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Influence of nine dwarfing apple rootstocks on vigour and productivity of apple cultivar ‘Granny Smith’
Scientia Horticulturae 129 (2011) 742–746
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Influence of nine dwarfing apple rootstocks on vigour and productivity of apple cultivar ‘Granny Smith’ V. Gjamovski a,∗ , M. Kiprijanovski b a b
UKIM Institute of Agriculture-Skopje, bvd. Aleksandar Makedonski bb, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia UKIM Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, bvd. Edvard Kardelj bb, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 23 February 2011 Received in revised form 18 April 2011 Accepted 30 May 2011 Keywords: Apple Rootstock evaluation Tree growth Yield Yield efficiency
a b s t r a c t The influence of nine dwarf apple rootstocks (M.9 T 984, M.9 T 337, Jork 9, Mark 9, Budagowski 9, M.9 EMLA, Pajam 1, Pajam 2, and Supporter 4) on the vegetative characteristics, yield and yield efficiency, was evaluated on ‘Granny Smith’ apple variety (Malus domestica Borkh.). The experimental orchard was established in 2004, with a planting distance 3.5 m × 1.5 m, in Prespa region (Resen, R. Macedonia). The study has been performed during three consecutive years (2008–2010). The following characteristics were investigated: trunk cross section area, volume of the tree crown and tree crown area, leaf area, yield and yield efficiency. In general, it can be concluded that the effect of different rootstocks on most of the analyzed parameters was variable. The growth vigour of the trees grafted on Supporter 4, Jork 9, M.9 EMLA and Pajam 2 (Cepiland) was somewhat larger than the growth vigour of those on Mark 9, M.9 T 337, Pajam 1 (Lancep) and M.9 T 984. Trees grafted on Budagowski 9 have the lowest growth vigour. Rootstock Supporter 4 is semi-vigorous and the grafted trees had low yield efficiency compared to other evaluated rootstocks. The highest yield efficiency was observed at Pajam 1, Budagowski 9, M9 T 984 and Mark 9. The following rootstocks are recommended for growing in commercial plantations: M.9 EMLA and Pajam 2, as well as M9 T 337 and Pajam 1 for higher density orchards. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The importance of rootstocks is more and more widely recognized. Rootstock influence on vigour and yield productivity is equal to the influence of the grafted scions. The limitations and strengths of each rootstock must be evaluated in order to choose the rootstock that shows best characteristics in specific conditions, which means that there is no perfect rootstock. One of the most important rootstock requirements is their capacity to control tree vigour and allow high-density planting (Wertheim et al., 1989). Also, the rootstock is the most important factor influencing the profitability of fruit growing. It offers flexible and, often, the cheapest methods of tree vigour control (Webster, 1993). Rootstocks which control the size of trees are economically important for high density apple orchards that produce larger fruits and more fruits per hectare (Autio et al., 2000; Tworkoski and Miller, 2007; Webster and Wertheim, 2003).
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +389 2 3230910; fax: +389 2 3114283. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (V. Gjamovski), [email protected] (M. Kiprijanovski). 0304-4238/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.032
Currently, the greatest interest in tree size control is the use of rootstock that produces trees near the size of M.9 (Crassweller et al., 2001). Over the last 20 years new selection of M.9 has been made and developed in many countries (Webster, 2001). Pajam 1 and Pajam 2 were selected in France (Masseron, 1986). Rootstocks Jork 9 (Faby et al., 1986), Burmenger 984 (Baab, 1998) and Supporter 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Fischer, 1997) were promoted in Germany. A clone such as NAKB T 337 has been propagated in the Netherlands (Kosina, 2002). On the other hand, rootstock can affect the productivity and lifetime of the orchards. Modern orchards are established on dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks. Rootstock M.9 has become most dominant for apples because of its suitability for high-density plantings (Wertheim, 1997). At present, more than 25 sub-clones of M.9 are bred in Europe (Kosina, 2010). These clones were tested in different climatic and soil conditions. In R. of Macedonia apple is leading fruit species. Most of the orchards are planted on semi-dwarf rootstocks such as MM 106 (Kiprijanovski et al., 2009). In order to intensify the production there is a need of using the dwarfing rootstocks which produce trees near the size of M.9. In 2002 we introduced nine dwarfing rootstocks in order to investigate their behaviour in specific ecological conditions.
V. Gjamovski, M. Kiprijanovski / Scientia Horticulturae 129 (2011) 742–746
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Plant growing conditions
8.00
Diameter (cm)
The aim of this work was to test some dwarf apple rootstocks under the agro-ecological conditions in Prespa region, the biggest apple production region in R. of Macedonia, and to study their influence on tree growth and productivity.
743
7.00
M.9 T 984
6.00
M.9 T 337 Jork 9
5.00
Mark 9
4.00
Budagowski 9
3.00
M.9 EMLA Pajam 1
2.00
Pajam 2
1.00
Supporter 4
0.00
The research was carried out in experimental orchard located in the South-Western part of the R. of Macedonia (Region of lake Prespa). Agroclimatic conditions registered in the area during research period are shown in Table 1. Accordingly, the WRB classification soil is Dystric Fluvisol. Detailed soil characteristics are given in Tables 2 and 3. According to Scheffer’s and Schachtschabel’s classification, the soil is a texture class clay loamy soil, which is characterized with a very suitable soil texture. The rootstocks M.9 T 984, M.9 T 337, Jork 9, Mark 9, Budagowski 9, M.9 EMLA, Pajam 1, Pajam 2 and Supporter 4 were evaluated using scion cultivar ‘Granny Smith’. Trees have been planted in 2004 at a spacing 3.5 m × 1.5 m and were accustomed to slender spindle system. The experiment has been arranged in randomized block design with four replications of five trees per plot. Orchard is equipped with drip irrigation system. 2.2. Growth measurements and yield The study was carried out in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Dynamics of diameter growth of the trunk were followed since the establishment of the orchard. Each year the trunk diameter (20 cm above graft union), tree height, spread into and along the tree row were measured during dormant season. Trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), tree canopy volume (TCV) using cone formulae (Wertheim et al., 1989) and crown area (CA) were calculated from those measurements. Yield per tree and cumulative yield per tree were computed from the harvest data. Yield efficiency was calculated as kg/cm2 TCSA, kg/m3 TCV and as kg/m2 CA. 2.3. Leaf area measurements Leaf area was calculated based on the model tree of each rootstock in each replication. Every 10th leaf from each tree was collected and scanned for estimating the leaf area in laboratory, using ImageJ software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). Total leaf area per tree was calculated out of 10% of collected leaves. Also, yield efficiency was calculated as kg/m2 leaf area (LA). 2.4. Statistical analyses The differences between rootstocks were evaluated by ANOVA analysis through General Linear Model procedure. After GLM analyses, post hoc comparison of means was calculated by LSD. Results were expressed at the P < 0.05 level of significance. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Tree growth Data for growth dynamic of trunk diameter for period from planting until 7th growing season are shown in Fig. 1. At planting, all rootstocks except Supporter 4, have similar trunk diameter. Lower value for the trunk diameter of the trees on Supporter 4, in the first years, appears because of poor development of the nursery trees. During establishment of the rootstock in the nursery from all evaluated rootstocks, those from Supporter 4 have
At 1st planting
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Vegetation
Fig. 1. Growth dynamic of trunk diameter.
