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Influence of Dietary Taurine on Performance and Fat Retention in Broilers and Turkey Poults Fed Varying Levels of Fat1
Influence of Dietary Taurine on Performance and Fat Retention in Broilers and Turkey Poults Fed Varying Levels of Fat1 LINDA S. TUFFT and LEO S. JENSEN2 Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 (Received for publication September 17, 1991)
1992 Poultry Science 71:880-885
a soybean meal and glucose diet resulted in a transient growth response in young Unlike Met and Cys, Tau exists in chicks (Martin and Patrick, 1961, 1966). It tissues primarily as a free amino acid and is not known whether bile acid conjugais utilized neither for protein synthesis nor tion by taurine supplementation was reas a source of energy. The best known sponsible for the growth increase. function of this sulfur amino acid is its In mammals, dietary Tau affects bile conjugation with bile acids (Hayes, 1976). acid production and fat retention. In Bile salts are produced and conjugated in hamsters, feeding Tau resulted in an the liver and excreted in the duodenum. Their primary function is in the fat, where increased bile acid pool size (Bellentani et they participate in bile salt micellar solu- ah, 1987). Belli et ah (1987) found that patients with severe steatorrhea showed a bilization of fats to aid in absorption. Anderson et ah (1975) observed that significant improvement in absorption of dietary Tau addition improved perform- triglycerides, total fatty acids, and linoleic ance of chicks fed a purified diet deficient acid while receiving Tau supplements. The in sulfur amino acids. Taurine addition to objective of the present experiments was to determine whether Tau supplementation of diets for broiler cockerels and turkey poults to 3 wk of age would Supported by state and Hatch Funds allocated to influence body weight gain (WG), feed the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations of The efficiency (FE), mortality, and fat retention University of Georgia. To whom correspondence should be addressed. at different levels of dietary fat. INTRODUCTION
880
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ABSTRACT Taurine, an amino acid synthesized from Met, primarily functions in bile acid conjugation. Four experiments were conducted to determine whether Tau supplementation of broiler cockerels and female turkey poults to 3 wk of age would influence performance and fat retention at different levels of dietary fat. In these experiments, Tau was added at 0 or .8% to a corn and soybean meal basal diet with dietary poultry fat added at 0,5, or 10%. Taurine did not affect BW gain of broiler cockerels; however, in one experiment feed efficiency was improved (P<.01) during the 1st wk and fat retention was improved (P<.06) at 7 days of age. In experiments with turkey poults, dietary Tau did not affect weight gain but improved feed efficiency (P<.01) during the 1st wk and decreased overall feed efficiency (P<.01) in one experiment. Improvement of fat retention by Tau at 14 days was significant (P<.02) in one experiment and approached significance (P<.07) in the other experiment. Fat supplementation of both the broiler and turkey diets significantly (P<.05) improved weight gain, feed efficiency, and fat retention. Supplementary Tau appears to have little effect on performance of broilers and turkeys. (Key words: taurine, performance, fat retention, broilers, poults)
881
TAURINE AND FAT RETENTION TABLE 1. Composition of diets for Experiments 1 to 4 1
Ingredients and composition
Turkey diets Fat level (%)
5 64.61 31.20
10
0
1.82 1.31 .44 .25 .21 .05
54.69 36.20 5.00 1.81 1.29 .44 .25 .22 .05
44.85 41.80 10.00 1.80 1.26 .44 .25 .22 .05
.07 .05
.05
.05
2,936 21.00 1.00 .48
3,133 22.5 1.00 .48
3,333 24.0 1.00 .48
5 45.82 49.20 2.60 1.28 .43 .38 .18 .10 .01
2,742 28.0 1.20 .65
10 34.75 54.97 5.00 2.81 1.33 .47 .38 .20 .10
23.64 60.74 10.00 3.02 1.38 .50 .38 .23 .10
2,922 30.0 1.28 .69
3,103 32.0 1.36 .75
•Taurine was added to each diet at 0 or .8%. Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 5,500 IU; cholecalciferol, 1,100 ICU; vitamin E, 11 IU; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; Ca pantothenate, 12 mg; nicotinic acid, 44 mg; choline Q , 220 mg; vitamin Bj2, 6.6 ug; vitamin Bg, 2.2 mg; menadione, 1.1 mg (as menadione sodium bisulfite complex); folic acid, .55 mg; d-biotin, .11 mg; thiamine, 2.2 mg (as thiamine mononitrate); and ethoxyquin, 125 mg. •Trace mineral mix provided in milligrams per kilogram of diet: Mn, 60; Zn, 50; Fe, 30; Cu, 5; 1,1.05; and Se, .1. Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (55 mg/kg diet), A. L. Laboratories, Englewood, NJ 07631. 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment 1 In this experiment, 240 day-old male broiler chicks (Peterson x Arbor Acres), obtained from a commercial hatchery, were randomly allotted to 30 pens (six treatments with five replicates). The chicks weighed an average of 38 g at 1 day of age. The chicks were reared in Petersime 3 battery brooders in an environmentally controlled room under continuous light with feed and water provided for ad libitum consumption. The experimental design was a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with Tau 4 provided at 0 or .8% of the diet and supplemental poultry fat included at 0,5, or 10% of the diet (Table 1). As the fat in the diets
increased, the metabolizable energy of the diets increased, but the same calorie:protein ratio was maintained. Mortality was recorded for the 3-wk sample time. Feed consumption and WG were determined at 7 and 21 days of age. At 7, 14, and 21 days of age, the total feed consumed per pen over a 24-h period was measured and the total excreta voided during the same period was collected. Excreta were immediately dried to a constant weight in a forced-air drying oven for 48 h. Lipid was extracted from the excreta and feed using chloroform:methanol (2:1, vol/vol) and the total lipid content was determined gravimetrically (Folch et al., 1957). Fat retention was then calculated by subtracting the total lipid excreted per pen from the total lipid consumed.
