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Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties Hussein Alaa Jaber ⇑, Rawnaq Salahuddin Mahdi, Ayad K. Hassan Department of Materials Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 29 July 2019 Received in revised form 30 August 2019 Accepted 29 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Cement mortar Eggshell powder XRD Compressive strength Hardness
a b s t r a c t This research presents an experimental investigation of eggshell powder (ESP) addition influence on the Portland cement mortar performance. Two different eggshell powders states were prepared. These include untreated eggshell powder (UESP) and treated eggshell powder (TESP). The TESP consists of heating the ESP to 750 °C for one hour in an electric furnace. Cement mortar of ordinary Portland cement with (1:3), (cement to sand) ratio, were mixed with each of two ESP states (UESP and TESP) at different percentages ranged from (0 to 20) wt% of the total weight of the cement mortar mixture. Water absorption, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and hardness properties are measured for the mortar samples after curing for (28 days). The results generally showed that the addition of ESP to the cement mortar improved its properties. The addition of TESP to mortar mixture gave better properties as compared to the UESP addition at the same weight ratio. The water absorption percentages of the samples were decreased by about 30% at 15 wt% addition of TESP. The compressive strength of the mortar was increased by 29% over the control mortar at 15 wt% addition of TESP. The hardness values of mortar are slightly enhanced with increasing ESP ratio, which increased by about 2.5% at 20 wt% addition of TESP. The better thermal insulation of mortar samples was obtained from the addition of UESP, reaching the rate of reduction in the thermal conductivity to 40% than the control mortar. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Materials Engineering & Science.
1. Introduction Portland cement mortar is a common workable paste material in the constructions. It is a composite material containing cement, fine aggregate (sand) and water. Cement mortar is widely used for binding of building materials such as (stones, bricks, and concrete blocks), tile placing and plastering [1,2]. The cement-based materials have inherently brittle and it has some drawbacks like weak resistance to cracking, bad deformability also the flexural strength is relatively low compared to their compressive strength [3,4]. Many experiments have been achieved in transforming the cement-based materials into structural materials with desirable physical and mechanical properties. Chicken eggshell considered waste materials that have been listed worldwide as one of the environmental problems, especially in those countries where the egg product industry is well expanded [5,6]. There are many types of researches used eggshell components in different applications. Because of its availability, chemical ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.A. Jaber).
composition, and lightweight, this makes the eggshell is a good source of filler or replacement in many composites [6,7]. The eggshell waste materials can be instead of natural lime in constructions for reducing the use of cement and keeping natural lime [7]. Eggshell is a bio-material with chemical composition nearly the same as that of limestone [7,8]. Eggshell considered an important constituent of pure calcium carbonate source, which has existed in the form of the calcite phase. The chemical composition of eggshell matter consisted as follows: calcium carbonate 94 wt%, organic compound 4 wt%, calcium phosphate 1 wt% and magnesium carbonate 1 wt% [6,8–10]. The density of waste eggshell samples is about 2.47 g/cm3, which is within the range of the calcium carbonate materials. The organic compound of eggshell was observed to be 5.36% [6,9,10]. The organic materials of eggshell are the shell membranes that contain proteins with small amounts of carbohydrates [11]. Since the eggshell structure, compose from calcium carbonate (CaCO3), it can have decomposed into CaO and CO2 by heating as illustrated in Eq. (1) [12].
CaCO3 ! CaO þ CO2
ð1Þ
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Materials Engineering & Science.
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
2
H.A. Jaber et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Therefore, using eggshell powder instead of natural lime to replace cement in cement-based materials can be useful, such as minimizing the use of cement, conserving natural lime and benefited from waste material [6,7]. The present work aims to study the influence of incorporation of the eggshell waste powders on the physical and mechanical properties of Portland cement mortar. Furthermore, this work examines the effect of the calcination process for eggshell powder, by comparing with un-calcined eggshell powder, on the performance of cement mortar. Utilizing use the eggshell as a replacement material for the cement-based materials, and thus would help overcome the eggshell waste problem.