lowest diameter and poorest development (data not shown). This explains slower adaptation of the trees on Supporter 4 and slower incensement of trunk diameter of the trees in the first years. The same rootstock at the end of 7th growing season has the highest mean values for trunk diameter compared to the other evaluated rootstocks. Among the tested rootstocks, Supporter 4 has the highest value for TCSA, followed by M.9 EMLA, Pajam 2 and Jork 9. The lowest mean values for TCSA at the end of 7th vegetation were observed at Budagowski 9 and statistically significant difference has been observed in comparison to the other rootstocks, besides Pajam 1 (Table 4). Trees grafted on Jork 9 and Supporter 4 have the greatest TCV and CA and the values were statistically different from M.9 T 337, Pajam 1, Mark 9, M.9 T 984 and Budagowski 9 which have the lowest values for those parameters (Table 5). Trees on M.9 EMLA and Pajam 2 have high value for TCV and CA without statistical difference for those on Jork 9 and Supporter 4. The scion cultivar ‘Granny Smith’ had the largest trees on Supporter 4, M.9 EMLA, Jork 9 and Pajam 2. According to Fischer (2001), Supporter 4 is the semi-dwarf rootstock with a growing capacity similar to M.26. Although the trees on Supporter 4, in our experiment, are characterized with the largest vigorousness, statistically, they do not differ with respect to the trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks M.9 EMLA, Jork 9 and Pajam 2. On the other hand, Pajam 2 (Cepiland) is the most vigorous subclone of M.9, from a range of tested types (Hirst, 2001; Wertheim, 1990, 1997). As it was previously mentioned, M.9 EMLA is more vigorous rootstock than M.9 T 337 and Pajam 1 (Czynczyk et al., 2001; Loreti et al., 2001). This is confirmed in our study. According to Perry and Byler (2001), the apple variety ‘Gala’ has the highest TCSA on the M.9 EMLA rootstock, statistically significantly different respective to the M.9 T 984, Budagowski 9 and Mark 9, which had almost the same values for this parameter. The Russian rootstock Budagowski 9 in our study was less vigorous than other evaluated rootstocks. These results are not corresponding with the previous studies in which vigorous of this rootstock is in between M.9 and M.26 (Wertheim, 1988; Ystaas et al., 1997). This rootstock has been selected in the northern region with cold climate as a rootstock tolerant to low temperature (Budagowski, 1957). Our research has been performed in semiarid conditions with warmer climate where this rootstock, probably has problem with adaptation and gives low vigorous trees. Takács (2009) points out the lower vigorousness of the trees grafted on Budagowski 9 compared to the trees grafted on M.9 T 337, M.9 T 984 and Jork 9. 3.2. Leaf area Leaf area data of trees are shown in Table 6. Trees grafted on Jork 9, Pajam 2 and M.9 EMLA have the highest leaf area per tree and
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V. Gjamovski, M. Kiprijanovski / Scientia Horticulturae 129 (2011) 742–746
Table 1 Agroclimatic conditions registered along the study (2008–2010). Parameter
Month
Mean air temperature (◦ C) Sum of Rainfalls (mm) Mean air humidity (%)
Year
I
II
2.3 69.4 76
2.8 66.4 67
III
IV
V
6.0 59.3 66
10.5 68.5 64
15.3 60.7 66
VI
VII
18.6 45.4 65
21.3 21.4 60
VIII 22.5 37.0 57
IX
X
16.5 71.6 67
XI
11.7 98.9 74
Veg.
XII
7.8 74.3 73
8.9 124.9 73
12.0 797.8 65
17.4 403.5 65
Table 2 Soil fertility in the experimental orchard. Depth (cm)
CaCO3 , %
Humus, %
0–20 20–40 40–60
1.43 0 0
2.74 2.12 1.56
pH
Total
P2 O5
H2 O
KCl
N, %
mg/100 g
7.2 7 6.3
6.8 6.5 5.6
0.14 0.12 0.09
47.56 36.59 30.20
K2 O
59.07 49.42 41.70
Table 3 Soil texture (%). Depth (cm)
Coarse send
Fine sand
Coarse + fine sand
Silt
Clay
Silt + Clay
0–20 20–40 40–60
11.8 10.3 10.0
36.0 34.1 34.3
47.8 44.4 44.3
34.5 35.6 35.8
17.7 20.0 19.9
52.2 55.6 55.7
5th
6th
Table 4 Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of ‘Granny Smith’ grafted on different rootstocks. Rootstock
TCSA (cm2 ) At planting
M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4 F value R squared
2.48ab 2.25ab 2.39ab 2.24ab 2.20ab 2.70a 2.17ab 2.04b 1.22c 125.904 0.926
1st
2nd
3.10c 3.47abc 3.39abc 3.48abc 2.98c 3.82a 3.12bc 3.80ab 2.24d 176.269 0.946
3rd
5.97ab 5.96ab 5.82ab 6.11ab 4.66c 6.43a 5.26bc 6.49a 6.53a 279.705 0.965
4th
9.92abc 8.96bc 9.87abc 11.31a 8.05c 10.92ab 10.04abc 10.98ab 10.65ab 185.216 0.949
12.12cd 13.14bcd 14.20abc 14.78abc 10.45d 14.38ab 12.17cd 17.21a 14.51abc
16.22bcd 15.85cd 20.09abc 17.80bcd 13.65d 19.03abc 16.55bcd 20.18ab 22.36a
163.300 0.943
142.389 0.935
7th
21.86bc 21.94bc 25.06ab 23.13bc 17.86c 29.98a 20.23bc 29.02a 30.67a
25.09cde 25.41cde 29.46abcd 26.95bcd 19.29e 32.37ab 23.35de 31.44abc 35.15a
137.630 0.933
139.989 0.936
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
there is statistically significant difference in the trees grafted on Pajam 1 and Budagowski 9. Trees grafted on other rootstock have similar leaf area and did not show any significant differences with other rootstocks. Generally, trees with high vigour have large leaf area.
Table 6 Leaf area (LA) of ‘Granny Smith’ grafted on different rootstocks (m2 ).
