Influence of chemical reaction, radiation and rotation on MHD nanofluid flow past a permeable flat plate in porous medium

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Influence of chemical reaction, radiation and rotation on MHD nanofluid flow past a permeable flat plate in porous medium J.V. Ramana Reddy a , V. Sugunamma a,∗ , N. Sandeep b , C. Sulochana b a Department of Mathematics, S.V. University, Tirupati-517502, India b Department of Mathematics, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga-585106, India

Received 13 March 2015; received in revised form 16 August 2015; accepted 22 August 2015

Abstract In this paper we investigated an unsteady free convection flow of a nanofluid bounded by a moving vertical flat plate through porous medium in a rotating system with convective and diffusive boundary conditions. We considered two types of nanofluids namely Ag-water and TiO2 -water. The governing equations are solved analytically by using perturbation technique. Finally the effects of various dimensionless parameters like magneticfield parameter, chemical reaction parameter, thermal radiation parameter, volume fraction of the nano particles and shape of the nano particles on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles along with the friction factor, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are discussed with the help of graphs. Comparisons of the present results made with the existed studies and found an excellent agreement under some special limited cases. Moreover, we observed that the rate of heat transfer in Ag-water nanofluid is higher than that of TiO2 -water nanofluid and spherical shaped nano particles effectively enhances the heat transfer rate while compared with the cylindrical shaped nano particles. c 2015 The Authors. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Nigerian Mathematical Society. This is an open access ⃝ article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Keywords: Nanofluid; Rotation; Radiation; MHD; Chemical reaction

1. Introduction Presently, convective heat transfer in nanofluids has wide range of applications, and plays a pivotal role in both sciences and engineering. They have many applications in almost every technology requiring heat transfer fluids (cooling or heating), solar energy, nuclear reactors etc. So, from the last few years the researchers of fluid dynamics are showing a keen interest in the study of nanofluids due to their applications in various fields. It is the fact that the commonly using fluids exhibits low thermal conductivity compared with the metals. So, it is required to mix both the fluid and metals (nano-sized) for increasing the heat transfer capability of the fluids. The suspension of nano-sized particles in the base fluid is called the nanofluid. The concept of nanofluids was developed by Choi [1] during an investigation of cooling technologies in Argonne National Lab. There are different types of nanofluids like process

Peer review under responsibility of Nigerian Mathematical Society. ∗ Corresponding author.

E-mail address: [email protected] (V. Sugunamma). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnnms.2015.08.004 c 2015 The Authors. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Nigerian Mathematical Society. This is an open access 0189-8965/⃝ article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Nomenclature u, v, w Ur x, y, z t Ω ρn f ρf ρs µn f µf υf φ βn f g T T∞ Tw βn∗f C C∞ Cw k B0 σn f σf σs αn f αf (c p )n f qr Q kn f kf ks DB kl Nc Nd V θ ψ S M R K QH F Kr Pr

Velocity components of the fluid in x, y and z directions respectively Velocity characteristic Cartesian coordinates Time Rotating velocity of the system Density of the nanofluid Density of the base fluid Density of the solid nano particles Dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid Dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid Kinematic viscosity of the base fluid Volume fraction of nano particles Coefficient of thermal expansion of the nanofluid due to temperature difference Acceleration due to gravity Temperature of the fluid Ambient temperature of the fluid Temperature of the fluid near the plate Coefficient of thermal expansion of the nanofluid due to concentration difference Concentration of the fluid Ambient concentration of the fluid Concentration of the fluid near the plate Dimensioned permeability of the porous medium. Uniform magnetic field Electrical conductivity of the nanofluid Electrical conductivity of the base fluid Electrical conductivity of the solid nano particles Thermal diffusivity of the nanofluid Thermal diffusivity of the base fluid Specific heat capacity of the nanofluid at constant pressure The radiative heat term The temperature dependent volumetric rate of heat source Thermal conductivity of nanofluid Thermal conductivity of the base fluid Thermal conductivity of the solid nano particles Chemical molecular diffusivity Dimensioned chemical reaction parameter Convective parameter Diffusive parameter Velocity of the fluid Dimensionless temperature Dimensionless concentration Suction/injection parameter Magnetic field parameter Rotational parameter Dimensionless permeability parameter of the porous medium Dimensionless heat source parameter Thermal radiation parameter Dimensionless chemical reaction parameter Prandtl number

