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Influence of Oat Fractions on Diethylstilbestrol-Induced Aortic Ruptures of Turkeys1
GENETIC RESISTANCE TO LEUKOSIS-SARCOMA VIRUSES REFERENCES
two new avian tumor virus subgroups. Virology, 39: 18-30. Groupe, V., V. C. Dunkel and R. A. Manaker, 1957. Improved pock counting method for the titration of Rous sarcoma virus in embryonated eggs. J. Bacteriol. 74: 409-410. Payne, L. N., 1965. Effect of lymphoid leukosis virus on the responses of the choriollantoic membrane to Rous sarcoma virus. Virology, 27: 621-623. Payne, L. N., 1969. Personal communication. Piraino, F., 1967. The mechanism of genetic resistance of chick embryo cells to infection by Rous sarcoma virus-Bryan strain (BS-RSV). Virology, 32: 700-707. Vogt, P. K., 1965. Avian tumor viruses. Advances in Virus Res. 11: 293-385. Vogt, P. K., and R. Ishizaki, 1966. Patterns of viral interference in the avian leukosis and sarcoma complex. Virology, 30: 368-374. Vogt, P. K., R. Ishizaki and R. Duff, 1967. Studies on the relationship among avian tumor viruses. Subviral Carcinogenesis, Monograph of the First International Symposium on Tumor Viruses, 297-310.
Influence of Oat Fractions on Diethylstilbestrol-Induced Aortic Ruptures of Turkeys 1 CHARLES F. SIMPSON AND R. H. HARMS Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601 (Received for publication June 2, 1969)
B
EALL et al. (1963) demonstrated that treatment of turkeys with diethylstilbestrol (D.E.S.) can cause the development of aortic ruptures. As a result of another study of Simpson and Harms (1966) it was suggested that such aortic rhexis resulted from the hyperlipemia and aortic atherosclerosis that followed D.E.S. treatments. Previously Simpson and Harms (1964) had reported that the incidence of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures could be altered by dietary composition. Higher mor1
Florida Agricultural Journal Series No. 3190.
Experiment
Stations
tality resulted when either a 16.1% protein diet lacking oats and animal fat or a 24.7% protein diet containing animal fat but lacking oats were fed, as compared with a 19.1% protein diet containing whole ground oats and no added animal fat. Fisher and Griminger (1967), in an experiment involving the feeding of a hypercholesterolemic diet to chicks, found that ground oats, oat hulls, and whole ground oats had a plasma cholesterol lowering effect. Thus, recognizing the influence of feeding of oats on vascular disease, experiments were designed to determine the effect of feeding of whole oats, oat hulls, or de-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 16, 2015
Bauer, H., and T. Graf, 1969. Evidence for the possible existence of two envelope antigenic determinants and corresponding cell receptors for avian tumor viruses. Virology, 37: 157-161. Bower, R. K., 1962. A quantitation of the influence of the chick embryo genotype on tumor production by Rous sarcoma virus on the chorioallantoic membrane. Virology, 18: 372-377. Calnek, B. W., 1968. Lymphoid leukosis virus: A survey of commercial breeding flocks for genetic resistance and incidence of embryo infection. Avian Dis. 12 : 104-111. Crittenden, L. B., H. A. Stone, R. H. Reamer and W. Okazaki, 1967. Two loci controlling genetic cellular resistance to avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. J. Virology, 1: 898-904. Crittenden, L. B., 1968. Avian tumor viruses: Prospects for control. World's Poultry Sci. J. 24: 18-36. Crittenden, L. B., 1968. Observations on the nature of a genetic cellular resistance to avian tumor viruses. J. Nat. Can. Inst. 4 1 : 145-153. Dougherty, R. M., 1969. Personal communication. Duff, R., and P. K. Vogt, 1969. Characteristics of
1757
1758
G. F. SIMPSON AND R. H. HARMS TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Diet No. (%) 1
3
4
48.5
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.0 0.5
2.0 0.5 30.0
2.0 0.5
2.0 0.5
—
— —
— — —
6.0
—
1.0
2
— — — —
1.0
10.5
— —
19.5 1.0
10.5
—
19.5 1.0
* Supplied per kg. of diet: 1760 I.C.U. vitamin D 3 , 15,840 I.U. vitamin A, 26.4 meg. vitamin Bi 2 , 2156 mg. choline chloride, 8.8 mg. riboflavin, 17.6 mg. calcium pantothenate, 55 mg. niacin, 11 I.U. vitamin E, 2.2 mg. menadione sodium bisulfite, 35.2 mg. manganese sulphate, 64.9 mg. zinc sulfate and 4.4 mg. procaine penicillin.