Table 5 Crown parameters of the trees at the end of 7th vegetation. Rootstock M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4 F value R squared
Tree canopy volume (m3 ) 1.01c 1.25bc 2.08a 1.12bc 0.86c 1.67ab 1.16bc 1.66ab 1.94a 57.083 0.854
Crown area (m2 ) 1.32bc 1.49bc 2.06a 1.39bc 1.12c 1.91a 1.43bc 1.71ab 1.92a
Jackson (1997) points out that the leaf area of the tree largely depends on the variety. According to James and Middlenton (2001), the rootstock indirectly influences the leaf area through decrease of the volume of the crown. In our research the values for leaf area are related to the values of tree size. Trees with high value for tree
Utilization of space (%) 51.60 58.27 80.82 54.49 43.88 74.89 55.89 67.09 75.21
123.977 0.928
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
Rootstock
M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4 F value R squared
Year
Mean
2008
2009
2010
2.60 2.61 3.07 2.25 2.04 2.63 2.10 2.76 2.76
2.38 3.16 3.60 2.67 1.79 2.78 2.60 3.40 2.92
2.84 3.18 2.68 2.62 1.97 3.63 2.67 2.99 3.11
2.61abc 2.99abc 3.12a 2.51bc 1.93d 3.02ab 2.46cd 3.05ab 2.93abc 202.808 0.944
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
Cumulative
2008
2009
2010
17.52 19.45 20.49 20.02 16.41 22.55 20.27 20.72 21.11
22.47 24.17 23.21 22.17 21.96 24.30 21.82 21.25 23.04
13.00 14.95 18.34 14.86 10.03 20.15 17.52 20.63 15.32
F value R squared
yield 53.00bc 58.57ab 62.03a 57.05ab 48.40c 67.00a 59.60ab 62.61a 59.46ab 267.551 0.964
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
crown have highest value for leaf area. Trees grafted on less vigorous rootstocks have a smaller leaf area. Similar conclusions have been made by Taylor et al. (2001), according to which, there is a tendency of decreasing of the leaf area during the use of less vigorous rootstocks.
1.4
745
a
1.2
y = -0.0363x + 1.7618 R2 = 0.6224
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 10
15
20
25
30
35
40
TCSA
3
M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4
Year
Yield efficiency (kg/m )
Rootstock
2
Table 7 Yield and cumulative yield per tree (kg).
Yield efficiency (kg/cm )
V. Gjamovski, M. Kiprijanovski / Scientia Horticulturae 129 (2011) 742–746
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
b
0
y = -12.438x + 34.248 R2 = 0.6848
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
* different rootstocks are indicated with different markers
Fig. 2. The relationships of tree size (TCSA (a) and TCV (b)) and yield efficiency at ‘Granny Smith’ on nine different rootstocks.
3.3. Yield and yield efficiency The highest yield per tree was obtained in 2009 (Table 7). The highest cumulative yield was observed at M.9 EMLA rootstock. High yielding trees were also on Pajam 2, Jork 9 and Pajam 1. Callesen (1997) reports the high productivity of Jork 9 rootstock. The lowest cumulative yield was observed on Budagowski 9 (Table 7). Trees with low growth vigour (Budagowski 9, M.9 T 984) exhibited the poorest total yields. There was no significant difference in cumulative yield among rootstocks except between M.9 EMLA, Jork 9 and M.9 T 984, Budagowski 9. A number of researches on different combinations of variety/rootstock indicated that the increase of the vigorousness of the tree increases the cumulative yield (Wertheim et al., 1989; Barritt et al., 1995, 1996; Ferree et al., 1995; Kosina, 2002; McAfee and Rom, 2003). Ystaas et al. (1997) point out that the rootstock, aside from the influence on the vigorousness and precocity, also has a strong influence on the yield. The yield efficiency is a complex index which includes the vegetative growth of the tree and its productivity (Uselis, 2006). The best yield efficiency (Yield/TCSA) was found on Pajam 1 but it did not significantly differ from Budagowski 9, M.9 T 337, Mark 9, M.9 T 984, M.9 EMLA and Jork 9. Previous publication (Czynczyk et al., 2001; Autio, 2001) indicates the high yield efficiency on Budagowski 9 and Mark 9. In contrast, the lowest yield efficiency
(Yield/TCSA) was found on Supporter 4 although it did not differ from Pajam 2, M.9 EMLA and Jork 9 (Table 8). This is probably due to their high vigour and high TCSA. Rootstocks Pajam 2, Jork 9 and M.9 EMLA, ranked by their yield efficiency per TCSA, confirmed by Hirst (2001) and Wertheim (1990, 1997) initiated a more intensive vegetative growth of the trees. Data for yield efficiency (Yield/TCV and Yield/CA) are also given in Table 8. Following these parameters, trees grafted on Budagowski 9 and Mark 9 have best yield efficiency while the trees on Supporter 4 and Jork 9 have the lowest one. Trees on Budagowski 9, concerning yield efficiency expressed as Yield/LA, have the highest value and the lowest value was found at trees grafted on Pajam 2 (Table 8). In this experiment, evaluated rootstocks show that how vigour is decreasing and the yield efficiency is increasing. Barritt et al. (1997) reported that cumulative yield efficiency showed a linear decline as tree size increased for more apple rootstocks. This is confirmed in our researches where strong negative correlations between tree size and yield efficiency were registered (Fig. 2a and b).