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Sc Cf Nu Sh x Re

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Schmidt number Skin friction coefficient Local Nusselt number Sherwood number Local Reynolds number

extraction nanofluids, environmental, bio and pharmaceutical nanofluids. Particle material, particle size, base fluid material, temperature, PH value of the base fluid, particle volume concentration shows the effects on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Natural convection heat transfer through porous medium has many applications such as heat exchangers, building instillations, geothermal and oil recovery. Rotation flow theory is helpful in determining the viscosity of the fluid. Many studies proved that there will be an increase in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids with an increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles. Effective thermal conductivity not only depends on the type of nano particles and type of the base fluid, but also on the size, shape and volume fraction of the nanoparticles. At first, Choi et al. [2] found that thermal conductivity will be increased, if some amount of nanoparticles is added to the base fluids. Singh [3] discussed about the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Eastman et al. [4] examined through his study that there will be an effective thermal conductivity in ethylene glycol based copper nanofluid. Ziyauddin et al. [5] studied the heat transfer enhancement in the natural convection flow in porous media. Remeli et al. [6] studied the effects of suction or injection parameters on the Marangoni boundary layer flow of a nanofluid and concluded that increase in suction parameter or injection parameter leads to a decrease in velocity of a nanofluid. Hamad et al. [7] investigated an unsteady flow of a nanofluid over a vertical plate in a rotating system. Through this study, they concluded that adding nanoparticles to the base fluid will effects the flow of the fluid. Eiyad and Abu-Nada [8] studied the effects of viscosity and thermal conductivity on the flow of Al2 O3 -water nanofluid. Sandeep et al. [9] studied the effect of thermal radiation on an unsteady natural convective flow of EG-Nimonic 80A nanofluid. In this study they found that the rate of heat transfer increases with an increase in the thermal radiation. Yasin et al. [10] studied the influence of the volume fraction of nano particles by considering three types of nanofluids namely Cu–water, Al2 O3 -water and TiO2 and concluded that the type of nanofluid is also a key factor to increase the heat transfer rate. Sandeep et al. [11] investigated the results of aligned magneticfield, rotation and radiation effects of a nanofluid in a rotating system. Through this study, they found that aligned magnetic angle does not show any influence on the rotating flow of a nanofluid. Sheikholeslami et al. [12] studied the flow and heat transfer characteristics of MHD flow over a stretching sheet in a rotating frame. The Effect of particle size on the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids was studied by Baheta et al. [13] and concluded that the thermal conductivity enhancement will reduces with an increase nano particle size. Timofeeva [14] has concluded that the shape of the nano particles affects the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. Bariq at al. [15] studied the influence of the various parameters on the nanofluid flow through porous media in a rotating system with fluctuating heat. Effect of heat generation or absorption on nanofluid flow over a vertical plate has studied by Ghalambaz et al. [16]. In this paper, they proved that an increase in the heat generation/absorption parameter increases the velocity and temperature profiles of the flow. The boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet has been studied by Zaimi et al. [17]. Gaied et al. [18] studied the mixed convection flow of a nanofluid over a vertical surface embedded in porous medium with temperature dependent viscosity. Parasuraman et al. [19] studied the effects of radiation on an unsteady MHD free convective flow of a nanofluid through a vertical plate. Recently Mohan Krishna et al. [20] studied the effects of radiation and magneticfield on an unsteady natural convection flow of a nanofluid past an infinite vertical plate with heat source. In this study, they found that an increase in the magneticfield, volume fraction of nano particles decreases the velocity of the fluid. Very recently, Kalidas Das [21] considered the flow of a nanofluid through porous medium in a rotating frame with convective surface boundary conditions. Ibrahim and Makinde [22] discussed the stagnation-point flow and heat transfer of MHD casson nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with convective boundary conditions. Flow and heat transfer in magneto-nanofluid past an impulsively started porous flat plate in a rotating frame was studied by Das et al. [23]. Magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid past a vertical stretching sheet with slip conditions and non-uniform heat source or sink was illustrated by Das et al. [24]. Mutuku-Njane and Makinde [25]

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Fig. 1. Physical model of the problem.

