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Influence of electrolytic parameters in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes over Ti6Al4V
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Influence of electrolytic parameters in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes over Ti6Al4V Shashank Poddar a,⇑, Arindam Bit b, Sudip Kumar Sinha a a b
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur C.G. 492010, India Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur C.G. 492010, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 8 August 2019 Accepted 17 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Ti alloy Anodization Electrolytes Diameter Heat Treatment
a b s t r a c t Metallic biomaterials are widely used in the orthopaedic research field for bone fixation, prosthetic device as well as in dental applications. Titanium-based alloys are considered a suitable candidate for implant-based applications because of its specific material property. Among various materials explored, Ti6Al4V is a promising material which has been widely used for implant applications. Surface property of these alloys plays a major role in most of the applications. In this regard, modification of the surface by nanodesigning has been utilized to improve the surface properties of the titanium and its alloys for biomedical application. However, certain parameters are needed to control the surface morphology of the alloy. Thus, in order to get titania (TiO2) nanotubes arrays over the Ti6Al4V alloy different electrolytes has been used. In the present study, Ethylene glycol (EG) and Ethylene glycol and Distilled water (EGDW) with ammonium fluoride salt were used as electrolytes. Voltage was kept constant in both the electrolytes. Moreover, diameter of the formed nanotubes was found to be changed when anodization was done in two different electrolytes. Inner and outer diameter of the as-synthesized nanotubes when anodization carried out in ethylene glycol was found to be 43.3571 nm and 93.6288 nm respectively. Whereas inner and outer diameter of as developed nanotubes when anodizing was carried out in Ethylene glycol and Distilled water (EGDW) was found to be 33.8484 nm and 89.9901 nm respectively. Moreover, as-synthesized anodized samples were heat-treated at 450 °C for 3 h. The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and XRD to study the phase change and the tube diameter in the developed nanostructure. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Materials and Manufacturing Methods.
1. Introduction Ti and its alloys are the most common material in the field of biomedical implant application. Ti6Al4V is usually used in the biomedical field because of its unique properties such as corrosion, specific strength, light in weight, biocompatible as well as lower elastic moduli. All these properties make it more efficient metallic material in the field of medical sciences. Besides this, nanotube has applications in the field of electronics as DSSC as well as in the field of environmental science for photocatalytic activity [1,2]. In order to achieve good biological activeness, the surface of the titanium is nanotextured with the aid of the anodizing process. This process is suitable to make nanoporous structure over these Ti alloys which ⇑ Corresponding author.
has a great demand in orthopaedics for good osseointegration properties [2–4]. The implant should be modified to improve the surface property and to make it more compatible with the body fluids. Thus, the anodizing method has been proven to be an efficient way to modify the surface properties of Ti6Al4V. Additionally, it has been used in other applications like photocatalytic activity, DSS, etc [5]. Nanotube formation is categorized in three stages: the formation of oxide layer followed by pore initiation and finally ended up with the self-organized nanotubes growth. These three steps depend on various anodizing conditions. This anodizing condition includes electrolyte type, electrolytic salts (fluoride-based or chloride-based) or various other parameters related to electrochemical cell [6–8]. Nanotube growth can also be done with the template-assisted method as it gives nanotube arrays with uniformity throughout the surface. Morphology of the nanotube arrays can be improved or controlled by anodizing parameters which
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Poddar). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.125 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Materials and Manufacturing Methods.
Please cite this article as: S. Poddar, A. Bit and S. K. Sinha, Influence of electrolytic parameters in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes over Ti6Al4V, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.125
2
S. Poddar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 1 Tube Diameter (Inner and Outer). S No
Electrolyte
Inner Diameter (nm)
Outer Diameter (nm)
1 2
(EG) (EGDW)
43.3571 33.8484
93.6288 89.9901
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 2. XRD pattern of the Ti6Al4V and as deposited TiO2 nanotubes prepared in EG and EGDW.
are used for various cell treatments. Additionally, the modification in the morphology of the nanotubes greatly applicable in the field of biomedical sciences, electronics field as well as in tissue engineering [9]. According to previous research TiO2 nanotubes diameter plays an optimistic role in the behavior of cells in the matter regarding to implant applications. Additionally, this nanostructure provides better antibacterial properties which are needed for metallic implants in body fluids [10,11].