Table 8 Yield efficiency of ‘Granny Smith’ grafted on different rootstocks, average 5th–7th leafs. Rootstock M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4 F value R squared
3
TCV
Yield/TSCA (kg/cm2 ) 0.88ab 0.97ab 0.86abc 0.88ab 0.98ab 0.87abc 1.02a 0.81bc 0.71c 217.456 0.881
Yield/TCV (kg/m3 ) 19.45abc 22.77ab 17.99bc 26.08a 27.05a 21.01abc 24.20a 20.51abc 15.41c 119.168 0.802
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
Yield/CA (kg/m2 ) 12.98bcd 14.02abc 11.73cd 16.17a 15.37ab 13.44bcd 15.05ab 14.07abc 11.41d 238.844 0.891
Yield/LA (kg/m2 ) 7.31a 7.69a 6.75a 8.29a 8.77a 8.28a 8.33a 6.64a 7.28a 102.925 0.896
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4. Conclusions The rootstocks have a direct influence on vegetative and generative parameters of the apple trees. For density apple orchards, with standard varieties, it is necessary to use dwarfing rootstocks with similar vigorous as standard M.9. New apple rootstocks or clones from the existing ones with a similar vigorousness as the standard M.9 are being created in the selection centres worldwide. These rootstocks have different characteristics and are adapted for different ecological conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly study their behaviour in the adequate agro ecological conditions related to characteristic of variety and growing technology. Based on the conducted researches it can be concluded that for adequate ecological conditions it can be recommended less vigorous dwarfing rootstocks such as Pajam 1 and M.9 T 337 for high-density apple orchards and Pajam 2 and M.9 EMLA for less vigorous apple cultivars and rare apple plantations. References Autio, W.R., Krupa, J., Clements, J., 2000. Performance of trees in the Massachusetts planting of the 1994 NC-140 apple rootstock trial over seven growing seasons. Fruit Notes 65, 1–3. Autio, W.R., 2001. NC-140 cooperators, rootstock and scion interact to affect apple tree performance: results from the 1990 NC-140 cultivar/rootstock trial. Acta Hortic. 557, 41–46. Baab, G., 1998. Apfelunterlagen gestern und heute. Erwerbsobstbau 40, 162–169. Barritt, B.H., Konishi, B.S., Dilley, M.A., 1995. Performance of 3 apple cultivars with 23 dwarfing rootstocks during 8 seasons on Washington. Fruit Varieties J. 49, 158–170. Barritt, B.H., Konishi, B.S., Dilley, M.A., 1996. Performance of 3 apple cultivars with 18 vigorous rootstocks during 9 seasons in Washington. Fruit Varieties J. 50, 88–98. Barritt, B.H., Konishi, B.S., Dilley, M.A., 1997. Tree size. Yield and biennial bearing relationships with 40 apple rootstocks and tree scion cultivars. Acta Hortic. 451, 105–112. Budagowski, V.I., 1957. The origin of dwarfing rootstocks of the apple. Bot. J. 42, 211–229. Callesen, O., 1997. Testing 20 apple rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 451, 137–145. Crassweller, R.M., Smith, D.E., Tukey, L.D., 2001. Performance of ‘golden delicious’ and ‘delicious’ apples on dwarfing rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 557, 47–54. Czynczyk, A., Bielicki, P., Bartosiewicz, B., 2001. Testing new dwarfing apple rootstocks from polish and foreign programmes. Acta Hortic. 557, 83–89. Faby, R., Clever, M., Tiemann, K.H., 1986. Freigabe der apfelunterlage ‘J9’. Mitt. OVR 41, 392–399. Ferree, D.C., Hirst, P.M., Schmid, J.C., Dotson, P.E., 1995. Performance of three apple cultivars on 22 dwarfing rootstocks during 8 seasons in Ohio. Fruit Varieties J. 49, 171–178. Fischer, M., 1997. Neue apfelunterlagen aus dresden-pillnitz. Besseres Obst 2, 11–12.
Fischer, M., 2001. New dwarfing and semi-dwarfing pillnitz apple and pear rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 557, 55–61. Hirst, P.M., 2001. NC-140 cooperators, early performance of ‘Gala’ on 18 dwarf and 4 semi-dwarf rootstocks growing at 24 sites in North America. Acta Hortic. 557, 199–205. Kiprijanovski, M., Ristevski, B., Arsov, T., Gjamovski, V., 2009. Influence of planting distance to the vegetative growth and bearing of apple cultivar ‘Jonagold’ on rootstock MM 106. Acta Hortic. 825, 453–458. Jackson, E.J., 1997. Light interception and canopy characteristics at low latitudes in relation to orchard system design. Acta Hortic. 451, 417–425. James, P.A., Middlenton, S.G., 2001. Apple cultivar and rootstock performance at lenswood, South Australia. Acta Hortic. 557, 69–76. Kosina, J., 2002. Evaluation of some dwarf apple rootstocks. Hort. Sci. (Prague) 29, 23–25. Kosina, J., 2010. Effect of dwarfing and semi dwarfing apple rootstocks on growth and productivity of selected apple cultivars. Hort. Sci. (Prague) 37, 121–126. Loreti, F., Massai, R., Fei, C., Cinelli, F., Cecconi, B., 2001. Evaluation of eleven dwarfing apple rootstocks: preliminary results. Acta Hortic. 557, 155–158. Masseron, A., 1986. Deux nouvelles sélections de Paradis Jaune de Metz, porte greffe du Pommier Pajam 1 (Lancep) Pajam 2 (Cepiland). Rev. Hort. 265, 36–37. McAfee, J.D., Rom, C.R., 2003. Evaluation of size-controlling apple rootstocks for high-density ‘Gala’ apple orchards in Arkansas: final year results of the 1994 NC-140 Uniform Apple Rootstock Trail. Hortic. Stud., 21–23. Perry, R.I., Byler, G.V., 2001. Effect of 19 rootstocks on the performance of ‘Imperial Gala’ grown in the V system. Acta Hortic. 557, 77–82. Takács, F., 2009. Evaluating apple rootstocks in two training systems in the ‘Nyirseg’ growing area. Doctoral thesis, Corvinius, Budapest. Taylor, B.H., Moonga, G.H., Kurtural, S.K., Geisler-Taylor, D., 2001. Interstem/rootstock combinations influence stem and leaf characteristics of spur and extension shoots of ‘Rubi Jon’ apple trees. Acta Hortic. 557, 169–173. Tworkoski, T., Miller, S., 2007. Rootstock effect on growth of apple scion with different growth habits. Sci. Hortic. 111, 335–343. Uselis, N., 2006. Influence of rootstocks and planting schemes of apple tree cv ‘Lugol’ on productivity and fruit quality. Sci. Works Lithuanian Inst. Hortic. Lithuanian Univ. Agric. 25 (3), 151–157. Webster, A.D., 1993. New dwarfing rootstocks for apple, pear, plum and sweet cherry—a brief review. Acta Hortic. 349, 145–154. Webster, A.D., 2001. Rootstocks for temperate fruit crops: current uses, future potential and alternative strategies. Acta Hortic. 557, 25–34. Webster, A.D., Wertheim, S.J., 2003. Apple rootstocks. In: Ferree, D.C., Warrington, I.J. (Eds.), Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CAB International, Cambridge, MA, pp. 91–124. Wertheim, S.J., 1988. Rootstocks and Interstems for Pome and Stone Fruits. Rootstocks, Apple. Annual Report. Research Station for Fruit Growing, Wilhelminadorp, The Netherlands, pp. 10–12. Wertheim, S.J., Morini, S., Loreti, F., 1989. Effect of M.27 and M.9 used as rootstock and interstem on apple tree behaviour in two different growing conditions. Acta Hortic. 243, 37–50. Wertheim, S.J., 1990. Rootstocks for Pome and Stone Fruits, M.9 types. Annual Report. Research Station for Fruit Growing, Wilhelminadorp, The Netherlands, pp. 19–20. Wertheim, S.J., 1997. Useful differences in growth vigour between subclones of the apple rootstock M.9. Acta Hortic. 451, 121–128. Ystaas, J., Froynes, O., Meland, M., 1997. Evaluation of 9 apple rootstocks the first cropping years in northern climate. Acta Hortic. 451, 147–152.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Scientia Horticulturae journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scihorti
Influence of nine dwarfing apple rootstocks on vigour and productivity of apple cultivar ‘Granny Smith’ V. Gjamovski a,∗ , M. Kiprijanovski b a b