2. Experimental part 2.1. Materials
at laboratory conditions. The samples were removed from the molds and then immersed in a normal water tank for 28 days. 2.3. Samples tests The physical and mechanical properties were measured of the cement mortar samples after 28 days. All results of property values have been specified based on the average of three mortar samples for every proportion. The water absorption of mortar samples has determined by utilizing the method indicated in the ASTM C-642. The compressive strength of the cubic samples was measured based on the ASTM C-109. The disc mortar samples are used for calculating the thermal conductivity by using the hot disk method. Shore hardness method with the type of (D) is used for measuring the hardness values of cubic mortar samples. 3. Result and discussion
Iraqi Ordinary Portland cement manufactured by the Tasloga cement factory was used in this work. This cement was conformed according to Iraqi specification No. 5/1984. AL-Ukhaider in Karbala region sand was used as a fine aggregate. This sand was sieved to obtain a particle size of <1.12 mm. The eggshell (ES) used in this work was the white color type; it was collected from the local sources. This ES is cleaned with normal water and dried for three days in natural air. The ES is then crushed and ground to obtain fine powders. The particle size of the prepared ES powder was about 0.5 mm as shown in Fig. 1. The eggshell powder (ESP) was added to the cement mortar mixture at two states: (1) untreated eggshell powders (UESP) (after the grinding process); and (2) treated eggshell powders (TESP) by heating ESP at 750 °C for 1 h in an electric furnace. Fig. 2 shows the used eggshells at present work. Both types of ESP particles characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
2.2. Sample preparation The samples of cement mortar were prepared with a ratio of (1:3) cement to sand. The UESP and TESP particles were added to the cement mortar mixture at different percentages of (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) wt% by total weight of mortar mix. The mixtures of cement mortar with ESP were mixed in the dry condition by hand first. Ordinary tap water was added to the cement mortar mixture with a ratio of 0.5 (water to cement), for all mortar samples. Details of mix proportions of the mortar are given in Table 1. The cement mortar specimens were cast using steel cubes molds of (50 50 50) mm and a disc of plastic of (35 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height). The samples were left for 24 h in the molds
3.1. Characterization of eggshell powder The XRD characterizations of the prepared UESP and TESP are shown in Fig. (3-a, and -b) respectively. These figures showed that the eggshell powder was composed of calcium carbonate, which revealed all diffraction peaks are matched to the crystalline calcite phase corresponds to JCPDS card no. (05-0586). The highest XRD diffraction peaks appear at 2h = 29.4° (1 0 4), 39.4° (1 1 3), 43.14° (2 0 2), 47.48° (0 1 8) and 48.51° (1 1 6). The diffraction peaks intensity of TESP XRD pattern somewhat increased from than UESP XRD pattern. This satisfies that more crystallization is obtained after the calcination process of the ESP. The SEM microstructure used to study the surface morphology of prepared ESP particles. The SEM micrographs of the UESP and TESP are illustrated in Figs. (4-a, and -b) respectively. It was found that the ESP, in both its types, composed generally of irregularly shaped particles with nearly uniform size feature ranges. The prepared ESP is chemically indexed by energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). Fig. (5-a, and -b) reveal the EDX analysis of UESP and TESP respectively. The EDX results show that the ESP consists of Ca, O, Mg, K, Si, with the presence of C of the state of TESP type. Appearing of carbon in the TESP EDX analysis is resulted in dissolving the organic compounds and impurities that might presence in ESP during the calcination process. The EDX analyses confirm that the ESP chemically consists of CaCO3. All these results are on par with previous reports [5,8,13]. 3.2. Water absorption of mortar samples The water absorption test was conducted on the cement mortar to provide useful information about the rate of water and moisture
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution result of prepared ESP.
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
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H.A. Jaber et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 2. The used eggshells (ES): (a) broken ES; (b) UESP; (c) TESP.