hulled oats on the incidence of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures of turkeys. The results of these trials are reported herein. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Broad Breasted Bronze male turkeys were raised by conventional methods and fed a 20% protein commercial-starter diet until 4 weeks of age. At this time they were randomized into 40 pens, consisting of 6 birds per pen. Eight pens were fed diet 1 containing 24.7% protein and 6% animal fat (Table 1). The other 32 pens were fed diet 2 containing 19.1% protein lacking animal fat, but containing ground whole oats (Table 1). Weekly treatments with D.E.S. were commenced at 7 weeks of age; the dose was 30 mg. subcutaneously. Some dietary changes were made again at this time (Table 1) so that turkeys were placed in 5 dietary groups, consisting of 8 pens per dietary group (Table 1). The 8 pens of poults (group 1) previously fed diet 1 were
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 16, 2015
Yellow corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P, 32% Ca) Ground limestone (38% Ca) Iodized salt Ground oats Oat hulls Dehulled oats Animal fat Corn starch Micro-ingredients*
continued on this same feeding regimen; one of these pens served as controls and the other 7 pens were given weekly injections of D.E.S. until the trial was terminated. Of the 32 pens of turkeys (group 2) previously fed diet 2, 8 pens were changed to diet 1. One of these pens served as a control, and the other 7 pens were given D.E.S. injections. Eight pens of turkeys (group 3) on diet 2 were maintained on the same feed, 7 of these pens being D.E.S.-injected and 1 pen serving as controls. Another 8 pens of poults (group 4) previously fed diet 2 were changed to a diet similar to diet 2 except that the ground oats were replaced by ground oat hulls and corn starch (diet 3). Seven of these pens were given D.E.S. injections, and 1 pen served as controls. Still another 8 pens of poults (group 5) previously on diet 2 were changed to a diet similar to diet 2 except that ground dehulled oats and corn starch replaced the whole oats (diet 4). Seven of these pens were treated with D.E.S. and the eighth pen was not treated. The following measurements were made of at least 6 turkeys per dietary group in each of the experiments: indirect systolic blood pressure, measured by the method of Simpson and Harms (1965), was recorded at 12.5 weeks of age. Sperry and Brand's method (1955) for total serum lipid and the method of Pearson et al. (1952) for total serum cholesterol were used to determine those values 1 day following blood pressuring. Trials were terminated when the turkeys were 13 weeks of age. Two sections of abdominal aorta immediately anterior to the sciatic arteries, the usual site of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures, were obtained at necropsy from at least 6 turkeys per dietary group. One section of the aorta was cut at 8.p,. on the freezing microtome, and was stained with oil red O-Luxol fast blue B stain for lipid. The atherosclerotic lesions in such sections were
1759
DIET AND AORTIC RUPTURES TABLE 2.—Mortality from aortic rupture; serum composition; blood pressure among turkeys injected with D.E.S. and fed oat diets Diet D.E.S.
+
+ — + — + — + —
7-12 4-7 weeks weeks 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
Av.
1
2
3
72.5 0 57.0 0 36.9 0 47.9 0 20.3 0
33.2 0 37.0 0 34.1 0 22.7 0 26.9 0
50.7 0 55.0 0 50.0 0 42.9 0 42.4 0
52.1° 0 49.5""= 0 40.3» b 0 37.8" b 0 29.9" 0
Total Systolic Total lipid1 cholesterol1 blood (mg./lOO (mg./lOO pressure 1 ml. serum) ml. serum) (mm.Hg) 15,385" 487 b 14,177" 433 b 14,593" 530b 16,029" 580b 13,942" 600b
1,204" 164b 1,237" 176b 1,165" 163b 1,275" 182b 1,135" 200b
161" 202b 173" 209b 173" 202b 161* 205b 174" 200b
1
Average of 3 experiments. Means with different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test.