UKIM Institute of Agriculture-Skopje, bvd. Aleksandar Makedonski bb, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia UKIM Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, bvd. Edvard Kardelj bb, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history: Received 23 February 2011 Received in revised form 18 April 2011 Accepted 30 May 2011 Keywords: Apple Rootstock evaluation Tree growth Yield Yield efficiency
a b s t r a c t The influence of nine dwarf apple rootstocks (M.9 T 984, M.9 T 337, Jork 9, Mark 9, Budagowski 9, M.9 EMLA, Pajam 1, Pajam 2, and Supporter 4) on the vegetative characteristics, yield and yield efficiency, was evaluated on ‘Granny Smith’ apple variety (Malus domestica Borkh.). The experimental orchard was established in 2004, with a planting distance 3.5 m × 1.5 m, in Prespa region (Resen, R. Macedonia). The study has been performed during three consecutive years (2008–2010). The following characteristics were investigated: trunk cross section area, volume of the tree crown and tree crown area, leaf area, yield and yield efficiency. In general, it can be concluded that the effect of different rootstocks on most of the analyzed parameters was variable. The growth vigour of the trees grafted on Supporter 4, Jork 9, M.9 EMLA and Pajam 2 (Cepiland) was somewhat larger than the growth vigour of those on Mark 9, M.9 T 337, Pajam 1 (Lancep) and M.9 T 984. Trees grafted on Budagowski 9 have the lowest growth vigour. Rootstock Supporter 4 is semi-vigorous and the grafted trees had low yield efficiency compared to other evaluated rootstocks. The highest yield efficiency was observed at Pajam 1, Budagowski 9, M9 T 984 and Mark 9. The following rootstocks are recommended for growing in commercial plantations: M.9 EMLA and Pajam 2, as well as M9 T 337 and Pajam 1 for higher density orchards. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction The importance of rootstocks is more and more widely recognized. Rootstock influence on vigour and yield productivity is equal to the influence of the grafted scions. The limitations and strengths of each rootstock must be evaluated in order to choose the rootstock that shows best characteristics in specific conditions, which means that there is no perfect rootstock. One of the most important rootstock requirements is their capacity to control tree vigour and allow high-density planting (Wertheim et al., 1989). Also, the rootstock is the most important factor influencing the profitability of fruit growing. It offers flexible and, often, the cheapest methods of tree vigour control (Webster, 1993). Rootstocks which control the size of trees are economically important for high density apple orchards that produce larger fruits and more fruits per hectare (Autio et al., 2000; Tworkoski and Miller, 2007; Webster and Wertheim, 2003).
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +389 2 3230910; fax: +389 2 3114283. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (V. Gjamovski), [email protected] (M. Kiprijanovski). 0304-4238/$ – see front matter © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.032
Currently, the greatest interest in tree size control is the use of rootstock that produces trees near the size of M.9 (Crassweller et al., 2001). Over the last 20 years new selection of M.9 has been made and developed in many countries (Webster, 2001). Pajam 1 and Pajam 2 were selected in France (Masseron, 1986). Rootstocks Jork 9 (Faby et al., 1986), Burmenger 984 (Baab, 1998) and Supporter 1, 2, 3, and 4 (Fischer, 1997) were promoted in Germany. A clone such as NAKB T 337 has been propagated in the Netherlands (Kosina, 2002). On the other hand, rootstock can affect the productivity and lifetime of the orchards. Modern orchards are established on dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks. Rootstock M.9 has become most dominant for apples because of its suitability for high-density plantings (Wertheim, 1997). At present, more than 25 sub-clones of M.9 are bred in Europe (Kosina, 2010). These clones were tested in different climatic and soil conditions. In R. of Macedonia apple is leading fruit species. Most of the orchards are planted on semi-dwarf rootstocks such as MM 106 (Kiprijanovski et al., 2009). In order to intensify the production there is a need of using the dwarfing rootstocks which produce trees near the size of M.9. In 2002 we introduced nine dwarfing rootstocks in order to investigate their behaviour in specific ecological conditions.
V. Gjamovski, M. Kiprijanovski / Scientia Horticulturae 129 (2011) 742–746
2. Materials and methods 2.1. Plant growing conditions
8.00
Diameter (cm)
The aim of this work was to test some dwarf apple rootstocks under the agro-ecological conditions in Prespa region, the biggest apple production region in R. of Macedonia, and to study their influence on tree growth and productivity.
743
7.00
M.9 T 984
6.00
M.9 T 337 Jork 9
5.00
Mark 9
4.00
Budagowski 9
3.00
M.9 EMLA Pajam 1
2.00
Pajam 2
1.00
Supporter 4
0.00
The research was carried out in experimental orchard located in the South-Western part of the R. of Macedonia (Region of lake Prespa). Agroclimatic conditions registered in the area during research period are shown in Table 1. Accordingly, the WRB classification soil is Dystric Fluvisol. Detailed soil characteristics are given in Tables 2 and 3. According to Scheffer’s and Schachtschabel’s classification, the soil is a texture class clay loamy soil, which is characterized with a very suitable soil texture. The rootstocks M.9 T 984, M.9 T 337, Jork 9, Mark 9, Budagowski 9, M.9 EMLA, Pajam 1, Pajam 2 and Supporter 4 were evaluated using scion cultivar ‘Granny Smith’. Trees have been planted in 2004 at a spacing 3.5 m × 1.5 m and were accustomed to slender spindle system. The experiment has been arranged in randomized block design with four replications of five trees per plot. Orchard is equipped with drip irrigation system. 2.2. Growth measurements and yield The study was carried out in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Dynamics of diameter growth of the trunk were followed since the establishment of the orchard. Each year the trunk diameter (20 cm above graft union), tree height, spread into and along the tree row were measured during dormant season. Trunk cross sectional area (TCSA), tree canopy volume (TCV) using cone formulae (Wertheim et al., 1989) and crown area (CA) were calculated from those measurements. Yield per tree and cumulative yield per tree were computed from the harvest data. Yield efficiency was calculated as kg/cm2 TCSA, kg/m3 TCV and as kg/m2 CA. 2.3. Leaf area measurements Leaf area was calculated based on the model tree of each rootstock in each replication. Every 10th leaf from each tree was collected and scanned for estimating the leaf area in laboratory, using ImageJ software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). Total leaf area per tree was calculated out of 10% of collected leaves. Also, yield efficiency was calculated as kg/m2 leaf area (LA). 2.4. Statistical analyses The differences between rootstocks were evaluated by ANOVA analysis through General Linear Model procedure. After GLM analyses, post hoc comparison of means was calculated by LSD. Results were expressed at the P < 0.05 level of significance. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Tree growth Data for growth dynamic of trunk diameter for period from planting until 7th growing season are shown in Fig. 1. At planting, all rootstocks except Supporter 4, have similar trunk diameter. Lower value for the trunk diameter of the trees on Supporter 4, in the first years, appears because of poor development of the nursery trees. During establishment of the rootstock in the nursery from all evaluated rootstocks, those from Supporter 4 have
At 1st planting
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Vegetation
Fig. 1. Growth dynamic of trunk diameter.