Experiment 2 Petersime Incubation Co., Gettysburg, OH 45328. Supplied by Biokyowa, Inc., Chesterfield, MO 63017.
In this experiment, 240 day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 48 pens (six treatments with eight replicates).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Tufts University on October 29, 2014
Ground yellow corn Soybean meal, dehulled Fat, poultry Dicalcium-phosphorus Limestone Nad Vitamin premix^ D,L-methionine (98%) Trace mineral mix 3 Choline-Cl L-lysine-HCl Bacitracin4 Calculated composition ME, kcal/kg Protein Ca Available P
0
Broiler diets Fat level (%)
882
TUFFT AND JENSEN
TABLE 2. Effect of dietary taurine and fat on broiler body weight gain and feed efficiency1 Feed efficiency
Body weight gain Supplemental fat level
Tau
0 to 7 days Exp. 1
Exp. 2
(%) • 0
92 94 93
0 5 10 0 5 10
.8
0 .8
Pooled SEM Fat
0 5 10
Pooled SEM Source of variation Tau Fat Tau x fat interaction
93 95 1.9 93 98 91 2.3 .476 .090 .163
117 117 2.0 105 c 115 b 130 a 2.5 .959 .001 .844
Exp. 1 (g) 556 580 617 557 625 592 15.9 582 594 9.0
Exp. 2
0 to 7 days Exp. 1
Exp. 2
0 to 21 days Exp. 1
Exp. 2
(fr-1 Ng-S'
516 542 588 507 545 613 15.2
.70 .79 .82
.78 .86 .99
.61 .68 .74
.60 .68 .67
.69 .77 .79 .02
.79 .86 .99 .02
.61 .69 .71 .02
.61 .70 .74 .02
.67 .67 .01
.65 .68 .01
.61 c .69 b .72 a .01
.60 b .68a .70° .02
.794 .001 .306
.163 .001 .557
549 .88 .76 .88 555 .75 .01 .01 8.8 512 c 557 b .70c .79c TJ° .86b 602 a 543 b .81 a .99 a 603 a 600 a .02 .01 11.1 10.8 Probabilities — .372 .629 .611 .704 .001 .012 .001 .001 .694 .091 .519 .968
a_c
Values within columnsi with no common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). ^ a y - o l d broiler weights: Experiment (Exp.) 1 = 38 g; Exp. 2 = 42 :6-
The chicks weighed an average of 42 g at 1 RESULTS day of age. Performance parameters and fat retention were determined as in Experi- Experiments 1 and 2 ment 1. As expected, increasing the fat in the diet improved WG and FE at all ages in both Experiments 3 and 4 experiments except during the 1st wk of In both experiments, 240 female turkey Experiment 1 (Table 2). Dietary Tau added poults were obtained from a commercial at .8% had no significant effect on either WG hatchery. They were allotted to 48 pens (six or FE. Fat retention improved with suppletreatments with eight replicates). The mental dietary fat (Table 3) at 14 and 21 poults from Experiment 2 weighed an days of age in Experiment 1, and in average of 63 g and those from Experiment Experiment 2 it was improved at Day 7 and 4 weighed an average of 56 g at 1 day of age. approached significance (P<.065) at Day 14. Determination of WG, FE, mortality, and fat Dietary Tau level caused no improvement retention were as described in Experiment in fat retention in the second experiment, but the effect of Tau approached signifi1. cance (P<.055) at 7 days in the first experiment. Mortality was not