graded from 0-4, grade 4 being the most severe. The second aortic section was fixed in 10% neutral formalin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin stain. Thyroid glands from at least 6 turkeys per treatment group were also fixed in formalin and stained like aortic tissue. At the termination of the third trial, aortic tensile strengths according to Simpson et al. (1968) were recorded from D.E.S.injected birds fed diets 1 (dietary group 2lacking oats) and 4 (dietary group 5dehulled oats) from 7 to 13 weeks of age. These values were compared to tensile strengths of control birds fed diet 1 lacking oats (dietary group 2). The experiment outlined above was repeated 2 times more, and the data from all 3 trials were combined for this presentation. RESULTS
The inclusion of whole ground oats, oat hulls, or dehulled oats in the diets of turkeys decreased the incidence of aortic ruptures induced by D.E.S. (Table 2). This dietary influence of oats was demonstrable when mortality from aortic rhexis among such fed turkeys was compared with mortality among poults similarly treated with
D.E.S. and fed a 6% animal fat diet lacking oats from 4 to 13 weeks of age, or an oat diet from 4 to 7 weeks of age and an animal fat diet from 7 to 13 weeks of age (Table 2). The lowest incidence of experimentally induced aortic ruptures occurred when turkeys in dietary group 5 were fed whole oats (diet 2) from 4 to 7 weeks of age, and dehulled oats (diet 4) from 7 to 13 weeks of age. Dietary composition did not significantly influence total serum lipid and cholesterol levels, or indirect systolic blood pressure recordings. (Table 2). Histologically, severe aortic atherosclerosis (grade 4), characterized by heavy lipid infiltration of the tunicae intima and media, was evident in turkeys in dietary group 1 treated with D.E.S. and fed an animal fat diet (diet 1) from 4 to 13 weeks of age. Moderate aortic atherosclerosis (grade 3) was observed when turkeys in dietary group 3 were fed whole oats (diet 2) from 7 to 13 weeks of age, or when dietary group 5 was fed dehulled oats (diet 4) from 7 to 13 weeks of age. Grade 1 atherosclerosis was observed in the aortas of all control turkeys, and this lesion was not influenced by the presence or absence of oats in the diet. Average aortic tensile strengths were
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 16, 2015
—
% Aortic rupture 1
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C. F. SIMPSON AND R. H. HARMS
DISCUSSION The data in the present paper indicate that the incorporation of whole oats or oat fractions in the diets of turkeys reduces the mortality rate of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures, as compared with turkeys treated similarly and fed an oat-free diet containing animal fat. This confirmed, in part, a previous study by Simpson and Harms (1964) which reported that a diet containing whole oats reduced the incidence of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures. That oat fractions have a cholesterollowering effect in chicks fed a hypercholesterolemic diet has been reported by Fisher and Griminger (1967). They also reported that ground oats, oat hulls, and dehulled oats lowered plasma cholesterol values in that order; liver cholesterol values were reduced by whole oats and oat hulls, and to a lesser extent by dehulled oats. A cholesterol-lowering influence of oats cannot be held accountable for the lowered incidence of aortic ruptures among turkeys fed whole oats or oat fractions in the present experiment because total serum lipid and cholesterol values were not significantly depressed by such diets.
Observations by Simpson and Harms (1966) with the use of the electron microscope suggested that D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures of turkeys resulted from the hyperlipemia and aortic atherosclerosis that follow D.E.S. treatments. In the present paper it was noted that the severity of aortic atherosclerosis among turkeys treated with D.E.S. and fed oat diets was less severe (grade 3) than the atherosclerotic lesions observed in similarly treated turkeys and fed an animal fat, oat-free diet (grade 4). This difference of severity of atherosclerosis could not be explained on the basis of serum lipid values or blood pressure determinations, but aortic tensile strengths of D.E.S.-treated turkeys fed oat hulls were higher than the tensile strengths of poults fed a diet lacking oats. Thus, it is probable that the more severe aortic atherosclerotic lesion seen in turkeys fed the animal fat-oat-free diet, in contrast to turkeys fed oat diets, caused increased separation of adjacent smooth muscle cells in the vascular wall and greater vascular weakness in the former group of poults. SUMMARY The inclusion of whole ground oats, oat hulls or dehulled oats in the diets reduced the incidence of aortic ruptures in turkeys when induced by D.E.S. However, the lowest incidence occurred when dehulled oats were fed. The mortality rate was highest from aortic ruptures when D.E.S.-treated turkeys were fed a diet containing animal fat and lacking oats. Moderate aortic atherosclerosis was observed when oats were incorporated in the diet, and severe aortic atherosclerosis was seen when poults were fed the animal fat diet. Aortic tensile strengths were highest in D.E.S.-treated turkeys fed dehulled oats, and lowest in treated birds fed a diet lacking oats. Blood pressure, total serum lipids and cholesterol,
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 16, 2015
134.0 gm./mm.2 in control turkeys fed diet 1 (dietary group 2) and 87.1 gm./mm.2 in turkeys fed similarly but injected with D.E.S. The aortic tensile strength of poults fed diet 4 (dietary group 5) and injected with D.E.S. was 97.8 gm./mm.2. The histology of the thyroid glands of all D.E.S.-treated turkeys, regardless of diet, was similar. Follicles were small, irregular in shape, lined with hypertrophic epithelium and contained pale-staining colloid. The histology of the thyroid glands of control turkeys was not influenced by diet; these thyroids contained well-developed follicles which were lined by low epithelial cells, and contained dense-staining colloid.