2. Methods and materials As received Ti6Al4V sheet was cut into 2 2 cm and were polished by sandpaper step by step. Polishing of Ti alloy was started from 120 grit size to 1200 grit size. The thickness of the sheet was around 0.8 mm. Moreover, the polished samples were ultrasonically cleaned in (Acetone, Ethanol and Distilled water solution) for 25 min to remove SiC particles which were embedded into the surface during polishing. To remove the barrier oxide layer, the samples were acidly etched in the mixture of HNO3: HF: H2O solution followed by air drying. Thus, in order to conduct an experiment in D.C circuit, anode and cathode were made Ti6Al4V and Platinum respectively. The voltage was kept constant at 20 V in both the electrolytes and time duration was 185 min .Electrolyte comprised of 0.6 wt% Ammonium fluoride salt and the electrolyte was chosen as Ethylene Glycol (EG) and Ethylene Glycol + Distilled Water (EGDW) [1]. Samples were characterized by X-ray (PANAlytical, X’pert powder) with Cu Ka radiation (k = 0.154 nm) and Electron microscopy (SEM: Ziess EVO 18, Germany) (See Fig. 1).
Anodization was carried out over Ti6Al4V alloy which is typically a Grade V alloy and it is considered as a superior biomaterial for implant-based applications. Diameter of the as-synthesized nanotubes has been studied with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, phase change in the structure was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. From previous literature it has been found that electrolytic parameter plays a major role in the formation of nanotube diameter. In the present investigation, samples were synthesized in two different electrolytes i.e. EG and EGDW. The inner and outer diameter was 43.3571 nm and 93.6288 nm has been calculated for the tubes anodized in the EG only. Whereas, inner and outer diameter was 33.8484 nm and 89.9901 nm has been measured for the tubes anodized in the EGDW only (See Table 1). In anodization, field enhanced oxidation and field enhanced oxide dissolution is the contributing factor to decide the pore structure and its formation. Moreover, these two processes govern the oxide layer interface [12]. Addition of water increases the fluidity of the glycol by decreasing the viscosity of the solution moreover affects the diameter of the tubes. Eventually, it increases the ionic migration of fluoride ions in the solution. In addition, water act as a function of pore initiation moreover, affects the ionic movement in electrolyte [13,14]. The confirmation of TiO2 nanotubes has been done with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis. In the present study, the value of 2 theta for the anatase phase has been confirmed which is shown in Fig. 2. Hence, it indicates titania nanostructure is anatase which is one of the titania phases. 4. Conclusions In order to get nanotubes of TiO2, anodization method has been used which is an economical way to produce nanotube structure over Ti and its related alloys. Thus, different electrolytic conditions were used to see the change in the morphology which depends on the anodizing condition in which electrolytic parameter is one of them. It is easy to understand that anodizing parameter plays a crucial role in the pore opening and initiation which directly affects the nanotube morphology. The detailed illustration of the role of water and its ions is not been specified in details. Thus, TiO2 nanotubes obtained in different electrolytes at the same voltage gives different inner and outer diameter. Hence, the results obtained when anodization carried in EG only was 43.3571 nm and
Fig. 1. (a) SEM images of TiO2 prepared in EG electrolyte (b) represent SEM images of TiO2 nanotubes prepared in EGDW.
Please cite this article as: S. Poddar, A. Bit and S. K. Sinha, Influence of electrolytic parameters in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes over Ti6Al4V, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.125
S. Poddar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
93.6288 nm respectively whereas with EGDW nanotube inner and outer diameter was 33.8484 nm and 89.9901 nm respectively. With this result, it can be concluded that the electrolytic parameter affects the morphology of the nanostructure. Finally, a crystalline TiO2 morphology evolves once the as-deposited samples are heat-treated at 450C for 3 hr.
References [1] D. Regonini, F.J. Clemens, Anodized TiO 2 Nanotubes : Effect of anodizing time on fi lm length, morphology and photoelectrochemical properties 142 (2015) 97–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.11.145. [2] C. Charlena, T. Kemala, A. Wulanawati, Utilization of Electrolyte Solution in Nanotube Formation on Ti-6Al-4V Metal Alloy, Indones. J. Fundam. Appl. Chem. 3 (2018) 01–06, https://doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v3.i1.01. [3] L.Z. Liu, W. Xu, X.L. Wu, Y.Y. Zhang, T.H. Chen, P.K. Chu, Electronic states and photoluminescence of TiO2nanotubes with adsorbed surface oxygen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3695167. [4] S.B. Goodman, Z. Yao, M. Keeney, F. Yang, Biomaterials The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants, Biomaterials. 34 (2013) 3174–3183, https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074. [5] K. Gibran, M. Ibadurrahman, Slamet, Effect of electrolyte type on the morphology and crystallinity of TiO2 nanotubes from Ti-6Al-4V anodization, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 105 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1088/17551315/105/1/012038.