analyzed the heat transfer characteristics of MHD nanofluid flow over a permeable vertical plate. Motsumi and Makinde [26] studied the influence of viscous dissipation on boundary layer flow of radiative nanofluids over a permeable moving flat plate. Chamkha and Aly [27] discussed the free convection flow of a nanofluid over vertical plate in the presence of heat generation and transverse magneticfield. A similarity solution for MHD mixed convection flow, heat and mass transfer for Hiemenz flow in porous media was studied by Chamkha et al. [28]. Magyari and Chamkha [29] presented an analytical solution for the thermosolutal MHD Marangoni boundary layer flow. Khedr et al. [30] illustrated the magnetohydrodynamic micropolar fluid flow past a stretched permeable surface with heat generation or absorption. Takhar et al. [31] studied the flow over a moving plate in a rotating fluid in the presence of magneticfield and hall current. Mudhaf and Chamkha [32] presented a similarity solution for thermosolutal Marangoni convection flow over a flat surface in the presence of heat generation or absorption effects. Chamka et al. [33] discussed an unsteady heat and mass transfer from a stretching surface embedded in a porous medium with chemical reaction effects. Raju et al. [34] studied the effects of radiation and cross-diffusion on the flow over a stretching surface. Sandeep and Sugunamma [35] studied radiation and inclined magneticfield effects on an unsteady MHD free convection flow past an impulsively moving vertical plate in a porous medium. By taking into an account of all the above cited articles, we studied the effects of magneticfield, radiation, rotation, chemical reaction and volume fraction of the nano particles on the flow of a nanofluid through porous medium with convective and diffusive boundary conditions. To study these effects we considered two types of nanofluids namely TiO2 –water and Ag–water. An analytical solution is presented and discussed the influence of various non-dimensional governing parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration profiles along with the friction factor and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. 2. Mathematical analysis Consider an unsteady free convection flow of an electrically conducting incompressible nanofluid of an ambient temperature T∞ past a semi-infinite vertical moving plate embedded in a uniform porous medium in the presence of thermal buoyancy effect with constant heat source and convective-diffusive boundary conditions. Fig. 1 describes the physical model and co-ordinate system. The flow is assumed to be in the x-direction, which is taken along the plate in the upward direction and z-axis is normal to it. Also it is assumed that the whole system is rotating with constant velocity Ω about z-axis. A uniform external magneticfield B0 is taken to be acting along z-axis. It is assumed that both the fluid phase and nano particles are in thermal equilibrium state. It is assumed that there is no applied voltage which implies the absence of an electric field. Also it is assumed that the induced magneticfield is small compared to the external magneticfield. This implies a small magnetic Reynolds number for the oscillating plate due to semi-infinite plate surface assumption, further more the flow variables are functions of z and t only. The governing equations of the flow are given by Kalidas Das [21] ∂w = 0, ∂z

(1)

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  µfu ∂ 2u µn f 2 + (ρβ)n f g(T − T∞ ) + (ρβ ∗ )n f g(c − c∞ ) − − σn f B02 u , k ∂z   µfv ∂v ∂v 1 ∂ 2v +w − 2Ω u = − σn f B02 v , µn f 2 − ∂t ∂z ρn f k ∂z

∂u ∂u 1 +w + 2Ω v = ∂t ∂z ρn f

5

(2) (3)

∂T ∂2T Q 1 ∂qr ∂T +w = αn f 2 + (T − T∞ ) − , ∂t ∂z (ρc p ) n f (ρc p ) n f ∂z ∂z

(4)

∂C ∂C ∂ 2C +w = D B 2 + kl (C − C∞ ) ∂t ∂z ∂z

(5)

where u, v, w are velocity components along x, y, z-axis directions respectively. ρn f is the density of the nanofluid, µn f is the viscosity of the nanofluid, βn f is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the nanofluid due to temperature difference, βn∗f is the coefficient of thermal expansion of the nanofluid due to concentration difference, g is the acceleration due to gravity, σn f is the electrical conductivity of the nanofluid,  αnf is the thermal diffusivity of the nanofluid, Q is the temperature dependent volumetric rate of heat source, ρc p n f is the heat capacitance of the nanofluid, qr is the radiative heat term, D B is the diffusion parameter and, kl is the dimensioned chemical reaction parameter. Further, we assumed that the plate surface temperature is maintained by convective heat transfer at a certain value Tw . So the boundary conditions for this problem are given by v(z, t) = 0, T (z, t) = T∞ , C(z, t) = C∞ , for t ≤ 0 and any z,   ε  int u(z, t) = Ur 1 + e + e−int , v(z, t) = 0, 2 for t > 0 and z = 0, ∂C ∂T = h f (Tw − T ), −D B = h s (Cw − C), −k f ∂z ∂z u(z, t) → 0, v(z, t) → 0, T (z, t) → T∞ , C(z, t) → C∞ , for t > 0 and z → ∞,

u(z, t) = 0,

(6) (7) (8)