DIET AND AORTIC RUPTURES
and histology of the thyroid glands were not significantly influenced by the dietary compositions utilized in this experiment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES Beall, C. W., C. F. Simpson, W. R. Pritchard and R. H. Harms, 1963. Aortic rupture in turkeys induced by diethylstilbestrol. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 113:442-443. Fisher, H., and P. Griminger, 1967. Cholesterollowering effects of certain grains and of oat fractions in the chick. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 126: 108-111.
Pearson, S., S. Stern and T. H. McGavack, 19S2. A rapid procedure for the determination of serum cholesterol. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 12: 1245-1246 Simpson, C. F., and R. H. Harms, 1964. Effect of diet on aortic ruptures in turkeys induced by diethylstilbestrol. Poultry Sci. 43: 681-685. Simpson, C. F., and R. H. Harms, 1965. Relationship of age and sex of turkeys to aortic ruptures induced by diethylstilbestrol. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 119: 509-512. Simpson, C. F., and R. H. Harms, 1966. Pathology of aortic atherosclerosis of dissecting aneurysms of turkeys induced by diethylstilbestrol. Exptl. Mol. Pathol. 5: 183-194. Simpson, C. F., J. M. Kling, R. C. Robbins and R. H. Harms, 1968. /3-aminopropionitrile-induced aortic ruptures in turkeys: Inhibition by reserpine and enhancement by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J. Toxicol. Exptl. Pharmacol. 12: 48-59. Sperry, W. M., and F. C. Brand, 1955. The determination of total lipids in blood serum. J. Biol. Chem. 213: 69-76.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1694) Department of Agriculture as a Research Poultry P.S.A. NOTES Husbandman. The Center for Research in Scientific CommuWilliam E. Shaklee, Animal Geneticist in the nication, The Johns Hopkins University, has reCooperative State Research Service, was • recently quested the cooperation of the Poultry Science Aselected President of the national Organization of sociation. The Center, sponsored by the National Professional Employees of the U.S. Department of Science Foundation, is studying the flow of scientific information between and among individuals Agriculture (OPEDA). This organization, with a membership of more than 7,000, conducts activiof different disciplines. ties important to the welfare of all professional The President of the Association has appointed employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. the following Committee, to serve for five years: George J. Mountney, formerly Professor, DeR. H. Thayer (Chairman), R. Ernst, R. K. Noles, partments of Poultry Science and Food and NutriA. Nordskog and N. O. Olson. tion Division, School of Home Economics, Ohio U.S.D.A. NOTES Agricultural Research and Development Center, Columbus, Ohio, has joined the Cooperative State Dr. James W. Deaton has been appointed DiResearch Service of the U.S. Department of Agrirector of the South Central Research Laboratory culture in Washington, D.C., as Research Manageat State College, Mississippi. This is a multi-diviment Specialist (Food Science). He will be worksion laboratory in which the Animal Husbandry ing with State Agricultural Experiment Stations Division, the Agricultural Engineering Research on research projects in the areas of Poultry and Division, and the Animal Disease and Parasite ReDairy Technology, Pesticide Residues in Foods search Division are cooperating. At this Laboraand Flavour Research. tory, environmental studies are in progress to determine the effect of such factors as temperature, Dr. Terry B. Kinney, Jr. has been appointed to disease, insulation, ventilation, nutrition, and floor the position of Assistant Director of the Animal space on condemnation at poultry processing Husbandry Research Division of the Agricultural plants. Research Service, U.S.D.A. Dr. Kinney has been employed by the U.S.D.A. since 1963. Prior to acDr. Deaton has been the author or co-author of ceptance of his current appointment, Dr. Kinney 40 scientific papers since 1964 when he joined the (Continued on page 1776)
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 16, 2015
The technical assistance of J. W. Carlisle, C. J. Miller and A. Wilder is acknowledged. Supported in part by a grant (H-3776) from the National Heart Institute, U.S.P.H.S.