influenced by Statistical Analysis dietary Tau or fat. In Experiments 1 to 4, data obtained were tested for significance of dietary Tau and fat Experiments 3 and 4 inclusion level by two-way ANOVA using SAS® software (SAS Institute, 1985). DunAs observed in the broiler experiments, can's multiple range test was used for increasing the added dietary fat improved means separation when treatment effects WG and FE of the turkey poults (Table 4). were significant (P<.05). Dietary Tau did not significantly affect WG
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Tufts University on October 29, 2014
Pooled SEM Main effects Tau
94 102 89 3.3
104 115 131 107 115 129 3.5
0 to 21 days
TAURINE AND FAT RETENTION
883 1
TABLE 3. Effect of dietary taurine and fat on broiler fat retention and mortality Fat retention Supplemental fat level
Tau
Exp. 1
Exp. 2
53 71 61 71 81 73 8.1
79 83 85
61 75 4.7 62 76 67 5.7
82 83 1.2
Mo:rtality
21 days
14 days
7 days
Exp. 1
Exp. 2
Exp. 2
Exp. 1
Exp. 2
78 86 88 78 92 89 1.9
77 86 83 80 83 84 2.5
76 85 84 76 87 89 2.7
70 74 68 67 77 68 5.1
11.8 12.5 5.0 5.4
2.5 .0 2.5 2.5 .0 5.0 2.2
84 86 1.1 78 b 89 a 89 a 1.3
82 82 1.4
81 85 15 76 b 86 a 87" 1.9
71 70 2.9 68 75 68 3.6
5.7 9.8 3.1 9.3 9.4 5.6 3.8
1.7 2.5 1.3 25 .0 3.8 1.6
Exp. 1
— (%) 0 5 10
0
.8
0 5 10
0 .8
Pooled SEM Fat
0 5 10
Pooled SEM Source of variation Tau Fat Tau x fat interaction
.055 .226 .847
80 b 83 b 86 a 1.4 .553 .018 .744
.145 .001 .202
79 84 84 1.8
Probabilities — .837 248 .065 .001 .429 .613
.974 .319 .814
.238 .647 .810
.806 .361 .663
a
^Values within columns with no common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). ^Day-old broiler weights: Experiment (Exp.) 1 = 38 g; Exp. 2 = 42 g.
TABLE 4. Effect of dietary taurine and fat on poult body weight gain and feed efficiency1 Body weight gain Supplemental fat level
Tau
0 to 7 days Exp. 3
Exp. 4
(%) • 0
.8 Pooled SEM Main effects Tau
72 77 77
0 5 10
82 83 91 3.1
62 75 82 3.8
453 455 562 30.8
81 85 1.8
75 73 2.1
79 b 80 b 91 a 2.2
68 b 76 a
514 492 17.8 464 b 478 b 563 a 21.8
Pooled SEM 0 5 10
Pooled SEM Source of variation Tau Fat Tau x fat interaction a_c
M v 8' 472 505 563
75 77 92
.8 Fat
0 to 21 days Exp. 3 Exp. 4
0 5 10
0
.108 .001 .447
79a
2.7 .513 .007 .122
Feed efficiency
446 492 494 394 486 529 5.0
0 to 7 days Exp. 3 .86 .91 .99 .91 1.00 .97 .02
.92 b 480 469 .98a 7.8 .01 416 b .88c .94 b 489 a 511 a 1.00a .02 9.5 Probabilities — .337 .004 .395 .001 .006 .001 .741 .897 .001
Exp. 4
0 to 21 days Exp. 3
.82 .93 .98
.67 .75 .81
.80 .93 1.01 .02
.65 .75 .83 .01
Exp. 4 .74 .83 .88 .72 .82 .88 .01
.91 .91 .01 .81 c .93 b .99 a .01
.74 .74 .01 .66c .75 b .82 a .01
.83 a .81 b .01 .73 c .82 b .88 a .01
.828 .001 .557
.404 .001 .175
.007 .001 .199
Values within columns with no common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). Day-old poult weights: Experiment (Exp.) 3 = 63 g; Exp. 4 = 56 g.