where Ur is the uniform velocity and ε is the small constant quantity. The Oscillatory plate velocity in Eq. (7) is taken. The properties of nanofluid are given as follows (Kalidas Das [21]). The effective density of the nanofluid is given by ρn f = (1 − φ)ρ f + φρs , thermal diffusivity of the nanofluid is αn f = kn f /(ρc p )n f , the heat capacitance of the nanofluid is given by (ρC P )n f = (1 − φ)(ρC P ) f + φ(ρC P )s , thermal conductivity of the nanofluid kn f for different shapes of nanoparticles, we adopted the following formula, k k + n −1 k −φ(n p −1)(k f −ks ) which is given by Hamilton and Crosser [36] knff = ( s k( +p n )−1s ) k +φ(k . The electrical conductivity of the  ( s ( p ) s )  f −ks ) 3(σ −1)φ σs nanofluid is given by Das and Jana [37] σn f = σ f 1 + (σ +2)−(σ −1)φ , σ = σ f , the thermal expansion coefficient of the nanofluid is (ρβ)n f = (1 − φ)(ρβ) f + φ(ρβ)s , the effective dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid is given by µn f = µ f /(1 − φ)2.5 . Here n p is the shape value of the nano particle, for spherical shaped nano particles n p = 3 and for cylindrical shaped particles n p = 3/2 where the subscripts n f, f and s denotes the thermo physical properties of the nanofluid, base fluid and the solid particles respectively and φ is the solid volume fraction of nano particles. The radiative heat term by using the Rosseland approximation is given by Brewster [38] ∂qr T 3 σ ∗ ∂2T = −16 ∞ ∗ . ∂z 3k ∂z 2

(9)

We introduce the following non dimension variables into Eqs. (1)–(5). u , Ur nv f n′ = 2 , Ur

u′ =

v zUr tU 2 , z′ = , t′ = r , Ur vf vf (T − T∞ ) (C − C∞ ) θ= , ψ= . (Tw − T∞ ) (Cw − C∞ )

v′ =

Here, v f is the kinematic viscosity of the nanofluid.

(10)

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Using the above mentioned nanofluid properties of nanofluids, along with Eqs. (9) and (10) in Eqs. (2)–(5), yields the following dimensionless equations (after dropping the primes)     ∂u ∂u 1 ∂ 2u 1 J1 u, (11) −S + Rv = + J θ + J Lψ − J M + 2 3 4 ∂t ∂z K (1 − φ)2.5 ∂z 2     ∂v ∂v 1 ∂ 2v 1 v, (12) J1 −S − Ru = − J M + 4 ∂t ∂z K (1 − φ)2.5 ∂z 2     ∂θ ∂θ 1 ∂ 2θ J5 −S = N 2 + Q H θ, (13) ∂t ∂z Pr ∂z   ∂ψ ∂ψ 1 ∂ 2ψ + K r ψ. (14) −S = ∂t ∂z Sc ∂z 2 Here R =

2Ω v f Ur2

is the rotational parameter, S =

is the magneticfield parameter, K = Qv 2f

kUr2 is v 2f

w0 Ur is

the suction (S > 0) or injection (S < 0) parameter, M =

the permeability of the porous medium, Pr = kl v f Ur2

vf αf

σ f B02 ρ f Ur2

is the Prandtl number, v

is the chemical reaction parameter, Sc = DfB is the Schmidt  1 4σ ∗ T 3 number, F = k f k ∗∞ is the thermal radiation parameter and Ur = gβ f (Tw − T∞ ) 3 is the velocity characteristic. Also the boundary conditions (6)–(8) become QH =

Ur2 k f

is the heat source parameter, K r =

u = 0, v = 0, θ = 0, ψ = 0 for t ≤ 0 and for anyz.    ε int u = 1 + (e + e−int ) , v = 0, for t > 0 and z = 0, 2 θ ′ (z) = −Nc (1 − θ (z)), ψ ′ (z) = −Nd (1 − ψ(z)) u → 0,

v → 0,

θ → 0,

ψ → 0,

for t > 0 as z → ∞,

(15) (16) (17)

h v

h v

where Nc = k ff Urf is the convective parameter and Nd = DsB Ufr is the diffusive parameter. We now simplify Eqs. (11) and (12) by putting the fluid velocity in the complex form as V = u + iv and we get     ∂V ∂V 1 ∂2V 1 −S − i RV = V. (18) J1 + J θ + J Lψ − J M + 2 3 4 ∂t ∂z K (1 − φ)2.5 ∂z 2 The corresponding boundary conditions become θ = 0, ψ = 0, for t ≤ 0,    ε int  V (z) = 1 + (e + e−int ) , 2 θ ′ (z) = −Nc (1 − θ (z)), ψ ′ (z) = −Nd (1 − ψ(z)),

V = 0,

V → 0,

θ → 0,

ψ → 0,

for t > 0 as z → ∞.