3
[6] G. Strnad, C. Petrovan, O. Russu, L. Jakab-Farkas, TiO2 nanostructured surfaces for biomedical applications developed by electrochemical anodization, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 161 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/161/ 1/012051. [7] H. Omidvar, S. Goodarzi, A. Seif, A.R. Azadmehr, Influence of anodization parameters on the morphology of TiO2 nanotube arrays, Superlattices Microstruct. 50 (2011) 26–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2011.04.006. [8] J. Kim, B. Kim, C. Oh, J. Ryu, H. Kim, E. Park, K. No, S. Hong, Effects of NH4F and distilled water on structure of pores in TiO2nanotube arrays, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 4–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30668-3. [9] M. Mansoorianfar, M. Tavoosi, R. Mozafarinia, A. Ghasemi, A. Doostmohammadi, Preparation and characterization of TiO2 nanotube arrays on Ti6Al4V surface for enhancement of cell treatment, Surf. Coatings Technol. 321 (2017) 409–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.016. [10] C. Dumitriu, M. Popescu, C. Ungureanu, C. Pirvu, Applied Surface Science Antibacterial efficiencies of TiO 2 nanostructured layers prepared in organic viscous, electrolytes 341 (2015) 157–165. [11] E. Elizabeth, G. Baranwal, Titanium nanostructures for biomedical applications (2015), https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/6/062002. [12] D. Gong, C.A. Grimes, O.K. Varghese, W. Hu, R.S. Singh, Z. Chen, E.C. Dickey, Titanium oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation, J. Mater. Res. 16 (2001) 3331–3334, https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0457. [13] Y. Sun, Q. Zhao, G. Wang, K. Yan, Influence of water content on the formation of TiO2 nanotubes and photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation, J. Alloys Compd. 711 (2017) 514–520, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.03.007. [14] W. Wei, S. Berger, N. Shrestha, P. Schmuki, Ideal Hexagonal Order: Formation of Self-Organized Anodic Oxide Nanotubes and Nanopores on a Ti–35Ta Alloy, J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 (2010) C409, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3490424.
Please cite this article as: S. Poddar, A. Bit and S. K. Sinha, Influence of electrolytic parameters in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes over Ti6Al4V, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.125
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Materials Today: Proceedings journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr
Influence of electrolytic parameters in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes over Ti6Al4V Shashank Poddar a,⇑, Arindam Bit b, Sudip Kumar Sinha a a b
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur C.G. 492010, India Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur C.G. 492010, India
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 8 August 2019 Accepted 17 September 2019 Available online xxxx Keywords: Ti alloy Anodization Electrolytes Diameter Heat Treatment
a b s t r a c t Metallic biomaterials are widely used in the orthopaedic research field for bone fixation, prosthetic device as well as in dental applications. Titanium-based alloys are considered a suitable candidate for implant-based applications because of its specific material property. Among various materials explored, Ti6Al4V is a promising material which has been widely used for implant applications. Surface property of these alloys plays a major role in most of the applications. In this regard, modification of the surface by nanodesigning has been utilized to improve the surface properties of the titanium and its alloys for biomedical application. However, certain parameters are needed to control the surface morphology of the alloy. Thus, in order to get titania (TiO2) nanotubes arrays over the Ti6Al4V alloy different electrolytes has been used. In the present study, Ethylene glycol (EG) and Ethylene glycol and Distilled water (EGDW) with ammonium fluoride salt were used as electrolytes. Voltage was kept constant in both the electrolytes. Moreover, diameter of the formed nanotubes was found to be changed when anodization was done in two different electrolytes. Inner and outer diameter of the as-synthesized nanotubes when anodization carried out in ethylene glycol was found to be 43.3571 nm and 93.6288 nm respectively. Whereas inner and outer diameter of as developed nanotubes when anodizing was carried out in Ethylene glycol and Distilled water (EGDW) was found to be 33.8484 nm and 89.9901 nm respectively. Moreover, as-synthesized anodized samples were heat-treated at 450 °C for 3 h. The prepared samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and XRD to study the phase change and the tube diameter in the developed nanostructure. Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Materials and Manufacturing Methods.