Table 1 Mix proportions of mortar samples. Mix
UESP (wt%)
TESP (wt%)
Sand (g)
Cement (g)
Water (ml)
M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
– 5 10 15 20 – – – –
– – – – – 5 10 15 20
165 156.75 148.5 140.25 132 156.75 148.5 140.25 132
55 52.25 49.5 46.75 44 52.25 49.5 46.75 44
27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5
Fig. 3. XRD pattern of the ESP: (a) UESP; and (b) TESP.
migrations into the mortar pores inside the samples and possible connectivity between these pores [1,4]. Fig. 6 reveals a comparison of water absorption percentages between control mortar and mortar samples containing on different ESP. It has been noticed that the water absorption decreases with increasing contain each of UESP and TESP. This is related to that calcium carbonate can have both chemical and physical influences on the cement hydration process. Calcium carbonate is more effective to accelerate the formation of calcium silicate hydrated (C-S-H) gel by its reaction with calcium silicate (C3S) [14–16]. However, increasing the formation of C-S-H gel can be reasons for pore reduction, and thereby
decreased in water absorption. Furthermore, the small particle size of ESP can fill most of the pores in the cement mortar samples [14]. The sorption results also showed that the mortar samples containing on TESP exhibited low water absorption properties compared to samples with UESP. This is due to the calcination process of ESP increases the CaCO3 effectively by increasing its crystallinity, also with removing most of organic matter and impurities that can be existed in the ESP. The minimum percentage of water absorption was about (5.53%) at 15 wt% addition of TESP, reaching the rate of decreasing in values of water absorption by 30%.
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
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Fig. 4. SEM micrographs of the ESP: (a) UESP; and (b) TESP.
Fig. 5. EDX analysis of the ESP: (a) UESP; and (b) TESP.
3.3. Thermal conductivity of mortar samples
Fig. 6. Water absorption results for cement mortar containing different ESP.
The variation of thermal conductivity for the mortar samples with ESP addition is illustrated in Fig. 7. It was observed that the thermal conductivity is continuously decreased with increasing the ESP levels for both of UESP and TESP additions. The eggshell powder free sample exhibited a thermal conductivity of 1.05 W/m.K. This value was noticed to reduce with the increase of ESP addition in the mortar samples until a thermal conductivity of 0.65 W/m.K and 0.86 W/m.K were measured at 20 wt% additions of UESP and TESP respectively. This indicates that the ESP has a lower thermal conductivity than the mortar and that the improvement of thermal insulation of the samples. Furthermore, the addition of ESP reduces the amount of silica sand in the mortar mix by replacing part of sand with ESP during additions. Because the thermal conductivity of cement mortar is highly correlated with the amount of sand in mortar mixture. Hence, the sand reduction was found to increase the thermal conductivity and decrease the specific heat of mortar. These facts are agreed with previous researches [17,18]. Thermal conductivity results also showed that the mortar samples which contain on UESP have lower values of thermal
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
H.A. Jaber et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
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Fig. 7. Thermal conductivity results for cement mortar containing different ESP.
conductivity than mortar with TESP. Thermal conductivity of cement mortar has decreased by about 40% and 18% at 20 wt% addition of UESP and TESP respectively. This is due to the TESP addition reduces the pores as presented in the water absorption test through its more reactive with cement mix than UESP. As known, the thermal conductivity has inversely proportionate with the materials, porosity [2,19,20].
composites could be done as the high activity particles which promote the pozzolanic reaction. This does produce more C-S-H gel that improves the mechanical properties at an early age [14,16]. The high additions of the eggshell waste powders to cement mortar reduces the compressive strength, and this agrees with other researchers [21,22]. However, the compressive strength of mortar samples increased to 29% over the control mortar at 15 wt% addition of TESP.