1761
two new avian tumor virus subgroups. Virology, 39: 18-30. Groupe, V., V. C. Dunkel and R. A. Manaker, 1957. Improved pock counting method for the titration of Rous sarcoma virus in embryonated eggs. J. Bacteriol. 74: 409-410. Payne, L. N., 1965. Effect of lymphoid leukosis virus on the responses of the choriollantoic membrane to Rous sarcoma virus. Virology, 27: 621-623. Payne, L. N., 1969. Personal communication. Piraino, F., 1967. The mechanism of genetic resistance of chick embryo cells to infection by Rous sarcoma virus-Bryan strain (BS-RSV). Virology, 32: 700-707. Vogt, P. K., 1965. Avian tumor viruses. Advances in Virus Res. 11: 293-385. Vogt, P. K., and R. Ishizaki, 1966. Patterns of viral interference in the avian leukosis and sarcoma complex. Virology, 30: 368-374. Vogt, P. K., R. Ishizaki and R. Duff, 1967. Studies on the relationship among avian tumor viruses. Subviral Carcinogenesis, Monograph of the First International Symposium on Tumor Viruses, 297-310.
Influence of Oat Fractions on Diethylstilbestrol-Induced Aortic Ruptures of Turkeys 1 CHARLES F. SIMPSON AND R. H. HARMS Department of Veterinary Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601 (Received for publication June 2, 1969)
B
EALL et al. (1963) demonstrated that treatment of turkeys with diethylstilbestrol (D.E.S.) can cause the development of aortic ruptures. As a result of another study of Simpson and Harms (1966) it was suggested that such aortic rhexis resulted from the hyperlipemia and aortic atherosclerosis that followed D.E.S. treatments. Previously Simpson and Harms (1964) had reported that the incidence of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures could be altered by dietary composition. Higher mor1
Florida Agricultural Journal Series No. 3190.
Experiment
Stations
tality resulted when either a 16.1% protein diet lacking oats and animal fat or a 24.7% protein diet containing animal fat but lacking oats were fed, as compared with a 19.1% protein diet containing whole ground oats and no added animal fat. Fisher and Griminger (1967), in an experiment involving the feeding of a hypercholesterolemic diet to chicks, found that ground oats, oat hulls, and whole ground oats had a plasma cholesterol lowering effect. Thus, recognizing the influence of feeding of oats on vascular disease, experiments were designed to determine the effect of feeding of whole oats, oat hulls, or de-
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 16, 2015
Bauer, H., and T. Graf, 1969. Evidence for the possible existence of two envelope antigenic determinants and corresponding cell receptors for avian tumor viruses. Virology, 37: 157-161. Bower, R. K., 1962. A quantitation of the influence of the chick embryo genotype on tumor production by Rous sarcoma virus on the chorioallantoic membrane. Virology, 18: 372-377. Calnek, B. W., 1968. Lymphoid leukosis virus: A survey of commercial breeding flocks for genetic resistance and incidence of embryo infection. Avian Dis. 12 : 104-111. Crittenden, L. B., H. A. Stone, R. H. Reamer and W. Okazaki, 1967. Two loci controlling genetic cellular resistance to avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses. J. Virology, 1: 898-904. Crittenden, L. B., 1968. Avian tumor viruses: Prospects for control. World's Poultry Sci. J. 24: 18-36. Crittenden, L. B., 1968. Observations on the nature of a genetic cellular resistance to avian tumor viruses. J. Nat. Can. Inst. 4 1 : 145-153. Dougherty, R. M., 1969. Personal communication. Duff, R., and P. K. Vogt, 1969. Characteristics of
1757
1758
G. F. SIMPSON AND R. H. HARMS TABLE 1.—Composition of diets Diet No. (%) 1
3
4
48.5
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.0
24.0
24.0
24.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.0 0.5
2.0 0.5 30.0
2.0 0.5
2.0 0.5
—
— —
— — —
6.0
—
1.0
2
— — — —
1.0
10.5
— —
19.5 1.0
10.5
—
19.5 1.0
* Supplied per kg. of diet: 1760 I.C.U. vitamin D 3 , 15,840 I.U. vitamin A, 26.4 meg. vitamin Bi 2 , 2156 mg. choline chloride, 8.8 mg. riboflavin, 17.6 mg. calcium pantothenate, 55 mg. niacin, 11 I.U. vitamin E, 2.2 mg. menadione sodium bisulfite, 35.2 mg. manganese sulphate, 64.9 mg. zinc sulfate and 4.4 mg. procaine penicillin.