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Pooled SEM Main effects Tau
80 83 87 2.0
6.2 42 6.4
884
TUFFT AND JENSEN TABLE 5. Effect of dietary taurine and fat on poult fat retention and mortality Fat retention Supplemental fat level
Tau
7 days Exp. 3 Exp. 4
21 days
14 days Exp. 3 Exp. 4
Exp. 3 Exp. 4
Moirtality Exp. 3 Exp. 4
— (%) 0 5 10 0 5 10
0
.8
0 .8
Pooled SEM Fat
0 5 10
Pooled SEM Source of variation Tau Fat Tau x fat interaction
59 84 89 59 86 89
.8
68 88 91 74 88 88 1.6
77 79
87 88
82 83
79 78
.9 60 b 86 a 89 a 1.1
.4 77c 91b 94a .6
78 b 81 a .8 62 c 87 b 91a 1.0
59 86 88 62 87 90 1.5
76 91 94 77 91 94
85 87 .7 73 b 92 a 93 a .8 .154 .001 .085
.119 .001 .833
.059 .001 .743
.9 71b a
88 89 a 1.1
Probabilities — .011 .345 .001 .001 .366 .042
.4
.7 59 86 89 .9
.0 2.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.1
.0 .0 7.5 7.5 2.9 2.5 3.3
.9 .0 .6 .0 1.3 .0 .8
2.9 4.4 1.9 4.3 1.4 5.0 2.4
.361 .001 .668
.325 289 .325
.546 .511 .164
a c
~ Values within columns with no common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). Day-old poult weights: Experiment (Exp.) 3 = 63 g; Exp. 4 = 56 g.
1
but improved FE for the 1st wk in Experiment 3. However, it reduced the overall FE in Experiment 4. Fat retention of the turkey poults was significantly improved by increasing dietary fat supplementation (Table 5). Only at 14 days of age was there an effect of Tau on fat retention. Fat retention was significantly improved in the second experiment and it approached significance (P<.059) in the first. There was also a significant Tau by fat interaction on fat retention at 21 days in Experiment 3. The poults that were not fed .8% Tau showed an increase in fat retention from 0 to 10% dietary fat. The poults that were supplemented with Tau had a leveling off of the fat retention at 5 and 10% added dietary fat. Neither dietary Tau nor fat had any effect on mortality of these turkey poults. DISCUSSION Past studies have shown either a transient improvement or no improvement in performance due to Tau supplementation. Martin and Patrick (1961, 1966) found that
.1% Tau added to a soybean meal and glucose diet resulted in a temporary improvement in growth only in the early weeks of life. Campbell and Classen (1989) fed male broiler chickens diets supplemented with 0, .05, .1, or .2% Tau. A decreased feed to gain ratio was observed from 3 to 6 wk and no effect on 3-wk or 6-wk BW or feed to gain ratio from 0 to 3 wk was evident. Blair et al. (1991) found that Tau supplementation of .025, .05, or . 1 % of the diet had no significant effect on growth of male broiler chicks. The present studies have shown that dietary Tau had little overall effect on WG, FE, or fat retention of broiler cockerels and female turkey poults. REFERENCES Anderson, J. O., R. E. Warnick, and R. K. Dalai, 1975. Replacing dietary methionine and cystine in chick diets with sulfate or other sulfur compounds. Poultry Sci. 54:1122-1128. Bellentani, S., M. Pecorari, P. Cordoma, P. Marchegiano, F. Manenti, E. Bosisio, E. De Pabiani, and G. Galli, 1987. Taurine increases bile acid pool size and reduces bile saturation index in
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Tufts University on October 29, 2014
Pooled SEM Main effects Tau
60 86 90 65 88 92 1.4
71 91 93 76 92 92 1.2
TAURINE AND FAT RETENTION the hamster. J. Lipid Res. 28:1021-1027. Belli, D. C , E. L. Levy, P. Darling, C. Leroy, G. Lepage, R. Giguere, and C. C. Roy, 1987. Taurine improves the absorption of a fat meal in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr. 80:517-523. Blair, R., J. P. Jacob, and E. E. Gardiner, 1991. Lack of an effect of taurine supplementation on the incidence of sudden death syndrome in male broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 70:554-560. Campbell, G. L., and H. L. Classen, 1989. Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69:509-512. Folch, J., M. Lees, and G. H. Sloane-Stanley, 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification
885
of total lipides from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226:497-509. Hayes, K. C , 1976. A review on the biological function of taurine. Nutr. Rev. 34:161-165. Martin, W. G., and H. Patrick, 1961. The effect of taurine on the sulfate-S^ retention in chicks. Poultry Sci. 40:267-268. Martin, W. G.. and H. Patrick, 1966. The incorporation of S 3 5 04 into bile of chick. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 121:414-417. SAS Institute, 1985. SAS® User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Tufft, L. S., and L. S. Jensen, 1991. Effect of age of hen, egg weight, and sex on chick performance and lipid retention. Poultry Sci. 702411-2418.