3.4. Compressive strength of mortar samples 3.5. Hardness of mortar samples One of the most important properties of building materials is the compressive strength. The effect each of UESP and TESP additions on the compressive strength of cement mortar is revealed in the Fig. 8. It can be shown that the compressive strength for all mortar samples increased with increasing UESP and TESP contains. The compressive strength of cement mortar samples with TESP additions was greater values than a mortar with UESP at the same weight ratio. The reason is that the major component of the ESP is the calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This aid to accelerate the hydration process of cement by reacting with C3S and form C-S-H, which leads to an increase in the strength accordingly [14,15]. Thereby the incorporation of CaCO3 in cementitious
The hardness values of cement mortar samples were measured by the shore D method. The final results of the hardness were recorded with an average of six measuring tests. Fig. 9 illustrated the hardness of mortar samples with different ESP ratio. The results exhibit that the values of hardness were slightly increased with increases in ESP percentages. The hardness of mortar samples increased by about 1% and 2.5% over the control mortar at 20 wt% addition of UESP and TESP respectively. Generally, the increase in hardness is due to the increase of CaCO3 constituent in the mortar leading to enhance of its resistance to external indentation [23,24]. Increase the hardness values may also come from the small particle
Fig. 8. Compressive strength results for cement mortar containing different ESP.
Fig. 9. Hardness results for cement mortar containing different ESP.
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
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H.A. Jaber et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
size of the ESP. Because smaller particles have high activity and this can promote the pozzolanic reaction of cement mortar and increases the bond between cement and sand [25]. [9]
4. Conclusion [10]
The physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar are greatly enhanced with the addition of eggshell powder. The addition of TESP to the mortar mix gave better properties as compared to the UESP at the same weight ratio. The minimum percentage of water absorption was about 5.53% when addition 15 wt% of TESP, reaching the rate of decreasing water absorption values by 30%. UESP addition to cement mortar was lower thermal conductivity values much more than TESP additions. Thermal conductivity of cement mortar is decreased by about 40% and 18% when added 20 wt% of UESP and TESP respectively. The compressive strength of mortar samples increased about 29% over control mortar at 15 wt% addition of TESP. The hardness values of mortar samples are slightly increased with increasing ESP ratio, reaching the rate of increasing to 2.5% and 1% over the control mortar at 20 wt% addition of TESP and UESP respectively. Utilization of eggshell waste in the cement mortar mixture is an excellent substitution for material reuse and waste recycling practices. References
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[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17] [18] [19]
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Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties Hussein Alaa Jaber ⇑, Rawnaq Salahuddin Mahdi, Ayad K. Hassan Department of Materials Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 29 July 2019 Received in revised form 30 August 2019 Accepted 29 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Cement mortar Eggshell powder XRD Compressive strength Hardness
a b s t r a c t This research presents an experimental investigation of eggshell powder (ESP) addition influence on the Portland cement mortar performance. Two different eggshell powders states were prepared. These include untreated eggshell powder (UESP) and treated eggshell powder (TESP). The TESP consists of heating the ESP to 750 °C for one hour in an electric furnace. Cement mortar of ordinary Portland cement with (1:3), (cement to sand) ratio, were mixed with each of two ESP states (UESP and TESP) at different percentages ranged from (0 to 20) wt% of the total weight of the cement mortar mixture. Water absorption, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and hardness properties are measured for the mortar samples after curing for (28 days). The results generally showed that the addition of ESP to the cement mortar improved its properties. The addition of TESP to mortar mixture gave better properties as compared to the UESP addition at the same weight ratio. The water absorption percentages of the samples were decreased by about 30% at 15 wt% addition of TESP. The compressive strength of the mortar was increased by 29% over the control mortar at 15 wt% addition of TESP. The hardness values of mortar are slightly enhanced with increasing ESP ratio, which increased by about 2.5% at 20 wt% addition of TESP. The better thermal insulation of mortar samples was obtained from the addition of UESP, reaching the rate of reduction in the thermal conductivity to 40% than the control mortar. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Materials Engineering & Science.
