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Infectivity and growth of Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) in the domestic chick
Pergamon PII:
Inl~rn~fr~~,,nolJ,lu*nnl/or Pura,sirologs. Vol. 21, No. I. pp. 129. 130. lY97 Australian Society for Parasitology Copyright ‘i- 1997 Pubhshed by Elsewrr Science Ltd Printed m Great Britain 0020.7519:97 117.00+0.00 SOO20-7519(96)00163-4
RESEARCH NOTE
Infectivity and Growth of ZWziinostoma rev&turn (Froelich, 1802) in the Domestic Chick JUDITH
E. HUMPHRIES,*
Department
of Biology,
ADlTYA L&yet&~
REDDY College,
and
Easton,
BERNARD PA 18042,
FRIED? C’.S.A.
(Receiced 7 June 1996: trccepied 29 August 1996)
Abstract-Humphries J. E., Reddy A. & Fried B. 1997. Infectivity and growth of Ec/~iuosroma reuofutum (Froelich, 1802) in the domestic chick. Znteruatioual Journal for Parasitology 27: 129-130. Infectivity and growth studies in domestic chicks were carried out on a strain of Echinosroruu revoluium isolated from Lymnueu elodes snails in Indiana, U.S.A. Of 21 chicks, each fed 40 + 10 cysts of Echinostoma revolutum, 16 (64%) were infected with a total of 269 (32%) worms from approximately 840 cysts. Worms were found only in the ceca and rectum at 2-14 days p.i. In viuo excysted metacercariae were obtained in the lower ileum and ceca at 4 h p.i. Excysted metacercariae averaged 0.2 mm in length and 0.02 mm* in body area. Worm length averaged 1.3 mm on day 6,2.3 mm on day 8 and 3.6 mm on day 14. Mean body area averaged 0.29 mm’ on day 6,0.62 mm’ on day 8 and 1.93 mm’ on day 14. Worms first became ovigerous on day 12. Growth of E. revolutum in the chick was delayed compared to previous findings on E. triuoluis, a closely related species of 37-collar-spined echinostome in the E. reuofutum complex. Cl 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
&I ~vor& Echinostoma reroluturn; E. /rirokis: Trematoda; growth: development; infectivity; domestic chicks
Considerable information is available on growth and development of Echinostoma trivolvis (Kanev et al., 1995) in the domestic chick. Fried (1984) assessed growth of this species in the chick using length measurements, whereas Fried & Freeborne (1984) used body area as the product of worm length x maximal width (this species is referred to as E. revolutum in both studies). Sorensen et al. (in press) reported on the occurrence and identification of Echinostoma reoolutum from North American Lynnaea elodes snails. They also provided comparative data on the biology of larval and adult stages of E. revolutum from the U.S.A. and E. revolutum from Europe-Asia along with E. trivoicis from North America. Through the courtesy of Mr Robert Sorensen, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, we obtained a strain of E. revolutum (Froelich,
*Present address: School of Biology and Biochemistry, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K. +To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 610. 250-5463; Fax: 610-250-6557; E-mail: FB# 3b lafibmtafayettcedu.
1802) from Lynnaea elodes snails in Indiana, U.S.A. E. recolutum and E. trivolvis are closely related species in the 37-collar-spined E. revolutum complex (Kanev. 1994; Kanev et al., 1995) and studies are in progress in several laboratories to compare the biology of these 2 species. The purpose of this note is to report our observations on infectivity and growth of E. revolutum in the domestic chick and compare these findings to previous studies on E. trivoivis in chicks. Metacercarial cysts of E. revolutum were removed from the kidney-pericardium of experimentally infected L. elodes snails and fed 40+ 10 in 0.5-I ml of 3% NaHCO, (Fried & Butler, 1978) to 21 day-old White Leghorn chicks. Chicks were given food and water ad lihitum and 3 were necropsied on alternate days from 2 to 14 days p.i. Worms were recovered from the intestines. fixed in hot (SS-90°C) alcohol-formalinacetic acid (AFA), stained in Gower’s carmine, dehydrated in an alcohol series, cleared in xylene and mounted in Permount. Body length and maximal width measurements were made on at least 10 worms per data point, except at day 2 p.i. when only 5 worms were available. Data
