGPDS 0DOD\VLD$XWRPRWLYH+XPDQ&DSLWDO'HYHORSPHQW5RDGPDSSURYLGHGDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRDXWRPRWLYHHGXFDWLRQDQG WUDLQLQJFHQWUHVWRGHYHORSLQJFRPSHWHQWZRUNIRUFHDWHYHU\OHYHOZLWKLQWKHDXWRPRWLYHLQGXVWU\ ,Q(DVW&RDVW0DOD\VLDWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIDQ$XWRPRWLYH(GXFDWLRQ,QVWLWXWLRQ ³$(,´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
318
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
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±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areer Development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yxH]GH3DEORV 2QHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWPHFKDQLVPVWKDWFRXOGKHOSVXFKILUPVWRHQKDQFHWKHLUJURZWKDQGFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVLVWKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWSURJUDPVLQWKHZRUNSODFH 0HUFKDQW &DUHHUGHYHORSPHQWUHIHUVWR
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
319
³DQRQJRLQJIRUPDOL]HGHIIRUWE\DQRUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWIRFXVHVRQGHYHORSLQJDQGHQULFKLQJWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ¶VKXPDQ UHVRXUFHVLQOLJKWRIERWKWKHHPSOR\HHV¶DQGWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ¶VQHHGV´ %\DUV 5XH $FFRUGLQJWR*UHHQKDXV &DOODQDQDQG*RGVKDON FDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWFDQEHGHVFULEHGDVDFRQWLQXRXVSURFHVVE\ZKLFKDSHUVRQ¶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¶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¶VHFRQRP\EHFDXVHKDYLQJWKHULJKWVNLOOVHQFRXUDJHVWKHHIILFLHQF\DQGIRVWHUWKHSURGXFWLYLW\ LQODERXUPDUNHWV)URPDWKHRUHWLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIDVXFFHVVIXOFDUHHUOHDGVWRJUHDWHUOHYHOVRI HPSOR\PHQW DQG KHQFH KLJKHU LQFRPH 0RUHRYHU FDUHHU GHYHORSPHQW LV KLJKO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK HPSOR\HHV¶ MRE VDWLVIDFWLRQLQDPDQQHUWKDWWKH\IHHOWKHLUYDOXHVIURPERWKWKHVXSHUYLVRUVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDVWKHLUDLPVDUHEHLQJ IRFXVHGDQGDFKLHYHGWKXVWKH\JHWKLJKHUUHFRJQLWLRQEHFDXVHEHVLGHVWKHLURZQLQWHUHVWVRUJDQL]DWLRQDOJRDOVDUH DOVR EHLQJ DFKLHYHG 6KXMDDW 6DQD $IWDE $KPHG 7KHUHIRUH FDUHHU GHYHORSPHQW LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW WR UHLQIRUFHHPSOR\HHV¶VDWLVIDFWLRQDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOFRPPLWPHQWDQGDOVRWKHLURUJDQL]DWLRQZRXOGEHLQWHUHVWHGWR PDLQWDLQWKHPWRDFKLHYHWKHGHVLUHGREMHFWLYHVDQGORQJWHUPJRDOV)RUWKHVHUHDVRQVRUJDQL]DWLRQVVKRXOGLQYHVWLQ FRQWLQXRXVFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWSURJUDPVWRHQKDQFHWKHLUVXFFHVVDQGWKHHPSOR\HHVDVZHOO 6KXMDDWHWDO 2.2. Programme Development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¶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