1. Introduction Portland cement mortar is a common workable paste material in the constructions. It is a composite material containing cement, fine aggregate (sand) and water. Cement mortar is widely used for binding of building materials such as (stones, bricks, and concrete blocks), tile placing and plastering [1,2]. The cement-based materials have inherently brittle and it has some drawbacks like weak resistance to cracking, bad deformability also the flexural strength is relatively low compared to their compressive strength [3,4]. Many experiments have been achieved in transforming the cement-based materials into structural materials with desirable physical and mechanical properties. Chicken eggshell considered waste materials that have been listed worldwide as one of the environmental problems, especially in those countries where the egg product industry is well expanded [5,6]. There are many types of researches used eggshell components in different applications. Because of its availability, chemical ⇑ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (H.A. Jaber).
composition, and lightweight, this makes the eggshell is a good source of filler or replacement in many composites [6,7]. The eggshell waste materials can be instead of natural lime in constructions for reducing the use of cement and keeping natural lime [7]. Eggshell is a bio-material with chemical composition nearly the same as that of limestone [7,8]. Eggshell considered an important constituent of pure calcium carbonate source, which has existed in the form of the calcite phase. The chemical composition of eggshell matter consisted as follows: calcium carbonate 94 wt%, organic compound 4 wt%, calcium phosphate 1 wt% and magnesium carbonate 1 wt% [6,8–10]. The density of waste eggshell samples is about 2.47 g/cm3, which is within the range of the calcium carbonate materials. The organic compound of eggshell was observed to be 5.36% [6,9,10]. The organic materials of eggshell are the shell membranes that contain proteins with small amounts of carbohydrates [11]. Since the eggshell structure, compose from calcium carbonate (CaCO3), it can have decomposed into CaO and CO2 by heating as illustrated in Eq. (1) [12].
CaCO3 ! CaO þ CO2
ð1Þ
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Materials Engineering & Science.
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
2
H.A. Jaber et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Therefore, using eggshell powder instead of natural lime to replace cement in cement-based materials can be useful, such as minimizing the use of cement, conserving natural lime and benefited from waste material [6,7]. The present work aims to study the influence of incorporation of the eggshell waste powders on the physical and mechanical properties of Portland cement mortar. Furthermore, this work examines the effect of the calcination process for eggshell powder, by comparing with un-calcined eggshell powder, on the performance of cement mortar. Utilizing use the eggshell as a replacement material for the cement-based materials, and thus would help overcome the eggshell waste problem.
2. Experimental part 2.1. Materials
at laboratory conditions. The samples were removed from the molds and then immersed in a normal water tank for 28 days. 2.3. Samples tests The physical and mechanical properties were measured of the cement mortar samples after 28 days. All results of property values have been specified based on the average of three mortar samples for every proportion. The water absorption of mortar samples has determined by utilizing the method indicated in the ASTM C-642. The compressive strength of the cubic samples was measured based on the ASTM C-109. The disc mortar samples are used for calculating the thermal conductivity by using the hot disk method. Shore hardness method with the type of (D) is used for measuring the hardness values of cubic mortar samples. 3. Result and discussion
Iraqi Ordinary Portland cement manufactured by the Tasloga cement factory was used in this work. This cement was conformed according to Iraqi specification No. 5/1984. AL-Ukhaider in Karbala region sand was used as a fine aggregate. This sand was sieved to obtain a particle size of <1.12 mm. The eggshell (ES) used in this work was the white color type; it was collected from the local sources. This ES is cleaned with normal water and dried for three days in natural air. The ES is then crushed and ground to obtain fine powders. The particle size of the prepared ES powder was about 0.5 mm as shown in Fig. 1. The eggshell powder (ESP) was added to the cement mortar mixture at two states: (1) untreated eggshell powders (UESP) (after the grinding process); and (2) treated eggshell powders (TESP) by heating ESP at 750 °C for 1 h in an electric furnace. Fig. 2 shows the used eggshells at present work. Both types of ESP particles characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