130
J. E. Humphries ef ul.
obtained on worm length and body area were com- trivolvis and E. revolutunt adultsshowthat growth of pared with those reported for E. trivolvis by Fried the former speciesin the chick is at least 1.5-2 x (1984)and Fried & Freeborne(1984),respectively. greaterthan the latter at 7 and 14dayspi. Length and Three additional chickswere eachexposedto 200 body area of excystedmetacercariaeof both species cystsin 3% NaCHO, to examinein viva excystation; are similar. thesechickswerenecropsiedat 4 h p.i. Kanev (1994) noted that egg production begins To obtain O-day-old worms (newly excysted met- about 10dayspi. in young pigeonsinfected with E. acercariae)for length and body area measurements, reoolutum. None of our worms from the domestic excysted metacercariaewere treated in the alkaline chick wereovigerouson day 10,but somewereby day trypsin-bile saltsmediumof Fried et al. (1988).The 12 with about 5-25eggsper uterus. By day 14 most excystedmetacercariaewere rinsedin Locke’s,fixed wormswereovigerousand contained at least50eggs in AFA, stainedin Gower’scarmineand 10organisms per worm. Eggsremovedfrom lCday-old wormsand weremeasured. incubatedin artificial springwater at 28°Cfor 10days Of the 21 chickseachexposedto about 40 cysts, 16 contained fully-developed miracidia, but hatching (64%) were infectedwith a total of 269(32%) worms studiesand attemptsto infect L. elodes with miracidia from approximately 840 cysts administered. werenot done. Mean+S.E. worm recovery is shown in Table 1. In conclusion, the domesticchick can serve as a Worms wereonly found in the cecaand rectum at 2- suitableexperimentaldefinitive host for E. revolutum 14daysp.i. Observationson the 3 chicks necropsied from L. elodes in the U.S.A. However, growth of E. 4 h post-exposureto cystsshowedabout 20-30 in vivo revolutum is delayedin the chick comparedto that of excystedmetacercariaeper host, mainly in the lower E. trivolvis. ileumand ceca. Length and body area data are shownin Table 1. thank Mr Robert Sorensen, Length and body area of excysted metacercariae(O- Acknowledgements--We Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West day-old worms) averaged 240pm and 0.02mm2, Lafayette, IN, for supplying us with Lymnaea elodes snails respectively.Length reachedabout 2.0mm by day 7 infected with Echinostoma revolutum. and 3.5mm by day 14, whereasbody areawasabout OSmm’ and 2.0mm’ at 7 and 14 days pi., respecREFERENCES tively. Comparative growth data of E. trivolvis from Fried B. 1984. Infectivity, growth and development of EchFried (1984)showedthat the meanlength in mm at 7 inostoma revolutum (Trematoda) in the domestic chick. and 14daysp.i. in thechickwasabout 3.5and 6.0mm, Journal of Helminthology 58: 241-244. respectively. Data from Fried & Freeborne (1984) Fried B. & Butler M. S. 1978. Infectivity, excystation, and development on the chick chorioallantois of the metshowedthat the meanbody areain mm2of E. trivolvis acercaria of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda). Journal at 7 and 14daysp.i. in the chick wasabout 1.2 and of Parasitology 64: 175-171. 3.0mm’, respectively. Worms usedin those studies Fried B. & Freeborne N. E. 1984. Effects of Echinostoma werefixed and stainedasdescribedin this study. Comreuolutum (Trematoda) adults on various dimensions of the chicken intestine, and observations on worm crowding. parisonsof worm lengthsand body areasbetweenE. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington Table l-Summary of worm recovery and growth of E. revolutum in thedomestic chick p.i.
MeanfS.E. worm recovery
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1.6* 1.4 9.3+ 1.2 18.0+6.0 11.0+6.5 5.6f3.2 24.6 + 14.0 19.3k6.5
Day
Length&S.E. (mm) 0.2 f. 0.0 0.5*0.1 0.9kO.l 1.3kO.l 2.3kO.l 2.7kO.2 3.3kO.2 3.6kO.4
Body areafS.E. (mm’) 0.02+0.01 0.07+0.03 0.14*0.04 0.29*0.03 0.62&0.06 0.90*0.11 1.46+0.13 1.93 k 0.23
51: 297-300. Fried B., Donovick R. A. & Emili S. 1988. Infectivity, growth and development of Echinostoma liei (Trematoda) in the domestic chick. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 413414. Kanev I. 1994. Life-cycle. delimitation and redescription of Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Syslematic Parasitology 28: 125-144. Kanev I., Fried B., Dimitrov V. & Radev V. 1995. Redescription of Echinostoma trivoluis (Cort, 1914) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) with a discussion on its identity. Systematic Parasitology 32: 61-70. Sorensen R. E., Kanev I., Fried B. & Minchella D. J. 1997. The occurrence and identification of Echinostoma revolutum from North American Lymnaea elodes snails. Journal of Parasitology. In press.