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Tufts University on October 29, 2014
1992 Poultry Science 71:880-885
a soybean meal and glucose diet resulted in a transient growth response in young Unlike Met and Cys, Tau exists in chicks (Martin and Patrick, 1961, 1966). It tissues primarily as a free amino acid and is not known whether bile acid conjugais utilized neither for protein synthesis nor tion by taurine supplementation was reas a source of energy. The best known sponsible for the growth increase. function of this sulfur amino acid is its In mammals, dietary Tau affects bile conjugation with bile acids (Hayes, 1976). acid production and fat retention. In Bile salts are produced and conjugated in hamsters, feeding Tau resulted in an the liver and excreted in the duodenum. Their primary function is in the fat, where increased bile acid pool size (Bellentani et they participate in bile salt micellar solu- ah, 1987). Belli et ah (1987) found that patients with severe steatorrhea showed a bilization of fats to aid in absorption. Anderson et ah (1975) observed that significant improvement in absorption of dietary Tau addition improved perform- triglycerides, total fatty acids, and linoleic ance of chicks fed a purified diet deficient acid while receiving Tau supplements. The in sulfur amino acids. Taurine addition to objective of the present experiments was to determine whether Tau supplementation of diets for broiler cockerels and turkey poults to 3 wk of age would Supported by state and Hatch Funds allocated to influence body weight gain (WG), feed the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations of The efficiency (FE), mortality, and fat retention University of Georgia. To whom correspondence should be addressed. at different levels of dietary fat. INTRODUCTION
880
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Tufts University on October 29, 2014
ABSTRACT Taurine, an amino acid synthesized from Met, primarily functions in bile acid conjugation. Four experiments were conducted to determine whether Tau supplementation of broiler cockerels and female turkey poults to 3 wk of age would influence performance and fat retention at different levels of dietary fat. In these experiments, Tau was added at 0 or .8% to a corn and soybean meal basal diet with dietary poultry fat added at 0,5, or 10%. Taurine did not affect BW gain of broiler cockerels; however, in one experiment feed efficiency was improved (P<.01) during the 1st wk and fat retention was improved (P<.06) at 7 days of age. In experiments with turkey poults, dietary Tau did not affect weight gain but improved feed efficiency (P<.01) during the 1st wk and decreased overall feed efficiency (P<.01) in one experiment. Improvement of fat retention by Tau at 14 days was significant (P<.02) in one experiment and approached significance (P<.07) in the other experiment. Fat supplementation of both the broiler and turkey diets significantly (P<.05) improved weight gain, feed efficiency, and fat retention. Supplementary Tau appears to have little effect on performance of broilers and turkeys. (Key words: taurine, performance, fat retention, broilers, poults)
881
TAURINE AND FAT RETENTION TABLE 1. Composition of diets for Experiments 1 to 4 1
Ingredients and composition
Turkey diets Fat level (%)
5 64.61 31.20
10
0
1.82 1.31 .44 .25 .21 .05
54.69 36.20 5.00 1.81 1.29 .44 .25 .22 .05
44.85 41.80 10.00 1.80 1.26 .44 .25 .22 .05
.07 .05
.05
.05
2,936 21.00 1.00 .48
3,133 22.5 1.00 .48
3,333 24.0 1.00 .48
5 45.82 49.20 2.60 1.28 .43 .38 .18 .10 .01
2,742 28.0 1.20 .65
10 34.75 54.97 5.00 2.81 1.33 .47 .38 .20 .10
23.64 60.74 10.00 3.02 1.38 .50 .38 .23 .10
2,922 30.0 1.28 .69
3,103 32.0 1.36 .75
•Taurine was added to each diet at 0 or .8%. Vitamin premix provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 5,500 IU; cholecalciferol, 1,100 ICU; vitamin E, 11 IU; riboflavin, 4.4 mg; Ca pantothenate, 12 mg; nicotinic acid, 44 mg; choline Q , 220 mg; vitamin Bj2, 6.6 ug; vitamin Bg, 2.2 mg; menadione, 1.1 mg (as menadione sodium bisulfite complex); folic acid, .55 mg; d-biotin, .11 mg; thiamine, 2.2 mg (as thiamine mononitrate); and ethoxyquin, 125 mg. •Trace mineral mix provided in milligrams per kilogram of diet: Mn, 60; Zn, 50; Fe, 30; Cu, 5; 1,1.05; and Se, .1. Bacitracin methylene disalicylate (55 mg/kg diet), A. L. Laboratories, Englewood, NJ 07631. 2
MATERIALS AND METHODS Experiment 1 In this experiment, 240 day-old male broiler chicks (Peterson x Arbor Acres), obtained from a commercial hatchery, were randomly allotted to 30 pens (six treatments with five replicates). The chicks weighed an average of 38 g at 1 day of age. The chicks were reared in Petersime 3 battery brooders in an environmentally controlled room under continuous light with feed and water provided for ad libitum consumption. The experimental design was a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with Tau 4 provided at 0 or .8% of the diet and supplemental poultry fat included at 0,5, or 10% of the diet (Table 1). As the fat in the diets
increased, the metabolizable energy of the diets increased, but the same calorie:protein ratio was maintained. Mortality was recorded for the 3-wk sample time. Feed consumption and WG were determined at 7 and 21 days of age. At 7, 14, and 21 days of age, the total feed consumed per pen over a 24-h period was measured and the total excreta voided during the same period was collected. Excreta were immediately dried to a constant weight in a forced-air drying oven for 48 h. Lipid was extracted from the excreta and feed using chloroform:methanol (2:1, vol/vol) and the total lipid content was determined gravimetrically (Folch et al., 1957). Fat retention was then calculated by subtracting the total lipid excreted per pen from the total lipid consumed.