1. Introduction Ti and its alloys are the most common material in the field of biomedical implant application. Ti6Al4V is usually used in the biomedical field because of its unique properties such as corrosion, specific strength, light in weight, biocompatible as well as lower elastic moduli. All these properties make it more efficient metallic material in the field of medical sciences. Besides this, nanotube has applications in the field of electronics as DSSC as well as in the field of environmental science for photocatalytic activity [1,2]. In order to achieve good biological activeness, the surface of the titanium is nanotextured with the aid of the anodizing process. This process is suitable to make nanoporous structure over these Ti alloys which ⇑ Corresponding author.
has a great demand in orthopaedics for good osseointegration properties [2–4]. The implant should be modified to improve the surface property and to make it more compatible with the body fluids. Thus, the anodizing method has been proven to be an efficient way to modify the surface properties of Ti6Al4V. Additionally, it has been used in other applications like photocatalytic activity, DSS, etc [5]. Nanotube formation is categorized in three stages: the formation of oxide layer followed by pore initiation and finally ended up with the self-organized nanotubes growth. These three steps depend on various anodizing conditions. This anodizing condition includes electrolyte type, electrolytic salts (fluoride-based or chloride-based) or various other parameters related to electrochemical cell [6–8]. Nanotube growth can also be done with the template-assisted method as it gives nanotube arrays with uniformity throughout the surface. Morphology of the nanotube arrays can be improved or controlled by anodizing parameters which
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Poddar). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.125 2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference on Materials and Manufacturing Methods.
Please cite this article as: S. Poddar, A. Bit and S. K. Sinha, Influence of electrolytic parameters in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes over Ti6Al4V, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.125
2
S. Poddar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx Table 1 Tube Diameter (Inner and Outer). S No
Electrolyte
Inner Diameter (nm)
Outer Diameter (nm)
1 2
(EG) (EGDW)
43.3571 33.8484
93.6288 89.9901
3. Results and discussion
Fig. 2. XRD pattern of the Ti6Al4V and as deposited TiO2 nanotubes prepared in EG and EGDW.
are used for various cell treatments. Additionally, the modification in the morphology of the nanotubes greatly applicable in the field of biomedical sciences, electronics field as well as in tissue engineering [9]. According to previous research TiO2 nanotubes diameter plays an optimistic role in the behavior of cells in the matter regarding to implant applications. Additionally, this nanostructure provides better antibacterial properties which are needed for metallic implants in body fluids [10,11].
2. Methods and materials As received Ti6Al4V sheet was cut into 2 2 cm and were polished by sandpaper step by step. Polishing of Ti alloy was started from 120 grit size to 1200 grit size. The thickness of the sheet was around 0.8 mm. Moreover, the polished samples were ultrasonically cleaned in (Acetone, Ethanol and Distilled water solution) for 25 min to remove SiC particles which were embedded into the surface during polishing. To remove the barrier oxide layer, the samples were acidly etched in the mixture of HNO3: HF: H2O solution followed by air drying. Thus, in order to conduct an experiment in D.C circuit, anode and cathode were made Ti6Al4V and Platinum respectively. The voltage was kept constant at 20 V in both the electrolytes and time duration was 185 min .Electrolyte comprised of 0.6 wt% Ammonium fluoride salt and the electrolyte was chosen as Ethylene Glycol (EG) and Ethylene Glycol + Distilled Water (EGDW) [1]. Samples were characterized by X-ray (PANAlytical, X’pert powder) with Cu Ka radiation (k = 0.154 nm) and Electron microscopy (SEM: Ziess EVO 18, Germany) (See Fig. 1).
Anodization was carried out over Ti6Al4V alloy which is typically a Grade V alloy and it is considered as a superior biomaterial for implant-based applications. Diameter of the as-synthesized nanotubes has been studied with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, phase change in the structure was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis. From previous literature it has been found that electrolytic parameter plays a major role in the formation of nanotube diameter. In the present investigation, samples were synthesized in two different electrolytes i.e. EG and EGDW. The inner and outer diameter was 43.3571 nm and 93.6288 nm has been calculated for the tubes anodized in the EG only. Whereas, inner and outer diameter was 33.8484 nm and 89.9901 nm has been measured for the tubes anodized in the EGDW only (See Table 1). In anodization, field enhanced oxidation and field enhanced oxide dissolution is the contributing factor to decide the pore structure and its formation. Moreover, these two processes govern the oxide layer interface [12]. Addition of water increases the fluidity of the glycol by decreasing the viscosity of the solution moreover affects the diameter of the tubes. Eventually, it increases the ionic migration of fluoride ions in the solution. In addition, water act as a function of pore initiation moreover, affects the ionic movement in electrolyte [13,14]. The confirmation of TiO2 nanotubes has been done with the help of X-ray diffraction analysis. In the present study, the value of 2 theta for the anatase phase has been confirmed which is shown in Fig. 2. Hence, it indicates titania nanostructure is anatase which is one of the titania phases. 4. Conclusions In order to get nanotubes of TiO2, anodization method has been used which is an economical way to produce nanotube structure over Ti and its related alloys. Thus, different electrolytic conditions were used to see the change in the morphology which depends on the anodizing condition in which electrolytic parameter is one of them. It is easy to understand that anodizing parameter plays a crucial role in the pore opening and initiation which directly affects the nanotube morphology. The detailed illustration of the role of water and its ions is not been specified in details. Thus, TiO2 nanotubes obtained in different electrolytes at the same voltage gives different inner and outer diameter. Hence, the results obtained when anodization carried in EG only was 43.3571 nm and
Fig. 1. (a) SEM images of TiO2 prepared in EG electrolyte (b) represent SEM images of TiO2 nanotubes prepared in EGDW.