Inl~rn~fr~~,,nolJ,lu*nnl/or Pura,sirologs. Vol. 21, No. I. pp. 129. 130. lY97 Australian Society for Parasitology Copyright ‘i- 1997 Pubhshed by Elsewrr Science Ltd Printed m Great Britain 0020.7519:97 117.00+0.00 SOO20-7519(96)00163-4
RESEARCH NOTE
Infectivity and Growth of ZWziinostoma rev&turn (Froelich, 1802) in the Domestic Chick JUDITH
E. HUMPHRIES,*
Department
of Biology,
ADlTYA L&yet&~
REDDY College,
and
Easton,
BERNARD PA 18042,
FRIED? C’.S.A.
(Receiced 7 June 1996: trccepied 29 August 1996)
Abstract-Humphries J. E., Reddy A. & Fried B. 1997. Infectivity and growth of Ec/~iuosroma reuofutum (Froelich, 1802) in the domestic chick. Znteruatioual Journal for Parasitology 27: 129-130. Infectivity and growth studies in domestic chicks were carried out on a strain of Echinosroruu revoluium isolated from Lymnueu elodes snails in Indiana, U.S.A. Of 21 chicks, each fed 40 + 10 cysts of Echinostoma revolutum, 16 (64%) were infected with a total of 269 (32%) worms from approximately 840 cysts. Worms were found only in the ceca and rectum at 2-14 days p.i. In viuo excysted metacercariae were obtained in the lower ileum and ceca at 4 h p.i. Excysted metacercariae averaged 0.2 mm in length and 0.02 mm* in body area. Worm length averaged 1.3 mm on day 6,2.3 mm on day 8 and 3.6 mm on day 14. Mean body area averaged 0.29 mm’ on day 6,0.62 mm’ on day 8 and 1.93 mm’ on day 14. Worms first became ovigerous on day 12. Growth of E. revolutum in the chick was delayed compared to previous findings on E. triuoluis, a closely related species of 37-collar-spined echinostome in the E. reuofutum complex. Cl 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
&I ~vor& Echinostoma reroluturn; E. /rirokis: Trematoda; growth: development; infectivity; domestic chicks
Considerable information is available on growth and development of Echinostoma trivolvis (Kanev et al., 1995) in the domestic chick. Fried (1984) assessed growth of this species in the chick using length measurements, whereas Fried & Freeborne (1984) used body area as the product of worm length x maximal width (this species is referred to as E. revolutum in both studies). Sorensen et al. (in press) reported on the occurrence and identification of Echinostoma reoolutum from North American Lynnaea elodes snails. They also provided comparative data on the biology of larval and adult stages of E. revolutum from the U.S.A. and E. revolutum from Europe-Asia along with E. trivoicis from North America. Through the courtesy of Mr Robert Sorensen, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, we obtained a strain of E. revolutum (Froelich,
*Present address: School of Biology and Biochemistry, The Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, U.K. +To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 610. 250-5463; Fax: 610-250-6557; E-mail: FB# 3b lafibmtafayettcedu.
1802) from Lynnaea elodes snails in Indiana, U.S.A. E. recolutum and E. trivolvis are closely related species in the 37-collar-spined E. revolutum complex (Kanev. 1994; Kanev et al., 1995) and studies are in progress in several laboratories to compare the biology of these 2 species. The purpose of this note is to report our observations on infectivity and growth of E. revolutum in the domestic chick and compare these findings to previous studies on E. trivoivis in chicks. Metacercarial cysts of E. revolutum were removed from the kidney-pericardium of experimentally infected L. elodes snails and fed 40+ 10 in 0.5-I ml of 3% NaHCO, (Fried & Butler, 1978) to 21 day-old White Leghorn chicks. Chicks were given food and water ad lihitum and 3 were necropsied on alternate days from 2 to 14 days p.i. Worms were recovered from the intestines. fixed in hot (SS-90°C) alcohol-formalinacetic acid (AFA), stained in Gower’s carmine, dehydrated in an alcohol series, cleared in xylene and mounted in Permount. Body length and maximal width measurements were made on at least 10 worms per data point, except at day 2 p.i. when only 5 worms were available. Data