320
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
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³VWURQJO\GLVDJUHHWR³VWURQJO\DJUHH´7KHSRVLWLRQVRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUH 6XSHUYLVRUV([HFXWLYHV$VVLVWDQW0DQDJHUV0DQDJHUV6HQLRU0DQDJHUVDQG&KLHI([HFXWLYH2IILFHUV7KLVVWXG\ LVOLPLWHGRQO\WRWKHVXEVLGLDU\FRPSDQLHVRIDXWRPRWLYHFRQJORPHUDWHLQ0DOD\VLD7KHVXUYH\FRQVLVWRI6HFWLRQV LH6HFWLRQ 3HUVRQDO'HWDLOV 6HFWLRQ $ &DUHHU'HYHORSPHQW % ,QWHUHVWHG)LHOGRI6WXG\ & ([SHFWHG3DWWHUQ RIWKH3URJUDPPH7KHUHVXOWVRIUHVSRQGHQWV¶RSLQLRQRQHDFKLWHPDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQ $QDO\VLVRI5HVXOW 2XWRIVXEVLGLDU\FRPSDQLHVRIDXWRPRWLYHFRQJORPHUDWHRQO\FRPSDQLHVDFFHSWHGWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKH VXUYH\7KHFRPSOHWHTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHUHFHLYHGIURPUHVSRQGHQWV 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZQ WKDW WKHUH ZHUH RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV¶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³630´ WR0DVWHUV¶'HJUHH$WRWDORIUHVSRQGHQWVKDYH%DFKHORU'HJUHHTXDOLILFDWLRQDFTXLUH 'LSORPD TXDOLILFDWLRQV KDYH 630 UHVSRQGHQWV KDYH 0DVWHUV¶ 'HJUHH TXDOLILFDWLRQV DQG KDYH RWKHU FHUWLILFDWHV 7KH6HFWLRQGHVFULEHVVHYHUDODUHDVVXFKDVFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWLQWHUHVWHGILHOGRIVWXG\DQGH[SHFWHGSDWWHUQ RIWKHSURJUDPPH,QWKHFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWVHFWLRQWKHUHDUH LWHPVVWDWHPHQWVIRUUHVSRQGHQWVWRUHVSRQVH,Q WKH ILUVW VWDWHPHQW ³, ZLVK WR LPSURYH P\ FDUHHU´ RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV DJUHH DQG VWURQJO\ DJUHH ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW0HDQZKLOHIRUWKHVHFRQGVWDWHPHQW³,ISURYLGHGDFKDQFH,ZLOOMRLQDQDFDGHPLFSURJUDPPH´DWRWDORI UHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHZLWKWKHVWDWHPHQW7KHRWKHUUHVSRQGHQWVVWURQJO\DJUHHZLWKWKHVWDWHPHQWV7KHILUVWWZR VWDWHPHQWVVKRZVWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHZLOOLQJRUKDYHLQWHQWLRQVWRLPSURYHWKHLUFDUHHUSURYLGHGDFKDQFHWR IXUWKHUWKHLUVWXGLHV7KLVVKRZVWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHUHDG\WRSXUVXHWKHLUVWXG\LIJLYHQDFKDQFH7KHWKLUG VWDWHPHQW³,EHOLHYHIXUWKHUHGXFDWLRQFDQLPSURYHP\OLYLQJVWDQGDUGV´VKRZHGWKDWUHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHDQG UHVSRQGHQWV VWURQJO\ DJUHH ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW 7KH UHVSRQGHQWV DOVR DJUHHG WKDW E\ IXUWKHULQJ WKHLU VWXGLHV DQG REWDLQLQJFHUWDLQTXDOLILFDWLRQVFDQLPSURYHWKHLUOLYLQJVWDQGDUGV6LPLODUO\WKHVWDWHPHQWRI³,ZLVKWROHDUQZKLOH