2.2. Sample preparation The samples of cement mortar were prepared with a ratio of (1:3) cement to sand. The UESP and TESP particles were added to the cement mortar mixture at different percentages of (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) wt% by total weight of mortar mix. The mixtures of cement mortar with ESP were mixed in the dry condition by hand first. Ordinary tap water was added to the cement mortar mixture with a ratio of 0.5 (water to cement), for all mortar samples. Details of mix proportions of the mortar are given in Table 1. The cement mortar specimens were cast using steel cubes molds of (50 50 50) mm and a disc of plastic of (35 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height). The samples were left for 24 h in the molds
3.1. Characterization of eggshell powder The XRD characterizations of the prepared UESP and TESP are shown in Fig. (3-a, and -b) respectively. These figures showed that the eggshell powder was composed of calcium carbonate, which revealed all diffraction peaks are matched to the crystalline calcite phase corresponds to JCPDS card no. (05-0586). The highest XRD diffraction peaks appear at 2h = 29.4° (1 0 4), 39.4° (1 1 3), 43.14° (2 0 2), 47.48° (0 1 8) and 48.51° (1 1 6). The diffraction peaks intensity of TESP XRD pattern somewhat increased from than UESP XRD pattern. This satisfies that more crystallization is obtained after the calcination process of the ESP. The SEM microstructure used to study the surface morphology of prepared ESP particles. The SEM micrographs of the UESP and TESP are illustrated in Figs. (4-a, and -b) respectively. It was found that the ESP, in both its types, composed generally of irregularly shaped particles with nearly uniform size feature ranges. The prepared ESP is chemically indexed by energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDX). Fig. (5-a, and -b) reveal the EDX analysis of UESP and TESP respectively. The EDX results show that the ESP consists of Ca, O, Mg, K, Si, with the presence of C of the state of TESP type. Appearing of carbon in the TESP EDX analysis is resulted in dissolving the organic compounds and impurities that might presence in ESP during the calcination process. The EDX analyses confirm that the ESP chemically consists of CaCO3. All these results are on par with previous reports [5,8,13]. 3.2. Water absorption of mortar samples The water absorption test was conducted on the cement mortar to provide useful information about the rate of water and moisture
Fig. 1. Particle size distribution result of prepared ESP.
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
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Fig. 2. The used eggshells (ES): (a) broken ES; (b) UESP; (c) TESP.
Table 1 Mix proportions of mortar samples. Mix
UESP (wt%)
TESP (wt%)
Sand (g)
Cement (g)
Water (ml)
M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8
– 5 10 15 20 – – – –
– – – – – 5 10 15 20
165 156.75 148.5 140.25 132 156.75 148.5 140.25 132
55 52.25 49.5 46.75 44 52.25 49.5 46.75 44
27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5
Fig. 3. XRD pattern of the ESP: (a) UESP; and (b) TESP.
migrations into the mortar pores inside the samples and possible connectivity between these pores [1,4]. Fig. 6 reveals a comparison of water absorption percentages between control mortar and mortar samples containing on different ESP. It has been noticed that the water absorption decreases with increasing contain each of UESP and TESP. This is related to that calcium carbonate can have both chemical and physical influences on the cement hydration process. Calcium carbonate is more effective to accelerate the formation of calcium silicate hydrated (C-S-H) gel by its reaction with calcium silicate (C3S) [14–16]. However, increasing the formation of C-S-H gel can be reasons for pore reduction, and thereby
decreased in water absorption. Furthermore, the small particle size of ESP can fill most of the pores in the cement mortar samples [14]. The sorption results also showed that the mortar samples containing on TESP exhibited low water absorption properties compared to samples with UESP. This is due to the calcination process of ESP increases the CaCO3 effectively by increasing its crystallinity, also with removing most of organic matter and impurities that can be existed in the ESP. The minimum percentage of water absorption was about (5.53%) at 15 wt% addition of TESP, reaching the rate of decreasing in values of water absorption by 30%.
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
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Fig. 4. SEM micrographs of the ESP: (a) UESP; and (b) TESP.
Fig. 5. EDX analysis of the ESP: (a) UESP; and (b) TESP.
3.3. Thermal conductivity of mortar samples
Fig. 6. Water absorption results for cement mortar containing different ESP.