130
J. E. Humphries ef ul.
obtained on worm length and body area were com- trivolvis and E. revolutunt adultsshowthat growth of pared with those reported for E. trivolvis by Fried the former speciesin the chick is at least 1.5-2 x (1984)and Fried & Freeborne(1984),respectively. greaterthan the latter at 7 and 14dayspi. Length and Three additional chickswere eachexposedto 200 body area of excystedmetacercariaeof both species cystsin 3% NaCHO, to examinein viva excystation; are similar. thesechickswerenecropsiedat 4 h p.i. Kanev (1994) noted that egg production begins To obtain O-day-old worms (newly excysted met- about 10dayspi. in young pigeonsinfected with E. acercariae)for length and body area measurements, reoolutum. None of our worms from the domestic excysted metacercariaewere treated in the alkaline chick wereovigerouson day 10,but somewereby day trypsin-bile saltsmediumof Fried et al. (1988).The 12 with about 5-25eggsper uterus. By day 14 most excystedmetacercariaewere rinsedin Locke’s,fixed wormswereovigerousand contained at least50eggs in AFA, stainedin Gower’scarmineand 10organisms per worm. Eggsremovedfrom lCday-old wormsand weremeasured. incubatedin artificial springwater at 28°Cfor 10days Of the 21 chickseachexposedto about 40 cysts, 16 contained fully-developed miracidia, but hatching (64%) were infectedwith a total of 269(32%) worms studiesand attemptsto infect L. elodes with miracidia from approximately 840 cysts administered. werenot done. Mean+S.E. worm recovery is shown in Table 1. In conclusion, the domesticchick can serve as a Worms wereonly found in the cecaand rectum at 2- suitableexperimentaldefinitive host for E. revolutum 14daysp.i. Observationson the 3 chicks necropsied from L. elodes in the U.S.A. However, growth of E. 4 h post-exposureto cystsshowedabout 20-30 in vivo revolutum is delayedin the chick comparedto that of excystedmetacercariaeper host, mainly in the lower E. trivolvis. ileumand ceca. Length and body area data are shownin Table 1. thank Mr Robert Sorensen, Length and body area of excysted metacercariae(O- Acknowledgements--We Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West day-old worms) averaged 240pm and 0.02mm2, Lafayette, IN, for supplying us with Lymnaea elodes snails respectively.Length reachedabout 2.0mm by day 7 infected with Echinostoma revolutum. and 3.5mm by day 14, whereasbody areawasabout OSmm’ and 2.0mm’ at 7 and 14 days pi., respecREFERENCES tively. Comparative growth data of E. trivolvis from Fried B. 1984. Infectivity, growth and development of EchFried (1984)showedthat the meanlength in mm at 7 inostoma revolutum (Trematoda) in the domestic chick. and 14daysp.i. in thechickwasabout 3.5and 6.0mm, Journal of Helminthology 58: 241-244. respectively. Data from Fried & Freeborne (1984) Fried B. & Butler M. S. 1978. Infectivity, excystation, and development on the chick chorioallantois of the metshowedthat the meanbody areain mm2of E. trivolvis acercaria of Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda). Journal at 7 and 14daysp.i. in the chick wasabout 1.2 and of Parasitology 64: 175-171. 3.0mm’, respectively. Worms usedin those studies Fried B. & Freeborne N. E. 1984. Effects of Echinostoma werefixed and stainedasdescribedin this study. Comreuolutum (Trematoda) adults on various dimensions of the chicken intestine, and observations on worm crowding. parisonsof worm lengthsand body areasbetweenE. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington Table l-Summary of worm recovery and growth of E. revolutum in thedomestic chick p.i.
MeanfS.E. worm recovery
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1.6* 1.4 9.3+ 1.2 18.0+6.0 11.0+6.5 5.6f3.2 24.6 + 14.0 19.3k6.5
Day
Length&S.E. (mm) 0.2 f. 0.0 0.5*0.1 0.9kO.l 1.3kO.l 2.3kO.l 2.7kO.2 3.3kO.2 3.6kO.4
Body areafS.E. (mm’) 0.02+0.01 0.07+0.03 0.14*0.04 0.29*0.03 0.62&0.06 0.90*0.11 1.46+0.13 1.93 k 0.23
51: 297-300. Fried B., Donovick R. A. & Emili S. 1988. Infectivity, growth and development of Echinostoma liei (Trematoda) in the domestic chick. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 413414. Kanev I. 1994. Life-cycle. delimitation and redescription of Echinostoma revolutum (Froelich, 1802) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae). Syslematic Parasitology 28: 125-144. Kanev I., Fried B., Dimitrov V. & Radev V. 1995. Redescription of Echinostoma trivoluis (Cort, 1914) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) with a discussion on its identity. Systematic Parasitology 32: 61-70. Sorensen R. E., Kanev I., Fried B. & Minchella D. J. 1997. The occurrence and identification of Echinostoma revolutum from North American Lymnaea elodes snails. Journal of Parasitology. In press.