(19) at z = 0 and t > 0,

(20) (21)

3. Solution of the problem To obtain the solution of the system of partial differential equations (13), (14) and (18) under the boundary conditions represented in (19)–(21), we express V, θ and ψ as (Ganapathy [39])  ε  int V (z, t) = V0 + e V1 (z) + e−int V2 (z) , (22) 2   ε int θ (z, t) = θ0 + e θ1 (z) + e−int θ2 (z) , (23) 2   ε int ψ(z, t) = ψ0 + e ψ1 (z) + e−int ψ2 (z) . (24) 2

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Substituting the above Eqs. (22)–(24) in Eqs. (13), (14) and (18), and equating the harmonic and non-harmonic terms and neglecting the higher order terms of ε 2 ,we get following equations. The zeroth order equations are: AV0′′ + J1 SV0′ + (i R J1 − B)V0 + J2 θ0 + J3 ψ0 L = 0,

(25)

N θ0′′ + pr S J5 θ0′ + Q H θ0 ψ0′′ + S Sc ψ0′ + K r Sc ψ0

= 0,

(26)

= 0.

(27)

The first order equations are: AV1′′ + J1 SV1′ + [i J1 (R − n) − B] V1 + J2 θ1 + L J3 ψ1 = 0,

(28)

N θ1′′ + pr J5 Sθ1′ + (Q H − Pr J5 in )θ1 = 0,

(29)

ψ1′′

+S

Sc ψ1′

+ Sc (K r − in) ψ1 = 0.

(30)

The second order equations are: AV2′′ + J1 SV2′ + [i J1 (R + n) − B] V2 + J2 θ2 + J3 L ψ2 = 0,

(31)

N θ2′′ + pr S J2 θ2′ + (Q H + Pr J5 in )θ2 = 0,

(32)

ψ2′′

(33)

+S

Sc ψ2′

+ Sc (K r + in) ψ2 = 0

where V0 , θ0 , ψ0 , V1 , θ1 , ψ1 , V2 , θ2 and ψ2 are functions of z only and prime denotes the differentiation with respect to z. The corresponding boundary conditions are given by  V0 = V1 = V2 = 1,  θ0′ = −Nc (1 − θ0 ), θ1′ = Nc θ1 , θ2′ = Nc θ2 , at z = 0, (34)  ψ0′ = −Nd (1 − ψ0 ), ψ1′ = Nd ψ1 , ψ2′ = Nd ψ2 ,  V0 → 0, V1 → 0, V2 → 0,  θ0 → 0, θ1 → 0, θ2 → 0, as z → ∞. (35)  ψ0 → 0, ψ1 → 0, ψ2 → 0, Solving the equations from (25)–(33) under the boundary conditions (34) and (35), we will obtain the expressions for V0 , θ0 , ψ0 , V1 , θ1 , ψ1 , V2 , θ2 and ψ2 . Now substitution of this in (23)–(24), gives the expressions for velocity, temperature and concentration as follows.     ε   −m z int V = (1 − A1 − A2 ) e−m 3 z + A1 e−m 1 z + A2 e−m 2 z + e 4 e + e−m 5 z e−int , (36) 2 θ = B2 e−m 2 z , (37) ψ = B1 e−m 1 z .

(38)

For engineering interest the local skin friction coefficient C f , local Nusselt number N u x and local Sherwood number Sh x are defined by Cf =

τw , ρ f Uw2

Nu =

xqw k f (Tw − T∞ )

and

Sh x =

xqm D B (Tw − T∞ )

(39)

  where the wall shear stress τw is given by τw = µn f ∂u ∂ y y=0 .   The wall heat flux is given by qw = −kn f ∂∂Ty . y=0   The wall mass flux is given by qm = −µn f ∂C , ∂y y=0

 ε  C f = −A (1 − A1 − A2 ) m 3 + A1 m 1 + A2 m 2 + m 4 eint + m 5 e−int , 2

(40)

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kn f Nu = B2 m 2 , Re kf

(41)

Sh x = B1 m 1 .