lowest diameter and poorest development (data not shown). This explains slower adaptation of the trees on Supporter 4 and slower incensement of trunk diameter of the trees in the first years. The same rootstock at the end of 7th growing season has the highest mean values for trunk diameter compared to the other evaluated rootstocks. Among the tested rootstocks, Supporter 4 has the highest value for TCSA, followed by M.9 EMLA, Pajam 2 and Jork 9. The lowest mean values for TCSA at the end of 7th vegetation were observed at Budagowski 9 and statistically significant difference has been observed in comparison to the other rootstocks, besides Pajam 1 (Table 4). Trees grafted on Jork 9 and Supporter 4 have the greatest TCV and CA and the values were statistically different from M.9 T 337, Pajam 1, Mark 9, M.9 T 984 and Budagowski 9 which have the lowest values for those parameters (Table 5). Trees on M.9 EMLA and Pajam 2 have high value for TCV and CA without statistical difference for those on Jork 9 and Supporter 4. The scion cultivar ‘Granny Smith’ had the largest trees on Supporter 4, M.9 EMLA, Jork 9 and Pajam 2. According to Fischer (2001), Supporter 4 is the semi-dwarf rootstock with a growing capacity similar to M.26. Although the trees on Supporter 4, in our experiment, are characterized with the largest vigorousness, statistically, they do not differ with respect to the trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks M.9 EMLA, Jork 9 and Pajam 2. On the other hand, Pajam 2 (Cepiland) is the most vigorous subclone of M.9, from a range of tested types (Hirst, 2001; Wertheim, 1990, 1997). As it was previously mentioned, M.9 EMLA is more vigorous rootstock than M.9 T 337 and Pajam 1 (Czynczyk et al., 2001; Loreti et al., 2001). This is confirmed in our study. According to Perry and Byler (2001), the apple variety ‘Gala’ has the highest TCSA on the M.9 EMLA rootstock, statistically significantly different respective to the M.9 T 984, Budagowski 9 and Mark 9, which had almost the same values for this parameter. The Russian rootstock Budagowski 9 in our study was less vigorous than other evaluated rootstocks. These results are not corresponding with the previous studies in which vigorous of this rootstock is in between M.9 and M.26 (Wertheim, 1988; Ystaas et al., 1997). This rootstock has been selected in the northern region with cold climate as a rootstock tolerant to low temperature (Budagowski, 1957). Our research has been performed in semiarid conditions with warmer climate where this rootstock, probably has problem with adaptation and gives low vigorous trees. Takács (2009) points out the lower vigorousness of the trees grafted on Budagowski 9 compared to the trees grafted on M.9 T 337, M.9 T 984 and Jork 9. 3.2. Leaf area Leaf area data of trees are shown in Table 6. Trees grafted on Jork 9, Pajam 2 and M.9 EMLA have the highest leaf area per tree and
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Table 1 Agroclimatic conditions registered along the study (2008–2010). Parameter
Month
Mean air temperature (◦ C) Sum of Rainfalls (mm) Mean air humidity (%)
Year
I
II
2.3 69.4 76
2.8 66.4 67
III
IV
V
6.0 59.3 66
10.5 68.5 64
15.3 60.7 66
VI
VII
18.6 45.4 65
21.3 21.4 60
VIII 22.5 37.0 57
IX
X
16.5 71.6 67
XI
11.7 98.9 74
Veg.
XII
7.8 74.3 73
8.9 124.9 73
12.0 797.8 65
17.4 403.5 65
Table 2 Soil fertility in the experimental orchard. Depth (cm)
CaCO3 , %
Humus, %
0–20 20–40 40–60
1.43 0 0
2.74 2.12 1.56
pH
Total
P2 O5
H2 O
KCl
N, %
mg/100 g
7.2 7 6.3
6.8 6.5 5.6
0.14 0.12 0.09
47.56 36.59 30.20
K2 O
59.07 49.42 41.70
Table 3 Soil texture (%). Depth (cm)
Coarse send
Fine sand
Coarse + fine sand
Silt
Clay
Silt + Clay
0–20 20–40 40–60
11.8 10.3 10.0
36.0 34.1 34.3
47.8 44.4 44.3
34.5 35.6 35.8
17.7 20.0 19.9
52.2 55.6 55.7
5th
6th
Table 4 Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of ‘Granny Smith’ grafted on different rootstocks. Rootstock
TCSA (cm2 ) At planting
M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4 F value R squared
2.48ab 2.25ab 2.39ab 2.24ab 2.20ab 2.70a 2.17ab 2.04b 1.22c 125.904 0.926
1st
2nd
3.10c 3.47abc 3.39abc 3.48abc 2.98c 3.82a 3.12bc 3.80ab 2.24d 176.269 0.946
3rd
5.97ab 5.96ab 5.82ab 6.11ab 4.66c 6.43a 5.26bc 6.49a 6.53a 279.705 0.965
4th
9.92abc 8.96bc 9.87abc 11.31a 8.05c 10.92ab 10.04abc 10.98ab 10.65ab 185.216 0.949
12.12cd 13.14bcd 14.20abc 14.78abc 10.45d 14.38ab 12.17cd 17.21a 14.51abc
16.22bcd 15.85cd 20.09abc 17.80bcd 13.65d 19.03abc 16.55bcd 20.18ab 22.36a
163.300 0.943
142.389 0.935
7th
21.86bc 21.94bc 25.06ab 23.13bc 17.86c 29.98a 20.23bc 29.02a 30.67a
25.09cde 25.41cde 29.46abcd 26.95bcd 19.29e 32.37ab 23.35de 31.44abc 35.15a
137.630 0.933
139.989 0.936
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
there is statistically significant difference in the trees grafted on Pajam 1 and Budagowski 9. Trees grafted on other rootstock have similar leaf area and did not show any significant differences with other rootstocks. Generally, trees with high vigour have large leaf area.
Table 6 Leaf area (LA) of ‘Granny Smith’ grafted on different rootstocks (m2 ).