hulled oats on the incidence of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures of turkeys. The results of these trials are reported herein. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Broad Breasted Bronze male turkeys were raised by conventional methods and fed a 20% protein commercial-starter diet until 4 weeks of age. At this time they were randomized into 40 pens, consisting of 6 birds per pen. Eight pens were fed diet 1 containing 24.7% protein and 6% animal fat (Table 1). The other 32 pens were fed diet 2 containing 19.1% protein lacking animal fat, but containing ground whole oats (Table 1). Weekly treatments with D.E.S. were commenced at 7 weeks of age; the dose was 30 mg. subcutaneously. Some dietary changes were made again at this time (Table 1) so that turkeys were placed in 5 dietary groups, consisting of 8 pens per dietary group (Table 1). The 8 pens of poults (group 1) previously fed diet 1 were
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 16, 2015
Yellow corn Soybean meal (50% protein) Alfalfa meal (17% protein) Defluorinated phosphate (18% P, 32% Ca) Ground limestone (38% Ca) Iodized salt Ground oats Oat hulls Dehulled oats Animal fat Corn starch Micro-ingredients*
continued on this same feeding regimen; one of these pens served as controls and the other 7 pens were given weekly injections of D.E.S. until the trial was terminated. Of the 32 pens of turkeys (group 2) previously fed diet 2, 8 pens were changed to diet 1. One of these pens served as a control, and the other 7 pens were given D.E.S. injections. Eight pens of turkeys (group 3) on diet 2 were maintained on the same feed, 7 of these pens being D.E.S.-injected and 1 pen serving as controls. Another 8 pens of poults (group 4) previously fed diet 2 were changed to a diet similar to diet 2 except that the ground oats were replaced by ground oat hulls and corn starch (diet 3). Seven of these pens were given D.E.S. injections, and 1 pen served as controls. Still another 8 pens of poults (group 5) previously on diet 2 were changed to a diet similar to diet 2 except that ground dehulled oats and corn starch replaced the whole oats (diet 4). Seven of these pens were treated with D.E.S. and the eighth pen was not treated. The following measurements were made of at least 6 turkeys per dietary group in each of the experiments: indirect systolic blood pressure, measured by the method of Simpson and Harms (1965), was recorded at 12.5 weeks of age. Sperry and Brand's method (1955) for total serum lipid and the method of Pearson et al. (1952) for total serum cholesterol were used to determine those values 1 day following blood pressuring. Trials were terminated when the turkeys were 13 weeks of age. Two sections of abdominal aorta immediately anterior to the sciatic arteries, the usual site of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures, were obtained at necropsy from at least 6 turkeys per dietary group. One section of the aorta was cut at 8.p,. on the freezing microtome, and was stained with oil red O-Luxol fast blue B stain for lipid. The atherosclerotic lesions in such sections were
1759
DIET AND AORTIC RUPTURES TABLE 2.—Mortality from aortic rupture; serum composition; blood pressure among turkeys injected with D.E.S. and fed oat diets Diet D.E.S.
+
+ — + — + — + —
7-12 4-7 weeks weeks 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
Av.
1
2
3
72.5 0 57.0 0 36.9 0 47.9 0 20.3 0
33.2 0 37.0 0 34.1 0 22.7 0 26.9 0
50.7 0 55.0 0 50.0 0 42.9 0 42.4 0
52.1° 0 49.5""= 0 40.3» b 0 37.8" b 0 29.9" 0
Total Systolic Total lipid1 cholesterol1 blood (mg./lOO (mg./lOO pressure 1 ml. serum) ml. serum) (mm.Hg) 15,385" 487 b 14,177" 433 b 14,593" 530b 16,029" 580b 13,942" 600b
1,204" 164b 1,237" 176b 1,165" 163b 1,275" 182b 1,135" 200b
161" 202b 173" 209b 173" 202b 161* 205b 174" 200b
1
Average of 3 experiments. Means with different superscripts are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test.