Please cite this article as: S. Poddar, A. Bit and S. K. Sinha, Influence of electrolytic parameters in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes over Ti6Al4V, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.125
S. Poddar et al. / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
93.6288 nm respectively whereas with EGDW nanotube inner and outer diameter was 33.8484 nm and 89.9901 nm respectively. With this result, it can be concluded that the electrolytic parameter affects the morphology of the nanostructure. Finally, a crystalline TiO2 morphology evolves once the as-deposited samples are heat-treated at 450C for 3 hr.
References [1] D. Regonini, F.J. Clemens, Anodized TiO 2 Nanotubes : Effect of anodizing time on fi lm length, morphology and photoelectrochemical properties 142 (2015) 97–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2014.11.145. [2] C. Charlena, T. Kemala, A. Wulanawati, Utilization of Electrolyte Solution in Nanotube Formation on Ti-6Al-4V Metal Alloy, Indones. J. Fundam. Appl. Chem. 3 (2018) 01–06, https://doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v3.i1.01. [3] L.Z. Liu, W. Xu, X.L. Wu, Y.Y. Zhang, T.H. Chen, P.K. Chu, Electronic states and photoluminescence of TiO2nanotubes with adsorbed surface oxygen, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3695167. [4] S.B. Goodman, Z. Yao, M. Keeney, F. Yang, Biomaterials The future of biologic coatings for orthopaedic implants, Biomaterials. 34 (2013) 3174–3183, https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.074. [5] K. Gibran, M. Ibadurrahman, Slamet, Effect of electrolyte type on the morphology and crystallinity of TiO2 nanotubes from Ti-6Al-4V anodization, IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 105 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1088/17551315/105/1/012038.
3
[6] G. Strnad, C. Petrovan, O. Russu, L. Jakab-Farkas, TiO2 nanostructured surfaces for biomedical applications developed by electrochemical anodization, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 161 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/161/ 1/012051. [7] H. Omidvar, S. Goodarzi, A. Seif, A.R. Azadmehr, Influence of anodization parameters on the morphology of TiO2 nanotube arrays, Superlattices Microstruct. 50 (2011) 26–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2011.04.006. [8] J. Kim, B. Kim, C. Oh, J. Ryu, H. Kim, E. Park, K. No, S. Hong, Effects of NH4F and distilled water on structure of pores in TiO2nanotube arrays, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 4–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30668-3. [9] M. Mansoorianfar, M. Tavoosi, R. Mozafarinia, A. Ghasemi, A. Doostmohammadi, Preparation and characterization of TiO2 nanotube arrays on Ti6Al4V surface for enhancement of cell treatment, Surf. Coatings Technol. 321 (2017) 409–415, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2017.05.016. [10] C. Dumitriu, M. Popescu, C. Ungureanu, C. Pirvu, Applied Surface Science Antibacterial efficiencies of TiO 2 nanostructured layers prepared in organic viscous, electrolytes 341 (2015) 157–165. [11] E. Elizabeth, G. Baranwal, Titanium nanostructures for biomedical applications (2015), https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/26/6/062002. [12] D. Gong, C.A. Grimes, O.K. Varghese, W. Hu, R.S. Singh, Z. Chen, E.C. Dickey, Titanium oxide nanotube arrays prepared by anodic oxidation, J. Mater. Res. 16 (2001) 3331–3334, https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0457. [13] Y. Sun, Q. Zhao, G. Wang, K. Yan, Influence of water content on the formation of TiO2 nanotubes and photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation, J. Alloys Compd. 711 (2017) 514–520, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.03.007. [14] W. Wei, S. Berger, N. Shrestha, P. Schmuki, Ideal Hexagonal Order: Formation of Self-Organized Anodic Oxide Nanotubes and Nanopores on a Ti–35Ta Alloy, J. Electrochem. Soc. 157 (2010) C409, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3490424.
Please cite this article as: S. Poddar, A. Bit and S. K. Sinha, Influence of electrolytic parameters in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes over Ti6Al4V, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.09.125