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
321
GRLQJ WKHMREVLPXOWDQHRXVO\´ VKRZHG WKDW UHVSRQGHQWV DJUHHZLWK LW ,Q WKLV VWDWHPHQW WKH UHVSRQGHQWV DOVR EHOLHYHLQSDUWWLPHVWXG\,WLVHDVLHUIRUWKHPWRIXUWKHUWKHLUVWXG\LQSDUWWLPHPRGHVRWKDWWKH\ZLOOQRWORVHWKHLU LQFRPH7KH\DUHFRPIRUWDEOHZLWKVWXG\DQGZRUNLQJDWWKHVDPHWLPH7KHILIWKVWDWHPHQW³,ISURYLGHGVWXG\OHDYH IDFLOLW\,ZLOOMRLQWKHVXLWDEOHSURJUDPPH´7KHUHDUH UHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHQHXWUDOVWURQJO\DJUHHZLWKWKH VWDWHPHQW7KHUHVSRQGHQWLVKRSLQJWKHDQ\RUJDQL]DWLRQWKDWWKH\DUHVHUYLQJZRXOGDEOHWRSURYLGHWKHVDLGIDFLOLW\ ,QWKHQH[WVWDWHPHQW³,DPZLOOLQJWRSD\IRUWKHIHHVRIWKHSURJUDPPH´GHVFULEHVWKDWUHVSRQGHQWUHVSRQGHG QHXWUDODQGDJUHHZLWKWKHVWDWHPHQW ,QFRQWUDU\UHVSRQGHQWVGLVDJUHHDQGVWURQJO\GLVDJUHH,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHZLOOLQJWR XVHWKHLURZQPRQH\WRIXUWKHUWKHLUVWXG\7KHUHDUHUHVSRQGHQWVDJUHHWRWKHVWDWHPHQW ³,IWKHFRPSDQ\SURYLGHV WKHILQDQFLDOVXSSRUW,ZLOOMRLQWKHSURJUDPPH´,QDGGLWLRQUHVSRQGHQWVDOVRVWURQJO\DJUHHZKLOHUHVSRQGHQWV UHVSRQGHG QHXWUDO ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW 7KH QH[W VWDWHPHQW ³, DP QRW DEOH WR VWXG\ ULJKW QRZ´ VKRZHG WKDW UHVSRQGHQWVDUHQHXWUDOZLWKWKLVVWDWHPHQW7KHUHVSRQGHQWVDUHQRWYHU\VXUHZKHWKHUWKH\DUHQRWDEOHWRVWXG\DW WKLV PRPHQW 7KH RWKHU UHVSRQGHQWV DJUHH ZKLOH UHVSRQGHQWV GLVDJUHH ZLWK WKH VWDWHPHQW 6RPH RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWVDUHDEOHWRIXUWKHUWKHLUVWXG\DWWKHPRPHQW7KHODVWVWDWHPHQWIRUFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQWLV³,QHHGVRPH DGYLFHEHIRUH,GHFLGH´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³7KHSURJUDPPHVKRXOGEH«´DWRWDORIUHVSRQGHQWVUHVSRQGHGWKDWWKHSURJUDPPHVKRXOG EHFRQGXFWHGDVZRUNEDVHGOHDUQLQJ,QGHHGLWVKRZHGWKDWLWKDVDUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKVWDWHPHQWQXPEHULQFDUHHU GHYHORSPHQWWKDWLV³,ZLVKWROHDUQZKLOHGRLQJWKHMREVLPXOWDQHRXVO\´$QRWKHUUHVSRQGHQWVUHVSRQGHGDVWKHRU\ EDVHG OHDUQLQJ 7KH QH[W VWDWHPHQW LV ³7KH FRQWHQW RI WKH SURJUDPPH VKRXOG EH«´ )RU WKLV VWDWHPHQW UHVSRQGHQWVUHVSRQGHGIRUPRGXODUSDWWHUQDQGIRUDQQXDOSDWWHUQ³7KHPRGHRIWKHSURJUDPPHVKRXOGEH«´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
322
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