Experiment 2 Petersime Incubation Co., Gettysburg, OH 45328. Supplied by Biokyowa, Inc., Chesterfield, MO 63017.
In this experiment, 240 day-old male broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 48 pens (six treatments with eight replicates).
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Tufts University on October 29, 2014
Ground yellow corn Soybean meal, dehulled Fat, poultry Dicalcium-phosphorus Limestone Nad Vitamin premix^ D,L-methionine (98%) Trace mineral mix 3 Choline-Cl L-lysine-HCl Bacitracin4 Calculated composition ME, kcal/kg Protein Ca Available P
0
Broiler diets Fat level (%)
882
TUFFT AND JENSEN
TABLE 2. Effect of dietary taurine and fat on broiler body weight gain and feed efficiency1 Feed efficiency
Body weight gain Supplemental fat level
Tau
0 to 7 days Exp. 1
Exp. 2
(%) • 0
92 94 93
0 5 10 0 5 10
.8
0 .8
Pooled SEM Fat
0 5 10
Pooled SEM Source of variation Tau Fat Tau x fat interaction
93 95 1.9 93 98 91 2.3 .476 .090 .163
117 117 2.0 105 c 115 b 130 a 2.5 .959 .001 .844
Exp. 1 (g) 556 580 617 557 625 592 15.9 582 594 9.0
Exp. 2
0 to 7 days Exp. 1
Exp. 2
0 to 21 days Exp. 1
Exp. 2
(fr-1 Ng-S'
516 542 588 507 545 613 15.2
.70 .79 .82
.78 .86 .99
.61 .68 .74
.60 .68 .67
.69 .77 .79 .02
.79 .86 .99 .02
.61 .69 .71 .02
.61 .70 .74 .02
.67 .67 .01
.65 .68 .01
.61 c .69 b .72 a .01
.60 b .68a .70° .02
.794 .001 .306
.163 .001 .557
549 .88 .76 .88 555 .75 .01 .01 8.8 512 c 557 b .70c .79c TJ° .86b 602 a 543 b .81 a .99 a 603 a 600 a .02 .01 11.1 10.8 Probabilities — .372 .629 .611 .704 .001 .012 .001 .001 .694 .091 .519 .968
a_c
Values within columnsi with no common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). ^ a y - o l d broiler weights: Experiment (Exp.) 1 = 38 g; Exp. 2 = 42 :6-
The chicks weighed an average of 42 g at 1 RESULTS day of age. Performance parameters and fat retention were determined as in Experi- Experiments 1 and 2 ment 1. As expected, increasing the fat in the diet improved WG and FE at all ages in both Experiments 3 and 4 experiments except during the 1st wk of In both experiments, 240 female turkey Experiment 1 (Table 2). Dietary Tau added poults were obtained from a commercial at .8% had no significant effect on either WG hatchery. They were allotted to 48 pens (six or FE. Fat retention improved with suppletreatments with eight replicates). The mental dietary fat (Table 3) at 14 and 21 poults from Experiment 2 weighed an days of age in Experiment 1, and in average of 63 g and those from Experiment Experiment 2 it was improved at Day 7 and 4 weighed an average of 56 g at 1 day of age. approached significance (P<.065) at Day 14. Determination of WG, FE, mortality, and fat Dietary Tau level caused no improvement retention were as described in Experiment in fat retention in the second experiment, but the effect of Tau approached signifi1. cance (P<.055) at 7 days in the first experiment. Mortality