Table 5 Crown parameters of the trees at the end of 7th vegetation. Rootstock M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4 F value R squared
Tree canopy volume (m3 ) 1.01c 1.25bc 2.08a 1.12bc 0.86c 1.67ab 1.16bc 1.66ab 1.94a 57.083 0.854
Crown area (m2 ) 1.32bc 1.49bc 2.06a 1.39bc 1.12c 1.91a 1.43bc 1.71ab 1.92a
Jackson (1997) points out that the leaf area of the tree largely depends on the variety. According to James and Middlenton (2001), the rootstock indirectly influences the leaf area through decrease of the volume of the crown. In our research the values for leaf area are related to the values of tree size. Trees with high value for tree
Utilization of space (%) 51.60 58.27 80.82 54.49 43.88 74.89 55.89 67.09 75.21
123.977 0.928
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
Rootstock
M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4 F value R squared
Year
Mean
2008
2009
2010
2.60 2.61 3.07 2.25 2.04 2.63 2.10 2.76 2.76
2.38 3.16 3.60 2.67 1.79 2.78 2.60 3.40 2.92
2.84 3.18 2.68 2.62 1.97 3.63 2.67 2.99 3.11
2.61abc 2.99abc 3.12a 2.51bc 1.93d 3.02ab 2.46cd 3.05ab 2.93abc 202.808 0.944
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
Cumulative
2008
2009
2010
17.52 19.45 20.49 20.02 16.41 22.55 20.27 20.72 21.11
22.47 24.17 23.21 22.17 21.96 24.30 21.82 21.25 23.04
13.00 14.95 18.34 14.86 10.03 20.15 17.52 20.63 15.32
F value R squared
yield 53.00bc 58.57ab 62.03a 57.05ab 48.40c 67.00a 59.60ab 62.61a 59.46ab 267.551 0.964
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
crown have highest value for leaf area. Trees grafted on less vigorous rootstocks have a smaller leaf area. Similar conclusions have been made by Taylor et al. (2001), according to which, there is a tendency of decreasing of the leaf area during the use of less vigorous rootstocks.
1.4
745
a
1.2
y = -0.0363x + 1.7618 R2 = 0.6224
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 10
15
20
25
30
35
40
TCSA
3
M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4
Year
Yield efficiency (kg/m )
Rootstock
2
Table 7 Yield and cumulative yield per tree (kg).
Yield efficiency (kg/cm )
V. Gjamovski, M. Kiprijanovski / Scientia Horticulturae 129 (2011) 742–746
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
b
0
y = -12.438x + 34.248 R2 = 0.6848
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
* different rootstocks are indicated with different markers
Fig. 2. The relationships of tree size (TCSA (a) and TCV (b)) and yield efficiency at ‘Granny Smith’ on nine different rootstocks.
3.3. Yield and yield efficiency The highest yield per tree was obtained in 2009 (Table 7). The highest cumulative yield was observed at M.9 EMLA rootstock. High yielding trees were also on Pajam 2, Jork 9 and Pajam 1. Callesen (1997) reports the high productivity of Jork 9 rootstock. The lowest cumulative yield was observed on Budagowski 9 (Table 7). Trees with low growth vigour (Budagowski 9, M.9 T 984) exhibited the poorest total yields. There was no significant difference in cumulative yield among rootstocks except between M.9 EMLA, Jork 9 and M.9 T 984, Budagowski 9. A number of researches on different combinations of variety/rootstock indicated that the increase of the vigorousness of the tree increases the cumulative yield (Wertheim et al., 1989; Barritt et al., 1995, 1996; Ferree et al., 1995; Kosina, 2002; McAfee and Rom, 2003). Ystaas et al. (1997) point out that the rootstock, aside from the influence on the vigorousness and precocity, also has a strong influence on the yield. The yield efficiency is a complex index which includes the vegetative growth of the tree and its productivity (Uselis, 2006). The best yield efficiency (Yield/TCSA) was found on Pajam 1 but it did not significantly differ from Budagowski 9, M.9 T 337, Mark 9, M.9 T 984, M.9 EMLA and Jork 9. Previous publication (Czynczyk et al., 2001; Autio, 2001) indicates the high yield efficiency on Budagowski 9 and Mark 9. In contrast, the lowest yield efficiency
(Yield/TCSA) was found on Supporter 4 although it did not differ from Pajam 2, M.9 EMLA and Jork 9 (Table 8). This is probably due to their high vigour and high TCSA. Rootstocks Pajam 2, Jork 9 and M.9 EMLA, ranked by their yield efficiency per TCSA, confirmed by Hirst (2001) and Wertheim (1990, 1997) initiated a more intensive vegetative growth of the trees. Data for yield efficiency (Yield/TCV and Yield/CA) are also given in Table 8. Following these parameters, trees grafted on Budagowski 9 and Mark 9 have best yield efficiency while the trees on Supporter 4 and Jork 9 have the lowest one. Trees on Budagowski 9, concerning yield efficiency expressed as Yield/LA, have the highest value and the lowest value was found at trees grafted on Pajam 2 (Table 8). In this experiment, evaluated rootstocks show that how vigour is decreasing and the yield efficiency is increasing. Barritt et al. (1997) reported that cumulative yield efficiency showed a linear decline as tree size increased for more apple rootstocks. This is confirmed in our researches where strong negative correlations between tree size and yield efficiency were registered (Fig. 2a and b).
Table 8 Yield efficiency of ‘Granny Smith’ grafted on different rootstocks, average 5th–7th leafs. Rootstock M.9 T 984 M.9 T 337 Jork 9 Mark 9 Budagowski 9 M.9 EMLA Pajam 1 Pajam 2 Supporter 4 F value R squared
3
TCV
Yield/TSCA (kg/cm2 ) 0.88ab 0.97ab 0.86abc 0.88ab 0.98ab 0.87abc 1.02a 0.81bc 0.71c 217.456 0.881
Yield/TCV (kg/m3 ) 19.45abc 22.77ab 17.99bc 26.08a 27.05a 21.01abc 24.20a 20.51abc 15.41c 119.168 0.802
Values followed by the same letter in a column were not statistically different (P < 0.05).