graded from 0-4, grade 4 being the most severe. The second aortic section was fixed in 10% neutral formalin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin stain. Thyroid glands from at least 6 turkeys per treatment group were also fixed in formalin and stained like aortic tissue. At the termination of the third trial, aortic tensile strengths according to Simpson et al. (1968) were recorded from D.E.S.injected birds fed diets 1 (dietary group 2lacking oats) and 4 (dietary group 5dehulled oats) from 7 to 13 weeks of age. These values were compared to tensile strengths of control birds fed diet 1 lacking oats (dietary group 2). The experiment outlined above was repeated 2 times more, and the data from all 3 trials were combined for this presentation. RESULTS
The inclusion of whole ground oats, oat hulls, or dehulled oats in the diets of turkeys decreased the incidence of aortic ruptures induced by D.E.S. (Table 2). This dietary influence of oats was demonstrable when mortality from aortic rhexis among such fed turkeys was compared with mortality among poults similarly treated with
D.E.S. and fed a 6% animal fat diet lacking oats from 4 to 13 weeks of age, or an oat diet from 4 to 7 weeks of age and an animal fat diet from 7 to 13 weeks of age (Table 2). The lowest incidence of experimentally induced aortic ruptures occurred when turkeys in dietary group 5 were fed whole oats (diet 2) from 4 to 7 weeks of age, and dehulled oats (diet 4) from 7 to 13 weeks of age. Dietary composition did not significantly influence total serum lipid and cholesterol levels, or indirect systolic blood pressure recordings. (Table 2). Histologically, severe aortic atherosclerosis (grade 4), characterized by heavy lipid infiltration of the tunicae intima and media, was evident in turkeys in dietary group 1 treated with D.E.S. and fed an animal fat diet (diet 1) from 4 to 13 weeks of age. Moderate aortic atherosclerosis (grade 3) was observed when turkeys in dietary group 3 were fed whole oats (diet 2) from 7 to 13 weeks of age, or when dietary group 5 was fed dehulled oats (diet 4) from 7 to 13 weeks of age. Grade 1 atherosclerosis was observed in the aortas of all control turkeys, and this lesion was not influenced by the presence or absence of oats in the diet. Average aortic tensile strengths were
Downloaded from http://ps.oxfordjournals.org/ at National Institute of Education Library, Serials Unit on June 16, 2015
—
% Aortic rupture 1
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C. F. SIMPSON AND R. H. HARMS
DISCUSSION The data in the present paper indicate that the incorporation of whole oats or oat fractions in the diets of turkeys reduces the mortality rate of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures, as compared with turkeys treated similarly and fed an oat-free diet containing animal fat. This confirmed, in part, a previous study by Simpson and Harms (1964) which reported that a diet containing whole oats reduced the incidence of D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures. That oat fractions have a cholesterollowering effect in chicks fed a hypercholesterolemic diet has been reported by Fisher and Griminger (1967). They also reported that ground oats, oat hulls, and dehulled oats lowered plasma cholesterol values in that order; liver cholesterol values were reduced by whole oats and oat hulls, and to a lesser extent by dehulled oats. A cholesterol-lowering influence of oats cannot be held accountable for the lowered incidence of aortic ruptures among turkeys fed whole oats or oat fractions in the present experiment because total serum lipid and cholesterol values were not significantly depressed by such diets.
Observations by Simpson and Harms (1966) with the use of the electron microscope suggested that D.E.S.-induced aortic ruptures of turkeys resulted from the hyperlipemia and aortic atherosclerosis that follow D.E.S. treatments. In the present paper it was noted that the severity of aortic atherosclerosis among turkeys treated with D.E.S. and fed oat diets was less severe (grade 3) than the atherosclerotic lesions observed in similarly treated turkeys and fed an animal fat, oat-free diet (grade 4). This difference of severity of atherosclerosis could not be explained on the basis of serum lipid values or blood pressure determinations, but aortic tensile strengths of D.E.S.-treated turkeys fed oat hulls were higher than the tensile strengths of poults fed a diet lacking oats. Thus, it is probable that the more severe aortic atherosclerotic lesion seen in turkeys fed the animal fat-oat-free diet, in contrast to turkeys fed oat diets, caused increased separation of adjacent smooth muscle cells in the vascular wall and greater vascular weakness in the former group of poults. SUMMARY The inclusion of whole ground oats, oat hulls or dehulled oats in the diets reduced the incidence of aortic ruptures in turkeys when induced by D.E.S. However, the lowest incidence occurred when dehulled oats were fed. The mortality rate was highest from aortic ruptures when D.E.S.-treated turkeys were fed a diet containing animal fat and lacking oats. Moderate aortic atherosclerosis was observed when oats were incorporated in the diet, and severe aortic atherosclerosis was seen when poults were fed the animal fat diet. Aortic tensile strengths were highest in D.E.S.-treated turkeys fed dehulled oats, and lowest in treated birds fed a diet lacking oats. Blood pressure, total serum lipids and cholesterol,
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134.0 gm./mm.2 in control turkeys fed diet 1 (dietary group 2) and 87.1 gm./mm.2 in turkeys fed similarly but injected with D.E.S. The aortic tensile strength of poults fed diet 4 (dietary group 5) and injected with D.E.S. was 97.8 gm./mm.2. The histology of the thyroid glands of all D.E.S.-treated turkeys, regardless of diet, was similar. Follicles were small, irregular in shape, lined with hypertrophic epithelium and contained pale-staining colloid. The histology of the thyroid glands of control turkeys was not influenced by diet; these thyroids contained well-developed follicles which were lined by low epithelial cells, and contained dense-staining colloid.