was not influenced by Statistical Analysis dietary Tau or fat. In Experiments 1 to 4, data obtained were tested for significance of dietary Tau and fat Experiments 3 and 4 inclusion level by two-way ANOVA using SAS® software (SAS Institute, 1985). DunAs observed in the broiler experiments, can's multiple range test was used for increasing the added dietary fat improved means separation when treatment effects WG and FE of the turkey poults (Table 4). were significant (P<.05). Dietary Tau did not significantly affect WG
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Tufts University on October 29, 2014
Pooled SEM Main effects Tau
94 102 89 3.3
104 115 131 107 115 129 3.5
0 to 21 days
TAURINE AND FAT RETENTION
883 1
TABLE 3. Effect of dietary taurine and fat on broiler fat retention and mortality Fat retention Supplemental fat level
Tau
Exp. 1
Exp. 2
53 71 61 71 81 73 8.1
79 83 85
61 75 4.7 62 76 67 5.7
82 83 1.2
Mo:rtality
21 days
14 days
7 days
Exp. 1
Exp. 2
Exp. 2
Exp. 1
Exp. 2
78 86 88 78 92 89 1.9
77 86 83 80 83 84 2.5
76 85 84 76 87 89 2.7
70 74 68 67 77 68 5.1
11.8 12.5 5.0 5.4
2.5 .0 2.5 2.5 .0 5.0 2.2
84 86 1.1 78 b 89 a 89 a 1.3
82 82 1.4
81 85 15 76 b 86 a 87" 1.9
71 70 2.9 68 75 68 3.6
5.7 9.8 3.1 9.3 9.4 5.6 3.8
1.7 2.5 1.3 25 .0 3.8 1.6
Exp. 1
— (%) 0 5 10
0
.8
0 5 10
0 .8
Pooled SEM Fat
0 5 10
Pooled SEM Source of variation Tau Fat Tau x fat interaction
.055 .226 .847
80 b 83 b 86 a 1.4 .553 .018 .744
.145 .001 .202
79 84 84 1.8
Probabilities — .837 248 .065 .001 .429 .613
.974 .319 .814
.238 .647 .810
.806 .361 .663
a
^Values within columns with no common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). ^Day-old broiler weights: Experiment (Exp.) 1 = 38 g; Exp. 2 = 42 g.
TABLE 4. Effect of dietary taurine and fat on poult body weight gain and feed efficiency1 Body weight gain Supplemental fat level
Tau
0 to 7 days Exp. 3
Exp. 4
(%) • 0
.8 Pooled SEM Main effects Tau
72 77 77
0 5 10
82 83 91 3.1
62 75 82 3.8
453 455 562 30.8
81 85 1.8
75 73 2.1
79 b 80 b 91 a 2.2
68 b 76 a
514 492 17.8 464 b 478 b 563 a 21.8
Pooled SEM 0 5 10
Pooled SEM Source of variation Tau Fat Tau x fat interaction a_c
M v 8' 472 505 563
75 77 92
.8 Fat
0 to 21 days Exp. 3 Exp. 4
0 5 10
0
.108 .001 .447
79a
2.7 .513 .007 .122
Feed efficiency
446 492 494 394 486 529 5.0
0 to 7 days Exp. 3 .86 .91 .99 .91 1.00 .97 .02
.92 b 480 469 .98a 7.8 .01 416 b .88c .94 b 489 a 511 a 1.00a .02 9.5 Probabilities — .337 .004 .395 .001 .006 .001 .741 .897 .001
Exp. 4
0 to 21 days Exp. 3
.82 .93 .98
.80 .93 1.01 .02
.65 .75 .83 .01
Exp. 4 .74 .83 .88 .72 .82 .88 .01
.91 .91 .01 .81 c .93 b .99 a .01
.74 .74 .01 .66c .75 b .82 a .01
.83 a .81 b .01 .73 c .82 b .88 a .01
.828 .001 .557
.404 .001 .175
.007 .001 .199
Values within columns with no common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). Day-old poult weights: Experiment (Exp.) 3 = 63 g; Exp. 4 = 56 g.