(42)

4. Results and discussion The results obtained shows the influences of the non dimensional governing parameters, namely Magneticfield parameter M, Rotation parameter R, Volume fraction of nano particles φ, Nano particle shape n p , Convective parameter Nc , Diffusive parameter Nd , Suction parameter S, Radiation parameter F, Heat source parameter Q H and Chemical reaction parameter K r on velocity, temperature, concentration, skin friction, local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. For graphical results we considered φ = 0.15, Nc = 0.2, Nd = 0.3, K r = 0.5, Pr = 6.72, R = 1, Sc = 0.6, F = M = 1, Q H = 5, n p = 3, S = 2. These values are kept as common in entire study except the varied values as shown in respective figures. The thermo physical properties of water (base fluid), Ag (silver) and TiO2 (titanium dioxide) are given in Table 1. Table 1 Thermo physical properties of water, Silver and Titanium dioxide are as follows. Thermo physical properties

Base fluid (water)

Ag (silver)

TiO2 (titanium dioxide)

C p (J/kg K) ρ (kg/m3 ) K (W/m K) β × 10−5 (1/K) σ (S/m)

4179 997.1 0.613 21 5.5 × 10−6

235 10500 429 1.89 62.1 × 106

686.2 4250 8.9538 0.9 2.6 × 106

Figs. 2 and 3 respectively displays the influence of magneticfield and rotation parameters on the velocity profiles of the flow. It is evident that an increase in the magneticfield parameter and rotation parameter depreciates the velocity profiles of the flow. This can be concluding by the fact that the strengthening the magneticfield causes to enhance the opposite force to the flow is called Lorentz force. It is prominent to mention here that magneticfield effect is highly significant on Ag–water nanofluid while compared with TiO2 –water nanofluid. On the other hand, if the rotation increases gradually then velocity of the fluid follows the boundary and it is negligible far away from the boundary.

Fig. 2. Effect of magneticfield parameter on velocity profiles.

Figs. 4 and 5 illustrates the effect of nano particle volume fraction on the velocity and temperature profiles of the flow. It is clear that with an increase in the volume fraction of the nanoparticles decreases the velocity and increases the temperature profiles of both Ag–water and TiO2 –water nanofluids. It is due to the fact that an increase in the volume fraction improves the density of the nanofluid and it causes to slowdown the fluid velocity and improves the thermal

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Fig. 3. Effect of rotation parameter on velocity profiles.

Fig. 4. Effect of volume fraction of nano particles on velocity profiles.

Fig. 5. Effect of volume fraction of nano particles on temperature profiles.

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conductivity. It is interesting to note that Ag–water nanofluid has effective thermal conductivity while compared with TiO2 –water nanofluid. Fig. 6 represents the effect of nano particle shape on the temperature profiles of the flow. We observed an interesting result that the spherical shaped nano particles helps to gradual enhancement in the temperature profiles of the flow. It is evident to say that spherical shaped nano particles helps for effective thermal conductivity of the flow while compared with cylindrical shaped nano particles. Figs. 7 and 8 depict the effect of heat generation/absorption parameter on velocity and temperature profiles of the flow. It is noticed that an increase in the heat generation/absorption parameter decreases the velocity profiles and increases the temperature profiles of the flow. Due to the domination of the heat absorption coefficient we have seen a reduction in the velocity profiles of the flow.

Fig. 6. Effect of nano particle shape on temperature profiles.

Fig. 7. Effect of heat source/sink parameter on velocity profiles.

Figs. 9 and 10 illustrate the radiation effect on velocity and temperature profiles respectively. It is observed that an increase in the radiation parameter enhances the velocity and temperature profiles of the flow. Physically, an increase in the radiation releases the heat to the flow, which helps to enhance the momentum and thermal boundary layer thickness. Figs. 11 and 12 display the influence of suction parameter on velocity and temperature profiles of the flow. It is observed that an increase in the suction parameter depreciate the momentum and thermal boundary layers. It may

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Fig. 8. Effect of heat source/sink parameter on temperature profiles.

Fig. 9. Effect of radiation parameter on velocity profiles.

happen due to the fact that suction stabilizes the growth of boundary layer. This agrees the general physical behaviour of the suction parameter. Fig. 13 reveals the effect of convective parameter on temperature profiles of the flow. It is observed that an increase in the convective parameter increases the temperature profiles of the flow. It is due to the physical fact that the convective parameter have tendency to enhance the thermal boundary thickness, this causes to enhance the heat transfer rate. Figs. 14–16 represent the effect of suction parameter, chemical reaction parameter and diffusion parameter on concentration profiles of the flow. It is evident from the figures that an increase in the suction parameter and chemical reaction parameter declines the concentration profiles of the flow. But diffusion parameter enhances the concentration profiles of the flow. Figs. 17 and 18 depict the influence of rotation parameter and Schmidt number against the magneticfield parameter on skin friction coefficient. It is evident that with an increase in rotation parameter and Schmidt number along with the magneticfield parameter we have seen a fall in friction factor. Figs. 19 and 20 illustrate the influence of Reynolds number and volume fraction of nano particles on the Nusselt number. We have seen a raise in the Nusselt number with an increase in the Reynolds number and volume fraction of nano particles along with the heat source/sink parameter. The influence of the suction parameter against the chemical reaction parameter on the Sherwood number is shown in Fig. 21. It is clear that for higher values of suction parameter initially we noticed an increase in the mass transfer rate afterwards we have seen a fall in Sherwood number. Table 2 shows the comparison of the present results with

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Fig. 10. Effect of radiation parameter on temperature profiles.