DIET AND AORTIC RUPTURES
and histology of the thyroid glands were not significantly influenced by the dietary compositions utilized in this experiment. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES Beall, C. W., C. F. Simpson, W. R. Pritchard and R. H. Harms, 1963. Aortic rupture in turkeys induced by diethylstilbestrol. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 113:442-443. Fisher, H., and P. Griminger, 1967. Cholesterollowering effects of certain grains and of oat fractions in the chick. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 126: 108-111.
Pearson, S., S. Stern and T. H. McGavack, 19S2. A rapid procedure for the determination of serum cholesterol. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 12: 1245-1246 Simpson, C. F., and R. H. Harms, 1964. Effect of diet on aortic ruptures in turkeys induced by diethylstilbestrol. Poultry Sci. 43: 681-685. Simpson, C. F., and R. H. Harms, 1965. Relationship of age and sex of turkeys to aortic ruptures induced by diethylstilbestrol. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 119: 509-512. Simpson, C. F., and R. H. Harms, 1966. Pathology of aortic atherosclerosis of dissecting aneurysms of turkeys induced by diethylstilbestrol. Exptl. Mol. Pathol. 5: 183-194. Simpson, C. F., J. M. Kling, R. C. Robbins and R. H. Harms, 1968. /3-aminopropionitrile-induced aortic ruptures in turkeys: Inhibition by reserpine and enhancement by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J. Toxicol. Exptl. Pharmacol. 12: 48-59. Sperry, W. M., and F. C. Brand, 1955. The determination of total lipids in blood serum. J. Biol. Chem. 213: 69-76.
NEWS AND NOTES (Continued from page 1694) Department of Agriculture as a Research Poultry P.S.A. NOTES Husbandman. The Center for Research in Scientific CommuWilliam E. Shaklee, Animal Geneticist in the nication, The Johns Hopkins University, has reCooperative State Research Service, was • recently quested the cooperation of the Poultry Science Aselected President of the national Organization of sociation. The Center, sponsored by the National Professional Employees of the U.S. Department of Science Foundation, is studying the flow of scientific information between and among individuals Agriculture (OPEDA). This organization, with a membership of more than 7,000, conducts activiof different disciplines. ties important to the welfare of all professional The President of the Association has appointed employees of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. the following Committee, to serve for five years: George J. Mountney, formerly Professor, DeR. H. Thayer (Chairman), R. Ernst, R. K. Noles, partments of Poultry Science and Food and NutriA. Nordskog and N. O. Olson. tion Division, School of Home Economics, Ohio U.S.D.A. NOTES Agricultural Research and Development Center, Columbus, Ohio, has joined the Cooperative State Dr. James W. Deaton has been appointed DiResearch Service of the U.S. Department of Agrirector of the South Central Research Laboratory culture in Washington, D.C., as Research Manageat State College, Mississippi. This is a multi-diviment Specialist (Food Science). He will be worksion laboratory in which the Animal Husbandry ing with State Agricultural Experiment Stations Division, the Agricultural Engineering Research on research projects in the areas of Poultry and Division, and the Animal Disease and Parasite ReDairy Technology, Pesticide Residues in Foods search Division are cooperating. At this Laboraand Flavour Research. tory, environmental studies are in progress to determine the effect of such factors as temperature, Dr. Terry B. Kinney, Jr. has been appointed to disease, insulation, ventilation, nutrition, and floor the position of Assistant Director of the Animal space on condemnation at poultry processing Husbandry Research Division of the Agricultural plants. Research Service, U.S.D.A. Dr. Kinney has been employed by the U.S.D.A. since 1963. Prior to acDr. Deaton has been the author or co-author of ceptance of his current appointment, Dr. Kinney 40 scientific papers since 1964 when he joined the (Continued on page 1776)
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The technical assistance of J. W. Carlisle, C. J. Miller and A. Wilder is acknowledged. Supported in part by a grant (H-3776) from the National Heart Institute, U.S.P.H.S.
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