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Pooled SEM Main effects Tau
80 83 87 2.0
6.2 42 6.4
884
TUFFT AND JENSEN TABLE 5. Effect of dietary taurine and fat on poult fat retention and mortality Fat retention Supplemental fat level
Tau
7 days Exp. 3 Exp. 4
21 days
14 days Exp. 3 Exp. 4
Exp. 3 Exp. 4
Moirtality Exp. 3 Exp. 4
— (%) 0 5 10 0 5 10
0
.8
0 .8
Pooled SEM Fat
0 5 10
Pooled SEM Source of variation Tau Fat Tau x fat interaction
59 84 89 59 86 89
.8
68 88 91 74 88 88 1.6
77 79
87 88
82 83
79 78
.9 60 b 86 a 89 a 1.1
.4 77c 91b 94a .6
78 b 81 a .8 62 c 87 b 91a 1.0
59 86 88 62 87 90 1.5
76 91 94 77 91 94
85 87 .7 73 b 92 a 93 a .8 .154 .001 .085
.119 .001 .833
.059 .001 .743
.9 71b a
88 89 a 1.1
Probabilities — .011 .345 .001 .001 .366 .042
.4
.7 59 86 89 .9
.0 2.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 1.1
.0 .0 7.5 7.5 2.9 2.5 3.3
.9 .0 .6 .0 1.3 .0 .8
2.9 4.4 1.9 4.3 1.4 5.0 2.4
.361 .001 .668
.325 289 .325
.546 .511 .164
a c
~ Values within columns with no common superscripts are significantly different (P<.05). Day-old poult weights: Experiment (Exp.) 3 = 63 g; Exp. 4 = 56 g.
1
but improved FE for the 1st wk in Experiment 3. However, it reduced the overall FE in Experiment 4. Fat retention of the turkey poults was significantly improved by increasing dietary fat supplementation (Table 5). Only at 14 days of age was there an effect of Tau on fat retention. Fat retention was significantly improved in the second experiment and it approached significance (P<.059) in the first. There was also a significant Tau by fat interaction on fat retention at 21 days in Experiment 3. The poults that were not fed .8% Tau showed an increase in fat retention from 0 to 10% dietary fat. The poults that were supplemented with Tau had a leveling off of the fat retention at 5 and 10% added dietary fat. Neither dietary Tau nor fat had any effect on mortality of these turkey poults. DISCUSSION Past studies have shown either a transient improvement or no improvement in performance due to Tau supplementation. Martin and Patrick (1961, 1966) found that
.1% Tau added to a soybean meal and glucose diet resulted in a temporary improvement in growth only in the early weeks of life. Campbell and Classen (1989) fed male broiler chickens diets supplemented with 0, .05, .1, or .2% Tau. A decreased feed to gain ratio was observed from 3 to 6 wk and no effect on 3-wk or 6-wk BW or feed to gain ratio from 0 to 3 wk was evident. Blair et al. (1991) found that Tau supplementation of .025, .05, or . 1 % of the diet had no significant effect on growth of male broiler chicks. The present studies have shown that dietary Tau had little overall effect on WG, FE, or fat retention of broiler cockerels and female turkey poults. REFERENCES Anderson, J. O., R. E. Warnick, and R. K. Dalai, 1975. Replacing dietary methionine and cystine in chick diets with sulfate or other sulfur compounds. Poultry Sci. 54:1122-1128. Bellentani, S., M. Pecorari, P. Cordoma, P. Marchegiano, F. Manenti, E. Bosisio, E. De Pabiani, and G. Galli, 1987. Taurine increases bile acid pool size and reduces bile saturation index in
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at Tufts University on October 29, 2014
Pooled SEM Main effects Tau
60 86 90 65 88 92 1.4
71 91 93 76 92 92 1.2
TAURINE AND FAT RETENTION the hamster. J. Lipid Res. 28:1021-1027. Belli, D. C , E. L. Levy, P. Darling, C. Leroy, G. Lepage, R. Giguere, and C. C. Roy, 1987. Taurine improves the absorption of a fat meal in patients with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr. 80:517-523. Blair, R., J. P. Jacob, and E. E. Gardiner, 1991. Lack of an effect of taurine supplementation on the incidence of sudden death syndrome in male broiler chicks. Poultry Sci. 70:554-560. Campbell, G. L., and H. L. Classen, 1989. Effect of dietary taurine supplementation on sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 69:509-512. Folch, J., M. Lees, and G. H. Sloane-Stanley, 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification
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of total lipides from animal tissue. J. Biol. Chem. 226:497-509. Hayes, K. C , 1976. A review on the biological function of taurine. Nutr. Rev. 34:161-165. Martin, W. G., and H. Patrick, 1961. The effect of taurine on the sulfate-S^ retention in chicks. Poultry Sci. 40:267-268. Martin, W. G.. and H. Patrick, 1966. The incorporation of S 3 5 04 into bile of chick. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 121:414-417. SAS Institute, 1985. SAS® User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC. Tufft, L. S., and L. S. Jensen, 1991. Effect of age of hen, egg weight, and sex on chick performance and lipid retention. Poultry Sci. 702411-2418.
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