Fig. 11. Effect of suction parameter on velocity profiles.

Fig. 12. Effect of suction parameter on temperature profiles.

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Fig. 13. Effect of convective parameter on temperature profiles.

Fig. 14. Effect of suction parameter on concentration profiles.

Fig. 15. Effect of chemical reaction parameter on concentration profiles.

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Fig. 16. Effect of diffusion parameter on concentration profiles.

Fig. 17. Effect of rotation parameter on skin friction coefficient.

Table 2 Comparison of the results with C f and N u x /Rex for Cu–water nanofluid, when F = K r = Sc = 0. φ

R

Cf Das [21]

Cf Present study

N u x /Rex Das [21]

N u x /Rex Present study

0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.05

0.3

2.0354 2.3154 2.6107 2.9196 3.0789 2.3786 2.4040 2.5755 2.8235

2.03542 2.31535 2.61068 2.91953 3.07891 2.37862 2.40401 2.57546 2.82351

0.4607 0.5134 0.5698 0.6303 0.6622 0.5271 – – 0.5271

0.46067 0.51342 0.56981 0.63030 0.66221 0.52710 – – 0.52712

0 0.5 1.5 2.5

the existed results of Das [21]. We found an excellent agreement of the present results with the existed results. This proves the validity of the present study.

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Fig. 18. Effect of Schmidt number on skin friction coefficient.

Fig. 19. Effect of volume fraction of nano particles on Nusselt number.

Fig. 20. Effect of Reynolds number on Nusselt number.

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Fig. 21. Effect of suction parameter on Sherwood number.

5. Conclusions This paper presents effect of chemical reaction, radiation and rotation on an unsteady free convection flow of a nanofluid bounded by a moving vertical flat plate through porous medium in a rotating system with convective and diffusive boundary conditions. The governing equations of the flow are solved analytically using perturbation technique. Finally the effects of various parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration are discussed with the help of graphs for Ag–water and TiO2 –water nanofluids. The findings of the results are summarized as follows • Radiation and Magneticfield parameters have tendency to reduce the friction factor. • The spherical shaped nano particles have effective thermal conductivity while compared with the cylindrical shaped nano particles. • Convective parameter help to enhance the temperature profiles of the flow. • An increase in the Reynolds number and nano particle volume fraction enhances the heat transfer rate. • Suction parameter helps to enhance the mass transfer rate near the boundary of the flow. Appendix

 ρs = (1 − φ) + φ , ρf    (ρβ)s = (1 − φ) + φ , (ρβ) f    (ρβ ∗ )s = (1 − φ) + φ , (ρβ ∗ ) f   3(σ − 1)φ = σf 1 + , (σ + 2) − (σ − 1)φ    (ρC p )s = (1 − φ) + φ , (ρC p ) f 

J1 J2 J3 J4 J5

L= N=



β ∗f (Cw − C∞ ) β f (Tw − T∞ ) kn f 4F + , kf 3

,

Nc , Nc + m 2 Nd B1 = , Nd + m 1

B2 =

D1 = i R J1 − B,  S Sc + (S Sc)2 − 4 K r Sc m1 = , 2  Pr J4 S + (Pr J4 S)2 − 4 Q H N m2 = , 2N  J1 S + (J1 S)2 − 4D1 A m3 = , 2A  J1 S + (J1 S)2 − 4D2 A m4 = , 2A

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1 , (1 − φ)2.5   1 B = J4 M + , K −J3 L B1 A1 = , 2 (Am 1 − J1 S m 1 + D1 ) −J2 B2 , A2 = 2 (Am 2 − J1 S m 2 + D1 ) A=

m5 =

J1 S +



)

–

17

(J1 S)2 − 4D3 A , 2A

D2 = i J1 (R − n) − B, D3 = i J1 (R + n) − B.