The variation of thermal conductivity for the mortar samples with ESP addition is illustrated in Fig. 7. It was observed that the thermal conductivity is continuously decreased with increasing the ESP levels for both of UESP and TESP additions. The eggshell powder free sample exhibited a thermal conductivity of 1.05 W/m.K. This value was noticed to reduce with the increase of ESP addition in the mortar samples until a thermal conductivity of 0.65 W/m.K and 0.86 W/m.K were measured at 20 wt% additions of UESP and TESP respectively. This indicates that the ESP has a lower thermal conductivity than the mortar and that the improvement of thermal insulation of the samples. Furthermore, the addition of ESP reduces the amount of silica sand in the mortar mix by replacing part of sand with ESP during additions. Because the thermal conductivity of cement mortar is highly correlated with the amount of sand in mortar mixture. Hence, the sand reduction was found to increase the thermal conductivity and decrease the specific heat of mortar. These facts are agreed with previous researches [17,18]. Thermal conductivity results also showed that the mortar samples which contain on UESP have lower values of thermal
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
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Fig. 7. Thermal conductivity results for cement mortar containing different ESP.
conductivity than mortar with TESP. Thermal conductivity of cement mortar has decreased by about 40% and 18% at 20 wt% addition of UESP and TESP respectively. This is due to the TESP addition reduces the pores as presented in the water absorption test through its more reactive with cement mix than UESP. As known, the thermal conductivity has inversely proportionate with the materials, porosity [2,19,20].
composites could be done as the high activity particles which promote the pozzolanic reaction. This does produce more C-S-H gel that improves the mechanical properties at an early age [14,16]. The high additions of the eggshell waste powders to cement mortar reduces the compressive strength, and this agrees with other researchers [21,22]. However, the compressive strength of mortar samples increased to 29% over the control mortar at 15 wt% addition of TESP.
3.4. Compressive strength of mortar samples 3.5. Hardness of mortar samples One of the most important properties of building materials is the compressive strength. The effect each of UESP and TESP additions on the compressive strength of cement mortar is revealed in the Fig. 8. It can be shown that the compressive strength for all mortar samples increased with increasing UESP and TESP contains. The compressive strength of cement mortar samples with TESP additions was greater values than a mortar with UESP at the same weight ratio. The reason is that the major component of the ESP is the calcium carbonate (CaCO3). This aid to accelerate the hydration process of cement by reacting with C3S and form C-S-H, which leads to an increase in the strength accordingly [14,15]. Thereby the incorporation of CaCO3 in cementitious
The hardness values of cement mortar samples were measured by the shore D method. The final results of the hardness were recorded with an average of six measuring tests. Fig. 9 illustrated the hardness of mortar samples with different ESP ratio. The results exhibit that the values of hardness were slightly increased with increases in ESP percentages. The hardness of mortar samples increased by about 1% and 2.5% over the control mortar at 20 wt% addition of UESP and TESP respectively. Generally, the increase in hardness is due to the increase of CaCO3 constituent in the mortar leading to enhance of its resistance to external indentation [23,24]. Increase the hardness values may also come from the small particle
Fig. 8. Compressive strength results for cement mortar containing different ESP.
Fig. 9. Hardness results for cement mortar containing different ESP.
Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153
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size of the ESP. Because smaller particles have high activity and this can promote the pozzolanic reaction of cement mortar and increases the bond between cement and sand [25]. [9]
4. Conclusion [10]
The physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar are greatly enhanced with the addition of eggshell powder. The addition of TESP to the mortar mix gave better properties as compared to the UESP at the same weight ratio. The minimum percentage of water absorption was about 5.53% when addition 15 wt% of TESP, reaching the rate of decreasing water absorption values by 30%. UESP addition to cement mortar was lower thermal conductivity values much more than TESP additions. Thermal conductivity of cement mortar is decreased by about 40% and 18% when added 20 wt% of UESP and TESP respectively. The compressive strength of mortar samples increased about 29% over control mortar at 15 wt% addition of TESP. The hardness values of mortar samples are slightly increased with increasing ESP ratio, reaching the rate of increasing to 2.5% and 1% over the control mortar at 20 wt% addition of TESP and UESP respectively. Utilization of eggshell waste in the cement mortar mixture is an excellent substitution for material reuse and waste recycling practices. References
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Please cite this article as: H. A. Jaber, R. S. Mahdi and A. K. Hassan, Influence of eggshell powder on the Portland cement mortar properties, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.153