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inistry of Higher Education0DOD\VLD 1DFKEDJDXHU$*0 5LHGO* (IIHFWV2I&RQFHSWV2I&DUHHU3ODWHDXV2Q3HUIRUPDQFH:RUN6DWLVIDFWLRQ$QG&RPPLWPHQW. International Journal of Manpower 3XDK$ $QDQWKUDP6 ([SORULQJ7KH$QWHFHGHQWV$QG2XWFRPHV2I&DUHHU'HYHORSPHQW,QLWLDWLYHV (PSLULFDO(YLGHQFH)URP 6LQJDSRUHDQ(PSOR\HHVResearch and Practice in Human Resource Management &DUQHYDOH$36PLWK1 6WURKO- +HOS:DQWHG 3URMHFWLRQV2I-RE$QG(GXFDWLRQ5HTXLUHPHQWV7KURXJKLumina Foundation $OEDQHVH&$2 1HLOO.DQG+LQHV-' &ORWKLQJ$QG7H[WLOH&XUULFXOD,Q+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQJournal of Family and Consumer Sciences9RO 1RSS %ODQG& (IIHFWLYHDSSURDFKHVWRIDFXOW\GHYHORSPHQW0RGHOVWKDW:RUN 0F'DQLHOV& *\VEHUV1& &RXQVHOOLQJIRUFDUHHUGHYHORSPHQW VWHG 6DQ)UDQFLVFR -RVVH\%DVV3XEOLVKHUV 'DUELU' &ULWLFDO&KDOOHQJHV2I7KHVW&HQWXU\ ,PSOLFDWLRQ)RU7HDFKHU(GXFDWLRQ*OREDOL]DWLRQ3ULYDWL]DWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\$QG (FRORJ\LQ&KDOOHQJHVRI(GXFDWLRQWHFKQRORJ\7UHQGV*OREDOLVDWLRQ+HPODWD70DQHHVK68PD66(G'HOKL Authorpress, 2003SS +DQQD ' ( +LJKHU HGXFDWLRQ LQ DQ HUD RI GLJLWDO FRPSHWLWLRQ (PHUJLQJ RUJDQL]DWLRQDO PRGHOV Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks )LW]JHUDOG ' / +RZ 'HYHORSPHQW $IIHFWV /HDUQLQJ /HVVRQV /HDUQHG IURP 'HYHORSPHQWDO &RJQLWLYH DQG 1DWXUDO 6FLHQFH ,Q $ %OXHSULQWIRU3URPRWLQJ$FDGHPLFDQG6RFLDO&RPSHWHQFHLQ$IWHU6FKRRO3URJUDPV6SULQJHU86 +HUU(/ &DUHHUGHYHORSPHQWDQGLWVSUDFWLFH $KLVWRULFDOSHUVSHFWLYHThe Career Development Quarterly ,VPDLO + 0DGUDK $ $EGLQ ) 7KH (IIHFW RI (PSOR\HH &DUHHU 3URJUDPPH DQG &DUHHU 'HYHORSPHQW RQ &DUHHU &RPPLWPHQW International Journal of Contemporary Business Management ,-&%0 *UHHQKDXV-*&DOODQDQ*$ *RGVKDON90 &DUHHU0DQDJHPHQW UGHG 1HZ
S. Hussain et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 219 (2016) 316 – 323
323
3HDUVRQ00 7KRPDV. &UHDWLQJ4XDOLW\)DFXOW\'HYHORSPHQW3URJUDPVWR,PSDFW7HDFKLQJDQG/HDUQLQJ7KH+LJKHU/HDUQLQJ &RPPLVVLRQ 0HJDW-RKDUL$EDQJ001$EGXOODK$$2VPDQ056DSXDQ060DULXQ1-DDIDU06*KD]DOL$+2PDU+ $1HZ (QJLQHHULQJ(GXFDWLRQ0RGHOIRU0DOD\VLD-(QJLQHHULQJ(G9RO1RSS 0DGDQL06 0DOD\VLDQ$XWRPRWLYH,QGXVWU\7KHZD\IRUZDUG5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSV P\QHZV\DKRRFRP 1RUDVPDK2+DULQGHU.DXU76DQG3RR%71RRUDVLDK6 *OREDOL]DWLRQDQGWKH7UHQGLQ'HPDQGIRU+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQLQ0DOD\VLD International Journal Of Education And Information Technologies,VVXH9ROXPH 2UGyxH]GH3DEORV3 6WUDWHJLF$SSURDFKHVIRU+XPDQ&DSLWDO0DQDJHPHQWDQG'HYHORSPHQWLQD7XUEXOHQW(FRQRP\,*,*OREDO 3ROYHUH /LP35$ ). &DUHHU'HYHORSPHQW6XSSRUWLQJ