Yield/CA (kg/m2 ) 12.98bcd 14.02abc 11.73cd 16.17a 15.37ab 13.44bcd 15.05ab 14.07abc 11.41d 238.844 0.891
Yield/LA (kg/m2 ) 7.31a 7.69a 6.75a 8.29a 8.77a 8.28a 8.33a 6.64a 7.28a 102.925 0.896
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4. Conclusions The rootstocks have a direct influence on vegetative and generative parameters of the apple trees. For density apple orchards, with standard varieties, it is necessary to use dwarfing rootstocks with similar vigorous as standard M.9. New apple rootstocks or clones from the existing ones with a similar vigorousness as the standard M.9 are being created in the selection centres worldwide. These rootstocks have different characteristics and are adapted for different ecological conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to thoroughly study their behaviour in the adequate agro ecological conditions related to characteristic of variety and growing technology. Based on the conducted researches it can be concluded that for adequate ecological conditions it can be recommended less vigorous dwarfing rootstocks such as Pajam 1 and M.9 T 337 for high-density apple orchards and Pajam 2 and M.9 EMLA for less vigorous apple cultivars and rare apple plantations. References Autio, W.R., Krupa, J., Clements, J., 2000. Performance of trees in the Massachusetts planting of the 1994 NC-140 apple rootstock trial over seven growing seasons. Fruit Notes 65, 1–3. Autio, W.R., 2001. NC-140 cooperators, rootstock and scion interact to affect apple tree performance: results from the 1990 NC-140 cultivar/rootstock trial. Acta Hortic. 557, 41–46. Baab, G., 1998. Apfelunterlagen gestern und heute. Erwerbsobstbau 40, 162–169. Barritt, B.H., Konishi, B.S., Dilley, M.A., 1995. Performance of 3 apple cultivars with 23 dwarfing rootstocks during 8 seasons on Washington. Fruit Varieties J. 49, 158–170. Barritt, B.H., Konishi, B.S., Dilley, M.A., 1996. Performance of 3 apple cultivars with 18 vigorous rootstocks during 9 seasons in Washington. Fruit Varieties J. 50, 88–98. Barritt, B.H., Konishi, B.S., Dilley, M.A., 1997. Tree size. Yield and biennial bearing relationships with 40 apple rootstocks and tree scion cultivars. Acta Hortic. 451, 105–112. Budagowski, V.I., 1957. The origin of dwarfing rootstocks of the apple. Bot. J. 42, 211–229. Callesen, O., 1997. Testing 20 apple rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 451, 137–145. Crassweller, R.M., Smith, D.E., Tukey, L.D., 2001. Performance of ‘golden delicious’ and ‘delicious’ apples on dwarfing rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 557, 47–54. Czynczyk, A., Bielicki, P., Bartosiewicz, B., 2001. Testing new dwarfing apple rootstocks from polish and foreign programmes. Acta Hortic. 557, 83–89. Faby, R., Clever, M., Tiemann, K.H., 1986. Freigabe der apfelunterlage ‘J9’. Mitt. OVR 41, 392–399. Ferree, D.C., Hirst, P.M., Schmid, J.C., Dotson, P.E., 1995. Performance of three apple cultivars on 22 dwarfing rootstocks during 8 seasons in Ohio. Fruit Varieties J. 49, 171–178. Fischer, M., 1997. Neue apfelunterlagen aus dresden-pillnitz. Besseres Obst 2, 11–12.
Fischer, M., 2001. New dwarfing and semi-dwarfing pillnitz apple and pear rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 557, 55–61. Hirst, P.M., 2001. NC-140 cooperators, early performance of ‘Gala’ on 18 dwarf and 4 semi-dwarf rootstocks growing at 24 sites in North America. Acta Hortic. 557, 199–205. Kiprijanovski, M., Ristevski, B., Arsov, T., Gjamovski, V., 2009. Influence of planting distance to the vegetative growth and bearing of apple cultivar ‘Jonagold’ on rootstock MM 106. Acta Hortic. 825, 453–458. Jackson, E.J., 1997. Light interception and canopy characteristics at low latitudes in relation to orchard system design. Acta Hortic. 451, 417–425. James, P.A., Middlenton, S.G., 2001. Apple cultivar and rootstock performance at lenswood, South Australia. Acta Hortic. 557, 69–76. Kosina, J., 2002. Evaluation of some dwarf apple rootstocks. Hort. Sci. (Prague) 29, 23–25. Kosina, J., 2010. Effect of dwarfing and semi dwarfing apple rootstocks on growth and productivity of selected apple cultivars. Hort. Sci. (Prague) 37, 121–126. Loreti, F., Massai, R., Fei, C., Cinelli, F., Cecconi, B., 2001. Evaluation of eleven dwarfing apple rootstocks: preliminary results. Acta Hortic. 557, 155–158. Masseron, A., 1986. Deux nouvelles sélections de Paradis Jaune de Metz, porte greffe du Pommier Pajam 1 (Lancep) Pajam 2 (Cepiland). Rev. Hort. 265, 36–37. McAfee, J.D., Rom, C.R., 2003. Evaluation of size-controlling apple rootstocks for high-density ‘Gala’ apple orchards in Arkansas: final year results of the 1994 NC-140 Uniform Apple Rootstock Trail. Hortic. Stud., 21–23. Perry, R.I., Byler, G.V., 2001. Effect of 19 rootstocks on the performance of ‘Imperial Gala’ grown in the V system. Acta Hortic. 557, 77–82. Takács, F., 2009. Evaluating apple rootstocks in two training systems in the ‘Nyirseg’ growing area. Doctoral thesis, Corvinius, Budapest. Taylor, B.H., Moonga, G.H., Kurtural, S.K., Geisler-Taylor, D., 2001. Interstem/rootstock combinations influence stem and leaf characteristics of spur and extension shoots of ‘Rubi Jon’ apple trees. Acta Hortic. 557, 169–173. Tworkoski, T., Miller, S., 2007. Rootstock effect on growth of apple scion with different growth habits. Sci. Hortic. 111, 335–343. Uselis, N., 2006. Influence of rootstocks and planting schemes of apple tree cv ‘Lugol’ on productivity and fruit quality. Sci. Works Lithuanian Inst. Hortic. Lithuanian Univ. Agric. 25 (3), 151–157. Webster, A.D., 1993. New dwarfing rootstocks for apple, pear, plum and sweet cherry—a brief review. Acta Hortic. 349, 145–154. Webster, A.D., 2001. Rootstocks for temperate fruit crops: current uses, future potential and alternative strategies. Acta Hortic. 557, 25–34. Webster, A.D., Wertheim, S.J., 2003. Apple rootstocks. In: Ferree, D.C., Warrington, I.J. (Eds.), Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CAB International, Cambridge, MA, pp. 91–124. Wertheim, S.J., 1988. Rootstocks and Interstems for Pome and Stone Fruits. Rootstocks, Apple. Annual Report. Research Station for Fruit Growing, Wilhelminadorp, The Netherlands, pp. 10–12. Wertheim, S.J., Morini, S., Loreti, F., 1989. Effect of M.27 and M.9 used as rootstock and interstem on apple tree behaviour in two different growing conditions. Acta Hortic. 243, 37–50. Wertheim, S.J., 1990. Rootstocks for Pome and Stone Fruits, M.9 types. Annual Report. Research Station for Fruit Growing, Wilhelminadorp, The Netherlands, pp. 19–20. Wertheim, S.J., 1997. Useful differences in growth vigour between subclones of the apple rootstock M.9. Acta Hortic. 451, 121–128. Ystaas, J., Froynes, O., Meland, M., 1997. Evaluation of 9 apple rootstocks the first cropping years in northern climate. Acta Hortic. 451, 147–152.