Acknowledgments The authors wish to express their thanks to the very competent anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions. Third author acknowledge the UGC for financial support under the UGC Dr. D.S.Kothari Fellowship Scheme (No. F.4-2/2006(BSR)/MA/13-14/0026). References [1] Choi SUS. Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles. In: The Proc of the ASME int mech eng cong and exp 1995;66:99–105. [2] Choi SUS, Zhang ZG, Yu W, Lockwood FE, Grulke EA. Anomalous thermal conductivity enhancement in nano tube suspensions. Appl Phys Lett 2001;79:2252–4. [3] Singh AK. Thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Def Sci J 2008;58:600–7. [4] Eastman JA, Choi SUS, Yu W, Thompson LJ. Anomalously increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles. Appl Phys Lett 2001;78:718–20. [5] Uddin Z, Harmand S. Natural convection heat transfer flow of nanofluids along a vertical plate embedded in porous medium. Nanoscale Res Lett 2013;8:64–73. [6] Remeli A, Arifin NM, Ismail F, Pop I. Marangoni-driven boundary layer flow in a nanofluid with suction/injection. World Appl Sci J 2012; 17:21–6. [7] Hamad MAA, Pop I. Unsteady MHD free convection flow past a vertical permeable flat plate in a rotating frame of reference with constant heat source in a Nanofluid. Heat Mass Transf 2011;47:1517–24. [8] Eiyad Abu-Nanda. Effects of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity of Al2 O3 –water nanofluid on heat transfer enhancement in natural convection. Int J Heat Fluid Flow 2009;30:668–79. [9] Sandeep N, Sugunamma V, Mohan Krishna P. Effects of radiation on an unsteady natural convective flow of a EG-nimonic 80a nanofluid past an infinite vertical plate. Int J Adv Phy Theor Appl 2013;23:36–43. [10] Yasin MHM, Arifin NM, Nazar R, Ismail F, Pop I. Mixed convection boundary layer flow embedded in thermally stratified porous medium saturated by a nanofluid. Adv Mech Eng 2013;5:121943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/121943. [11] Sandeep N, Sugunamma V, Mohan Krishna P. Aligned magnetic field, radiation and rotation effects on unsteady hydro magnetic free convection flow past an impulsively moving vertical plate in a porous medium. Int J Eng Math 2014;7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/565162. [12] Sheikholeslami M, Ashorynejad HR, Domairry G, Hashim I. Flow and heat transfer of Cu–water nanofluid between stretching sheet and a porous surface in rotating system. J Appl Math 2012;421320. [13] Baheta AT, Woldeyohannes AD. Effect of particle size on thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Asian J Sci Res 2013;6:339–45. [14] Timofeeva EV, Routbort JL, Singh D. Particle shape effect on thermo physical properties of alumina nanofluids. J Appl Phys 2009;106: 014304. [15] Barik RabiNarayan, Dash GC, Kar Maheswar. Unsteady free convective MHD flow and mass transfer through porous medium in a rotating system with fluctuating heat source/sink and chemical reaction. J Appl Anal Comput 2014;4:231–44. [16] Ghalambaz M, Noghrehabadi A. Effects of heat generation/absorption on natural convection of nanofluids over the vertical plate embedded in a porous medium using drift-flux model. J Comput Appl Res Mech Eng 2014;3:113–23. [17] Khairy Zaimi, Ishak A, Pop I. Boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a nonlinearly permeable stretching/shrinking sheet in a nanofluid. Sci Rep 2014;4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep04404. [18] Abdelgaied SM, Mohamed RE. Mixed Convection flow of nanofluids over a vertical surface embedded in a porous medium with temperature dependent viscosity. Recent Adv Math Methods Comput Tech Mod Ser 2013;3:300–12. [19] Loganathan P, Nirmala Chand P, Ganesan P. Radiation effects on an unsteady MHD natural convective flow of a nanofluid past a vertical plate. Therm Sci 2015;19:1037–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/TSCI121208155P. [20] Mohankrishna P, Sugunamma V, Sandeep N. Radiation and magneticfield effects on unsteady natural convection flow of a nanofluid past an infinite vertical plate with heat source. Chem Proc Eng Res 2014;25:39–52. [21] Kalidas Das. Flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in a rotating frame. Alex Eng J 2014;53:757–66. [22] Ibrahim W, Makinde OD. Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow and heat transfer of casson nanofluid past a stretching sheet with slip and convective boundary condition. J Aerosp Eng 2015;11:04015037. [23] Das S, Mandal HK, Jana RN, Makinde OD. Magneto-nanofluid flow past an impulsively started porous flat plate in a rotating frame. J Nanofluids 2015;4:167–75.

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